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Classical Genres

Classical Genres

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Page 1: Classical Genres

Classical Genres

Page 2: Classical Genres

Vienna: Musical Capital Dominance of the Viennese School

Franz Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven

Other notable composers Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach Johann Christian Bach Muzio Clementi

Page 3: Classical Genres

Symphony Grows out of the Italian overture (sinfonia)

3 sections: fast, slow, fast Sections evolve into separate movements Mannheim (Germany) a center of early

symphonic innovation

Page 4: Classical Genres

Mannheim Innovations Inserting an additional movement

Minuet and trio inserted as third movement These are dances in triple time

Crescendo Gradually building volume from soft to loud

Rocket theme Rhythmic theme rising rapidly from low to

high register

Page 5: Classical Genres

Classical Orchestra Becomes the ensemble we know today Four instrumental families

Strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion Strings are the dominant family

Still smaller than today’s orchestras Classical orchestra: 30 – 40 players Modern orchestra: 90 – 100 players

Page 6: Classical Genres

Listening Example Title: Symphony No. 40 in G minor, I Composer: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Genre: Symphony

Page 7: Classical Genres

Notes on Symphony No. 40, I Three themes in exposition

Theme 1 minor and urgent Transition theme interrupts repeat of 1 Theme 2 major and lyrical

Development focuses on theme 1 Extensive modulation and fugal treatment

Recap features unusual development Transition theme extended Theme 2 now in original key (minor)

Page 8: Classical Genres

Chamber Music Music on a smaller scale

Performance in more intimate setting – smaller room Music for small ensemble, 2-8 players One player to a part

String quartet becomes most popular Longer genres of chamber music

Divertimento Serenade (Eine Kleine Nachtmusik)

Page 9: Classical Genres

String Quartet Created by Haydn from trio sonata As name suggests, just four players

Two violins, one viola, one cello Equal participation by each instrument No conductor

A genre as well as an ensemble Same multi-movement cycle as symphony

Page 10: Classical Genres

Listening Example Title: Emperor Quartet, II Composer: Franz Joseph Haydn Genre: String Quartet

Page 11: Classical Genres

Notes on Emperor Quartet, II Theme and variations form Listen for repeated melody w/changes Listen for 2nd movement characteristics

Slow tempo Lyrical melody

Note the sound of the small ensemble Violins (2), viola, and cello only

Page 12: Classical Genres

Serenade Chamber music on slightly larger scale Follows multimovement cycle

Same movement structure as symphony Movements shorter – chamber music

Lighter in character Strings alone or small orchestra Eine Kleine Nachtmusik most famous

Page 13: Classical Genres

Eine Kleine Nachtmusik English: “A little night music” Serenade (1787) Likely intended as background music for

an aristocratic social event or party 1st movement has one of the most

recognized melodies of all classical music Homophonic texture overall

Page 14: Classical Genres

Listening Example Title: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, I Composer: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Genre: Serenade

Page 15: Classical Genres

Notes on Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, I Fast tempo (Allegro) Sonata-allegro form (3 themes) First theme very famous (rocket theme) Contrast between themes:

1st theme (marchlike) 2nd theme (lyrical)

Duple meter

Page 16: Classical Genres

Notes on Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, III Minuet & Trio form (ABA) Each dance features a theme

Minuet is strongly rhythmic Trio is lyrical and expressive

Moderate tempo (Allegretto) Triple meter

Page 17: Classical Genres

Sonata Another important chamber music genre Three movements (no dance names) Fast-slow-fast pattern Very popular genre among amateur pianists The most published genre of the era Sonata’s rise tied to the rise of the piano

Page 18: Classical Genres

Sonata Usually composed for private performance Unless specified, sonata refers to solo

piano music Two additional types of sonata

Piano & Violin Piano & Cello

Beethoven’s piano sonatas most significant

Page 19: Classical Genres

Concerto Baroque concerto had various forms:

Small group vs. full orchestra Soloist vs. full orchestra

Classical concerto had one form: Soloist vs. full orchestra Piano and violin most common solo inst.

Page 20: Classical Genres

Structure of Classical Concerto Three separate movements (same as Baroque) Fast-slow-fast pattern Double exposition in 1st movement

Orchestra presents themes in 1st expo. Piano plays themes in 2nd expo. Often a new theme is presented in 2nd expo.

Cadenza featured in 1st movement recap

Page 21: Classical Genres

Cadenza Passage of solo virtuoso performance Improvisatory flavor Orchestra falls completely silent Rhythmic and melodic freedom Soloist cues conductor/orchestra with trill

Page 22: Classical Genres

Listening Example Title: Piano Concerto in A Major, I Composer: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Genre: Concerto

Page 23: Classical Genres

Notes on Concerto in A Double exposition: orchestra then piano 4 themes total

Orchestra presents 3 themes in 1st expo. Piano presents the same themes in 2nd expo. Strings play a new theme at end of 2nd expo.

Cadenza in the recapitulation Piano plays the new theme in recap