Our Spanish HeritageReporter: Angel Serenity A. Saron

Source: Zaide, S. And Zaide G. (1999). The philippines : A unique nation. 935 Aurora Blvd. cor. Pittsburgh Street: Room 204 Alforque Bldg. All-Nations Publishing Co., Inc.

Spain ruled the Philippines for three centuries (1565-1898)Spain’s greatest legacy --The Roman Catholic religion

Diet & Dress

By the middle of 17th century, the dress of Filipinos had become “almost Spanish”, according to Father Colin.

FAMILY LIFESimple & wholesome because of Christianity’s influenceThe father was the master of the family yet he consults his wife regarding family mattersThe mother was the first TUTOR of the children (taught them the alphabet & Christian prayers), and the custodian of the family fund & keysParents & children prayed the Angelus & rosary every night, prayed before each meal, and went to Church every Sunday, town fiestas & religious holidays

Filipino WOMENPosition of Filipino WOMEN were elevated If unmarried, they were chaperoned in attending social gatheringsHad NO freedom to study in universities, engage in professions (law, medicine, engineering, etc.) and to mix freely with menPermitted to engage in businessEntered exclusive schools for girls operated by nuns were they were trained on the “HOW To’s” of being a good wife or motherThose who had no intention of marrying entered the nunnery in service of GOD

Until 1845, the Phil. Calendar was 1 day behind that of European timeGov. Gen. Narciso Claveria corrected the Philippine Calendar. Aug. 16,1844 - He issued an order proclaiming Tuesday, Dec.31,1844, to be Wednesday, Jan.1,1844, advancing the calendar by one day so that it would be in accord with world standard time.

Spanish Surnames for FilipinosFirst names of Filipinos were from the saints ex. Juan from San Juan

Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria issued an order on Nov. 21, 1849 which gave Spanish surnames to the Filipino families. He sent lists of Spanish family names to the authorities of provinces & towns (ex. Gomez, Reyes, Santos).

Many Filipino families became loyal to their Malayan descendants’ surnames (ex. Batungbakal, Magbanua, Sumulong, Tonogbanua, Kalaw, Makapagal)

LATIN ALPHABET & SPANISH LANGUAGE

Filipinos easily adopted Latin alphabet & Spanish language Enriched our national language called PILIPINO– there are 5,000 Spanish loan-words in our national languageFilipinos became the sole Spanish-speaking nation in Asia. Spanish friars studied & used our native language in spreading Christianity instead of the Spanish languageSpanish missionaries were the first to write grammars & dictionaries for Filipino languages1610 – 1st tagalog grammar was published, entitled Arte y Reglas De La Engua Tagala, written by Fr. Francisco Blancas de San Jose, a Spanish Dominican missionary, who was known as the “Demosthenes of the Tagalog Language”, because of his mastery in Tagalog

1593- the Dominicans in Manila established the 1st Filipino press (47 years before the appearance of the 1st printing press in U.S)

Printed books by means of old xylographic method (printing using engraved wood blocks). It still exists at the University of Santo Tomas Press & is one of the oldest printing establishments in the world.

1st books printed in the PhilippinesDoctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala, (Manila, 1593)

Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China (by Keng Yong (Chinese), in the Parian, Manila

Tratado de la Doctrina de la Santa Iglesia y de Ciencias naturales (by Fr. Juan de Cobo, O.P., Manila, 1593)

EducationSpain introduced the European system of education in the Philippines.First schools established were parochial schools, with Spanish missionaries as teachers. Filipino children were taught the Catholic doctrine, the 3 R’s (reading, writing, arithmetic), music, arts and trades.Educational Decree of 1863—provided the establishment of public elementary school for boys and another for girls.The Jesuits and Dominicians

UNIVERSITIESUniversity education in the Philippines is much older than the U.SALL universities during the Spanish times were exclusively for MEN.

1st university: University of San Ignacio – oldest university in the Philippines ; founded in

1589 as a college but was elevated to university rank by Pope Gregory XV in 1621. It was closed in 1768 when Jesuits were expelled in the Philippines.

Founded the 1st college for boys(1589).-- originally called College of Manila, the name was changed to Colegio de San Ignacio.

