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Breeding of

cherry & strawberry

Submitted toDr. K.V.Patel

Assist. ProfessorCollege of AIT,AAU, Anand.

Submitted byPawan Kumar NagarM.Sc. (Fruit science)BACA,AAU, Anand.

Cherry fruits

CHERRY

Botanical name – Prunus avium L.Family – RosaceaeOrigin – S-E EuropeMainly two cultivated sp. 1. Prunus avium L. 2. Prunus cerasus L.

Climatic adaptability : Temperate

Type of inflorescence : Fasicle (Cymose)

Type of Edible part : Mesocarp & Epicocarp

Type of fruit : Drupe

Related species : Kamdesa, Duke cherry, Sour cherry, Sweet cherry

Bing cherry, St.luies cherry, Wild cherry

Pollination : Highly cross pollination

Pollinator : Honey bees4

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1. Diploid (2n=2x=16) (Sweet cherry)

2. Triploid (2n=3x= 24)

3. Tetraploid (2n=4x=32) (Sour Cherry, Duke cherry)

P. puddumP. fruiticosa Prunus avium P. mahaleb P. cerasusP. gudoniP. cerasoides

PLOIDY LEVEL OF CHERRY

• Diploids (2n=2x=16)

1. P. avium L.

2. P . pumila L.

3. P . mahaleb L.

4. P . besseyi Baily

• Tetraploid (2n=4x=32)

• Prunus cerasus L.

• Prunus fruticosa L.

PLOIDY LEVEL OF CHERRY

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CHERRIES

SWEET CHERRY• Most sweet cherries are self-unfruitful (self-incompatible, SI)

and require cross pollination with another variety as the pollen source.

• Some varieties, e.g. Bing, Lambert, Royal Ann/Napoleon, are also cross-unfruitful and cannot be depended upon to provide pollen for each other. Index, Lapins, Skeena, Sweetheart, White Gold, Sonata, Stella, Symphony, Sunburst, and Black Gold are self-fruitful (SF) sweet cherries that can serve as “universal” pollen sources for many self-unfruitful sweet cherry varieties (Stella does not work for Bing in some areas).

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• Stella, Lapins and Starkrimson are self-fruitful. Most other varieties of sweet cherries require cross-pollination. Several varieties are inter sterile and cannot fertilize each other. For example, Bing, Lambert and Royal Ann (Napoleon) will not pollinate each other.

• In commercial plantings, beehives should be placed in the orchard on the first day of bloom.

CHERRY FLOWERSFruit set in Cavalier Sweet cherry

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SOUR CHERRY• All sour cherries are self-fruitful,

such as Montmorency, North Star, Balaton, Meteor, English Morello, Early Richmond, Hansen Bush Cherry and Nanking.

• Unlike sweet cherries, flowering seasons of most varieties do not overlap sufficiently.

• Any sour cherry variety can serve as pollinizer.

CHERRIES

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FLORAL BIOLOGY

Cherry flowers usually are white- petaled, single, perfect blossom with

glabrous pedicel up to 3 cm long.

They arise in group two to seven from cluster buds and form shortened

corymbs.

Double, rose like, white blossom also occur.

Each blossom usually contains 30 to36 stamen, attached along with the

petals and sepal to the rim of the calyx cup.

The glabrous pistil, usually single, is attached to the bas of the calyx cup

and often is shorter than the stamen.

The stigma is positioned below or even with the

anthers at full bloom.

