PLANNING THEORY-II

COLLABORATIVE PLANNINGPOLITICAL ECONOMYPLANNING THEORY-IIPITER BISWASpiterbiswas11@gmail.com

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A.COLLABORATIVE PLANNING

COLLABORATIONAs well as the concepts for collaboration via team working noted above, a key aspect of this ontology has been to make explicit the concepts needed to represent the collaboration of problem solving across different levels and functional units. The ontology addresses this by having two fundamental entities: goals, representing problems to be solved plans (and tasks) representing the solutions to the problems.

Collaborative Planning WorkshopSelf-AssessmentWHAT DID I LEARN?The purposes of this workshopLook at your questionsDid we meet the purpose of the workshop?Did we answer your questions?What did you learn well enough to teach someone else?What are your new questions?

Collaborative Planning Model

FUTURE WORKThe work reported is the initial ontology and reasoning model of the Collaborative Planning Model, undertaken during the IPP task. Further work is required including: the general refining and filling out of details in the ontology, based upon feedback, and hopefully usage of the ontology on different ITA tasks, the specific working out of more team working logic and the corresponding ontology definitions, based upon a deeper understanding of the logic of belief and team maintenance propositions, and the experience of other tasks working on team working approaches,

Continue. the analysis of more realistic military examples, and military doctrines, with a view to characterizing the differences in doctrines, the motivations for such differences, and the further defining of the Doctrine entities, the input of cognitive factors to the plan representation, the standardization of the reasoning across different plan entities to permit assumption based reasoning and replanning, the better use of OWL reasoning tools, the further develop of ontology tools, including the validation, input and diagramming of ontology.

ConclusionIn this power point presentation, we have developed a computational model for recognizing the intentional structure of a discourse and using that structure in discourse processing. Shared-Plans are used both to represent the components of intentional structure segment purposes and their interrelationships, and to reason about the use of intentional structure in utterance interpretation.

B.POLITICAL ECONOMY

POLITICS IN ECONOMICSTerms POLITICS and ECONOMICS cannot be separated from each other.As a discipline, economics viewed that political factors are crucial in influencing and determining economic outcomes.Modern economic analysis is a conceptual approach viewing political phenomena in terms of incentives and constraints.

POLITICAL ECONOMY According to Alt and Shepsle, Political economy is defined as the study of rational decisions in context of political and economic institutions. Political economy is basically about the political nature of decision making and is concerned with affect of politics on economic choices in a society.

IMPORTANCE IN PLANNINGPolitical economy observes that actual policies are often different from optimal policies due to certain political constraints in the planning process.The political constraints refer to the constraints due to conflict of interests among economic actors in a society. Political economy helps in making collective choices in the face of these interests.

Types of Political EconomyPOSITIVE POLITICAL ECONOMY It explains how political constraints affect the choice of policies and hence the economic outcomes differ from the optimal policies.NORMATIVE POLITICAL ECONOMY It explains how with the existing political constraints, societies can be led to best achieve specific economic objectives.This includes how to overcome the political constraints and design the political institutions to better achieve economic objectives.

CONCLUSION Political economy plays an important role of explaining the relation between politics and economics in the planning process. It observes and explains the effect of political constraints on actual policies which often differ from economic and optimal policies. Overall, political economy is considered in a negative sense as it shifts away from the objective of optimal policies and also slows down the planning process due to the constraints occurring.

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