Founded College of San Jose in Manila (1601)

Founded College of San Ildefonso in Cebu(1595)

Escuela Pia, public school for boys in Manila & transformed it into Ateneo de Manila

College of Our Lady of the Rosary(1611), whose name later changed to College of Santo Tomas and still later, University of Santo Tomas

2nd university: University of Santo Tomas

-- originally founded as a college in 1611 by Miguel de Buenavides, a Domincan prelate who is also the third Archbishop of Manila

-- raised to university rank in 1645 by Pope Innocent X upon request of King Philip IV of Spain, making it the only Royal & Pontifical University in all Asia.

College of San Juan de Letran (1630)-- oldest existing college for boys in the Philippines

KINDS OF SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS1. colegio, a regular school for girls2. beaterio, a combined school nunnery

Schools for girls in Manila:3. College of Santa Potenciana (1594)4. College of Santa Isabel (1632)5. Beaterio de la Compania de Jesus (1694)6. Beaterio de Santa Catalina (1696)7. Beaterio de San Sebastian (1719)8. College of Santa Rosa (1750)9. College of La Concordia (1869)10.Assumption Convent School (1892)

College of La Concordia (1869)

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION• 19th century – various vocational & technical schools

were established by the Spanish gov’t. Among them were:

• Nautical Academy (1820)• School of Commerce (1840)• Academy of Fine Arts (1849)• School of Agriculture (1889)• School of Arts and Trades (1890)

All of these schools were in Manila.

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS UNDER SPAIN

• Schools established by Spain contributed the Filipinos’ intellectual growth

• In 1843, the percentage of literacy in the country was relatively high.

• In 1867, there were 593 elementary schools with 133,990 children enrolled.

• In 1898, at the end of the Spanish rule, the schools numbered to 2,150, with a total enrolment of 200,000.

The schools founded in the Philippines were highly defective yet they were better than school in other Spanish colonies

JOURNALISM• Del Superior Govierno (Of

The Supreme Government) – 1st newspaper in the Philippines with Gov. Gen. Manuel Gonzales de Aguilar as editor.-- appeared for the first time in Manila in on August 8, 1811.

-- last issue came out on July 4, 1813

Other Newspapers:1. La Esperanza (1846) – 1st daily

newspaper 2. La Illustracion Filipina (1859) –

1st illustrated periodical3. El Catolico Filipino (1862) – 1st

religious newspaper4. La Opinion (1887) – 1st political

newpaper5. El Ilokano (1889) – 1st

vernacular newspaper; founded & edited by Isabelo de los Reyes

6. El Hogar (1893) – 1st women’s magazine

Literature • Phil. Literature were religious in

character (ex. Prayer books, doctrinas, novenas, biographies of saints, etc.) in order to propagate Christianity.

• AWITS (chivalric-heroic poems) and CORRIDOS (legendary-religious poems) became popular among the masses.

Ex. Siete Infantes de Lara, Ibong Adarna, Bernardo CarpioThey were Filipinized versions of Spanish & French medieval romances.

-- poetical masterpiece of Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar, the “Prince of Tagalog Poets”.

-- a book on proper behavior of women, written by Father Modesto de Castro, a Tagalog priest.

• The Pasion -- favorite reading

material during LENTEN SEASON

-- depicts the story of Christ’s life, suffering & crucifixion

Gaspar Aquino de Belen – wrote the 1st Tagalog passion which was published in 1704.

Biag ni Lam-ang -- an Ilocano epic which recounts the

deed of the legendary Ilocano hero, Lam-ang.

-- popularized by Pedro Bukaneg, a blind poet known to be the “Father of Ilocano Literature”

Spanish-Educated Filipinos who were talented in literature:

• Dr. Jose Rizal-- greatest Filipino genius who excelled both in prose &

poetry• Dr. Pedro A. Paterno – wrote the 1st Filipino novel,

Ninay in 1885• Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Jose Palma –

composed the trinity of Filipino poets; won endearing fame in Spanish poetry

Jose Palma’s Spanish poem, Filipinas, became the lyrics of the Phil. Nat’l Anthem

THEATREEarly forms of drama: duplo and karagatan

Duplo – a poetical debate held by trained men & women on the 9th or last night of the mourning period of the dead. Male participants were called bellocos, the female participants, bellacas.

Karagatan - a poetical debate, like duplo, but it was participated by amateurs.