FLOWER MORPHOLOGY

• BREEDING FOR PLANT CHARACTERS

• Self fertility

• Precocity quantitatively controlled

• High productivity

• Reduced tree size by irradiation

• BREEDING FOR FRUIT CHARACTERS

• Fruit size

• Fruit shape

• Season of maturity

• Stem length and thickness

•Brown rot

•Cherry leaf spot

•Bacterial canker

•Rootstock

•Powdery mildew

BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE

•Resistance to fruit cracking

•Improved fruit quality

•Flesh firmness

•Attractiveness

•Precocity and productivity

•Tree size

•Resistance to surface pitting

•Mechanical harvesting

•Flower, bud and wood hardiness

•Self-compatibility

•Pest resistance

•Resistance to fruit doubling

•Extension of the season and market

BREEDING OBJECTIVES

1. Inbreeding

2. Interspecific hybridization

3. Mutation breeding

4. Parental selection

BREEDING SYSTEM

1. INBREEDING

The self- fertility gene in sweet cherry also makes it possible to use backcrossing as a breeding system in all cherry species. Successive backcrossing and selection for the desired character are used until the recombination is completed.

2. INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATIONDoubling the chromosome number of sweet cherry and other species for

hybridization

with sweet cherry makes crosses possible that are not possible with P . avium alone.

Colchicine is use in this program for produce unreduced pollen grain in sweet cherry

for crossing with sour cherry.

Kosmomolskaya and severyaka have high cold hardiness and yield, they are cross of

(P .fruiticossa x P . pensylvania ).

KAMDESA = (Peach x Sour cherry)

3.MUTATIONAL BREEDING

In this process using irradiation of pollen mother cells to damaged

the incompability gene,10% of the progeny from the incompatible

pollination with irradiation pollen were fully self fertile because of

permanent loss of pollen or stylar activity.

4.PARENTAL SELECTION

Selection of parents to transmit specific characters did not receive

much attention in early breeding programs.

As interest increased in the of inheritance of specific characters,

selections were studied for their ability to transmit desired character.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTION

1. In vitro culture

2. Micropropagation

3. Meristem culture

4. Embryo culture

5. Anther culture

6. Organogenesis

7. Protoplast culture

8. Transformation with Agrobacterium

Micropropagation

Organogenesis

Anther culture

Meristem culture

In vitro culture

• For the future, one of the greatest challenges will be to breed for resistance to

cherry leaf spot, brown rot and tolerance to other disease and insects must remain

a high priority.

• The prospect for more detailed genetic characterization and continuing the

success with protoplast fusion, transformation and regeneration systems are

excellent.

• Sour cherry = P. avium x P. fruiticosa

ACHIVEMENT AND PROSPECT

STRAWBERRY FRUIT BREEDING

STRAWBERRY

Botanical Name :Fragaria ananasa Family :RosaceaeOrigin :South Africa

chromosome number : 2n=56

F. ananasa , the common cultivated strawberry, It is a hybrid of F. virginiana x F. chilionsis.

PLOIDY LEVEL OF STRAWBERRY

1.Diploids (2n = 2x = 14)

2. Tetraploids (2n = 4x = 28)

3. Hexaploid, 2n = 6x = 42

4. Octoploids (2n =8x= 56)

2.Tetraploids (2n = 4x = 28)I. F. orientalis

II. F. moupinensisIII. F. Corymbosa

3.Hexaploid (2n=6x=42) I.F. moschata

4.Octoploids (2n =8x= 56)I. F. iturupensis

II. F. chiloensis (beach strawberry)

III. F. virginiana

IV. F. ananassa notomorph cuneifolia

V. F. bringhurstii

Breeding objectives

Plant characters commonly included:• Yield• Vigor• Plant architecture• Infloresence length• Fruiting habit (short-day, day-neutral)• Time of ripening• Winter hardiness• Blossom frost hardiness• High temperature tolerance• Length of rest period• Concentration of ripening

Plant characters• Disease resistance -Root diseases -Foliar diseases -Crown diseases -Virus tolerance• Pest resistance -Aphids -Weevils -Mites

• Plant characters

• Yield, Vigor and Fruiting Habit are of primary importance in all breeding programs.

• The other characters may or may not be given high priority, depending on local significance.

Fruit characters commonly included:• Fruit size• Shape• Symmetry• Skin toughness• Flesh firmness• Skin color• Skin glossiness• Flesh color• Flavor

Fruit characters• Ease of capping• Resistance to fruit rots• Soluble solids content• Acidity• Vitamin content• Post harvest shelf-life• Neutraceutical content

Fruit characters • Fruit size, fruit firmness and flavour

are always important.

• The other fruit characters are of variable priority, depending on the goals of the programme.

1. Three flower types exist among octoploid species: pistillate, which is devoid of anthers (female);

2. staminate, with nonfunctional pistils (male);

3. hermaphrodite

Floral biology

Virus eliminations Strawberries were one of the first horticultural crops to be routinely purified of virus using thermotherapy. Originally devel oped the technique of hot air therapy to eliminate viruses, and Belkengren and Miller (1962) began the practice of excising heat-treated meristems for placement on tissue culture media.

Micropropagation. Strawberries have been successfully proliferated from both single meristems and meristematic callus .

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Organogenesis and protoplast culture Recombinant DNA technology

BREEDING SYSTEMS

Outbreeding and InbreedingThe outcross method of breeding has been used most often for the improvement of strawberries . The goal is then to select the seedlings that have a combination of very desirable characters, with the expectation that the plants with the new combination of characters will be superior to those of one or both of the parents.

Inbreeding has been used occasionally as a method for origination of new culti vars. The 'Albritton' cultivar was originated from a cross of two S1 selections (NC 1065 from 'Southland' selfed x NC 1053 . Inbred seedlings are much weaker than seedlings obtained from out crosses, and inbred selections frequently are difficult to keep alive. They also may susceptable Quickly to virus infection because of their inherent weakness .

Inter-specific Hybridization

All of the octoploid Fragaria species are interspecific Fragaria chiloensis and F. virginiana have been used extensively in the improvement of the cultivated starwberry. Hybridization is successful between some of the diploid species, Chromosome numbers in the lower diploids are easily doubled using colchicine, and unreduced gametes are reasonably common . This makes it possible to artificially move genes across ploidy levels and methods exist for the transfer of genes from most species to the octoploids . For example, Evans (1982a, b) has released two octoploid breeding lines containing hexaploid F. moschata and diploid F. nubicola by doubling and redoubling lower ploidy levels.

Fragaria and Potentilla have been hybridized, but most of the hybrids die at an early age or are sterile .crossed four species of Fragaria with six species of Potentilla.

Seedlings were obtained from 7 of the 16 intergeneric crosses. Some seedlings in four progenies survived to maturity:

1. F. x ananassa x P. fruti cosa L. hybrids were pentaploid and sterile;

2. F. ananassa x P. palustris (L.) Scop. Anth. were heptaploid, slightly female-fertile

but male-sterile, and very vigorous;

3. 10 X hybrid Fragaria X P. fruticosa were triploid and sterile;

4. 4x F. vesca X P. fruti-cosa were triploid and sterile.

5. When chromosomes of a heptaploid seedling from F. X ananassa X P. palustris

were doubled with colchicine, fertility was improved as compared with the

heptaploid.

Intergeneric Hybridization

BREEDING FOR SPECIFIC PLANT CHARACTERS

1. Yield2. Disease Resistance3. Pest Resistance4. Fruiting Habit5. Winter Hardiness6. Bllosom Hardiness at Low Temperatures7. High-Temperature Tolerance8. Time of flowering and time of ripening 9. Short Rest Period10.Adaptability to Mechanical Harvesting

BREEDING FOR SPECIFIC FRUIT CHARACTERS

1. Fruit Size2. Flesh Firmness and Skin Toughness3. Frozen-Pack Processing Characters4. Vitamin C Content5. Soluble Solids and Acidity

ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS

For the future, one of the greatest challenges will be to breed for resistance to ten diseases and pests as red stele, verticillium wilt, leaf spot, leaf scorch, mildew, anthracnose, virus infections, botrytis fruit rot, mites, and nematodes. Additional sources of resistance will have to be obtained through interspecific hybridization and molecular technologies.