3 kinds of play:

Cenaculo – depicts the life & sufferings of Christ; performed during the Lenten season

•musical comedy•Rizal wrote a zarzuela entitled, Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig)

MUSIC

• Filipino music was enriched by Spanish & Mexican influences.

• Filipino songs like Sampaguita (composed by Dolores Paterno) & Bella Filipina (by T. Masaguer) were Hispanized

• The Phil. Nat’l Anthem composed by Julian Felipe shows similarity to the Spanish Nat’l Anthem

• The violin, flute, piano, harp, guitar & other musical instruments came from Mexico & Europe.

• Spanish missionaries contributed greatly to the development of Philippine music

• Filipinos made replicas of the foreign instruments using bamboos

Musikong Buho (bamboo musicians)-could not read notes but can play European music

on their bamboo musical instruments. - Learned any kind of music by ear.

ARCHITECTURE

• houses of well-to-do families were in Spanish styles, with characteristics of Azotea and Andalucian court

ARCHITECTURE

Churches were also of Spanish expression

PAINTING• Damian Domingo –

“Father of Filipino Painting”

2 Greatest Filipino Painters:1. Juan Luna2. Felix Resureccion Hidalgo

Their paintings were recognizednot just in the Philippines, but also all over Europe.

SCULPTURE

FILIPINO SCULPTORS:• Isabelo Tampingco – wood carvings in the

Jesuit Church of St. Ignacius• Manuel Asuncion, Jose Arevalo, Romualdo de

Jesus – carvers of beautiful saints• Jose Rizal

SCIENCES• The 1st scientists in the

Philippines were the Spanish friars

• Filipino scientists distinguished themselves in botanical research

• Establishments of courses in medicine & pharmacy in UST fostered scientific knowledge

• The 1st sundials were built in 1871 at Tagudin, Ilocos Sur by Fr. Juan Sorolla

The 1st sundials were built in 1871 at Tagudin, Ilocos Sur by Fr. Juan Sorolla

Jesuit priest Fr. Fauna inventor of Fauna Barometer

Observatory of Manila – oldest observatory in Asia; forecasts typhoons & earthquakes.

HOSPITALS & ORPHANAGES

• The 1st hospital in Manila was founded by a Franciscan lay brother, Juan Clemente, in 1578, in Manila

• Hospitals were also established in provinces• Orphanages were founded during the Spanish

period

Real Hospicio de San Jose – 1st regular orphanage established in 1810 in Manila

FIESTAS

• Every town or barrio had its own patron saint and each year, the feast day of the patron saint was celebrated with a fiesta

• Official holidays were implemented during the Spanish times

COCKFIGHTS• - Existed in the Philippines before the coming of

Magellan; Pigafetta saw it in Palawan• Spain introduced cockfighting as legalized gambling

HORSE RACES• Horse racing – “the sport of

kings”; past time of the elite• The hippodrome(race track)

was located at the suburb of Sta. Ana, Manila

• Horse racing season lasted for three days

THE MANILA LOTTERYSpain introduced lottery as

legalized gambling for government revenues purposes

SPANISH BLOOD

• Spanish-Filipino marriages improved the Filipino racial stock by assimilating Spanish traits like religious devotion, delicadeza (honor), romanticism, loyalty to family, and urbanidad(good manners)

• Spanish –Filipino mestizas were noted for their beauty & charm

Queen of Manila Carnival of 1926

Baby Santiago, Queen of Pacific, 1968

Notable Spanish-Filipinos:

Father Gomez,Burgos, Zamora (GomBurZa)Manuel A.RoxasManuel L. Quezon

THE CARILLO

A unique cardboard puppet show

Other Amusements During the Spanish Regime:• Parties celebrating birthdays, baptisms,

weddings & siyaman (9th day after burial of family member)

• Indoor games (storytelling of legends & ghost stories, dramatic debates, card games) and outdoor games(swimming, patintero, sipa)

Harana

Santacruzan &Flores de Mayo

SPAIN’S CONTRIBUTION TO FILIPINO NATIONALISM

• Because of Spain’s three-century colonization, the country came to be known to the world as the Philippines & the people, the Filipinos

• Spain caused the diverse native tribes (Tagalog, Visayans, Bicolanos, Ilocanos, etc.) to unite one people