Takeshi Murata. Still from Cone Eater. 2004. Video animation, color. Sound approx. 4 minutes, looped ed. of 1 + 1AP

(sound by Robert Beatty of Hair Police).Courtesy Electronic Arts Intermix (EAI), New York. [Fig. 15-1]

Photo by Ernst Scheidegger. Alberto Giacometti in his studio. c. 1960.© Estate of Ernst Scheidegger, 2012. [Fig. 15-2]

Jackson Pollock. Number 1. 1948. Oil and enamel on unprimed canvas. 5' 8" × 8' 8" (1.73 × 2.65 m).

The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Digital Image. Scala, Florence/© 2012 The Pollock-Krasner Foundation/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig. 15-3]

Willem de Kooning. Woman and Bicycle. 1952–1953. Oil on canvas. 76-1∕2" × 49" (194.3 × 124.5 cm).

Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. Purchase 55.35/© The Willem de Kooning Foundation/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig. 15-4]

Mark Rothko. Green and Maroon. 1953. Oil on canvas. 7' 7-1∕8" × 4' 6-7∕8" (2.3 × 1.3 m).

The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. © 2012 Kate Rothko Prizel & Christopher Rothko/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig. 15-5]

Helen Frankenthaler. Formation. 1963. Acrylic on canvas. 6' 4" × 5' 5" (1.93 × 1.65 m).

Private collection. ARS. [Fig. 15-6]

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson. Seagram Building. 1954–1958. Height 512' (156.2 m).

New York. © Angelo Hornak/Corbis. [Fig. 15-7]

Frank Lloyd Wright. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. 1957–1959.Largest diameter 128' (39 m), height 92' (28 m).

Guggenheim Museum, New York.© The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. [Fig. 15-8]

Isamu Noguchi.Museum of Modern Art exhibition Fourteen Americans (view through Kouros). 1946.

Photo by the artist. Installation view.© 2012 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig. 15-9]

Alexander Calder. Spring Blossoms. 1965. Painted metal and heavy wire. Height 4' 4" (1.32 m).

Palmer Museum of Art, Pennsylvania. Gift of the Class of 1965. © 2012 Alexander Calder/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig. 15-10]

Louise Nevelson. Black Wall. 1959. Wood. 112" × 85-1∕4" × 25-1∕2" (264.2 × 216.5 × 44.8 cm).

Tate Modern, London.Tate Images/© 2012 Louise Nevelson/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig. 15-11]

David Smith. Cubi XVIII, Cubi XVII, Cubi XIX. 1964, 1963, 1964. Heights 9'–9' 8" (2.74–2.95 m).

Art © Estate of David Smith. Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig. 15-12]

RobertRauschenberg. Monogram. 1955–9.

Construction. 5' 4-1∕2" × 3' 6" × 5' 3-1∕4" (1.64 × 1.07 × 1.61 m). Moderna Museet, Stockholm. Art © Estate of Robert Rauschenberg, Licensed by VAGA.

New York, NY. [Fig. 15-13]

John Cage. Variations V. 1965. Television taping session. Merce Cunningham Dance Company.

Hamburg, Germany. Photographer: Hervé Gloaguen. Courtesy of the John Cage Trust. [Fig. 15-14]

Mahatma Gandhi.Topfoto.co.uk/Dinodia. [Fig. 15-15]

Andy Warhol. Marilyn Diptych. 1962. Oil, acrylic, and silkscreen on enamel on canvas. 6' 8-7∕8" × 4' 9" (2.06 × 1.45 m).

Tate Modern, London. Tate Images/© The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. [Fig. 15-16]

Donald Judd. Untitled. 1968. Stainless steel and plexiglass. 33" × 68" × 48" (83.8 × 172.7 × 121.9 cm).

Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. Art © Judd Foundation/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig. 15-17]

Cindy Sherman. Untitled Film Still #21. 1978. Black and white photograph. 8" × 10" (20.3 × 25.4 cm).

New York. Courtesy of the artist and Metro Pictures. [Fig. 15-18]

Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers. Georges Pompidou National Center for Arts and Culture. 1977.

Paris. Greg Balfour Evans/Alamy. [Fig. 15-19]

Michael Graves. Public Services Building ("the Portland"). 1980–1983.Portland, Oregon. [Fig. 15-20]

Robert Wilson. Einstein on the Beach. 1976. Théâtre de la Ville, Avignon, France. Photo (1976) © Babette Mangolte.

2009-2011 Byrd Hoffman Watermill Foundation & Robert Wilson. [Fig. 15-21]

Robert Smithson. Spiral Jetty. 1970. Black basalt, limestone rocks, and earth. Length 1,500' (457.2 m).

Great Salt Lake, Utah. © Gianfranco Gorgoni/Contact Press Images. [Fig. 15-22]

Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Running Fence. 1972–1976. Sonoma and Marin Counties. Photo: Jeanne-Claude © 1976 Christo.

[Fig. 15-23]

Anselm Kiefer. Shulamith. 1983.Oil, acrylic,emulsion, shellac, straw, and woodcut fragments on canvas.

114" × 145" (2.9 × 3.68 m).White Cube, London. © the artist/Courtesy White Cube. [Fig. 15-24]

Maya Lin. Original design submission for Vietnam Veterans War Memorial. 1981.Black polished granite. Each wing 246" (75 m) long.

The Mall, Washington, D.C.Photograph courtesy the artist and The Pace Gallery. [Fig. 15-25]

Romare Bearden. Sermons: The Wall of Jericho. 1964.Photomechanical reproductions, pencil, ink, and watercolor on paperboard.

11-7∕8 × 9-3∕8" (30 × 23.7 cm). Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, D.C.

Art © Romare Bearden Foundation/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. [Fig. 15-26]

Alvin Ailey. Judith Jamison in Cry. 1971.Choreography.

Courtesy American Dance Theater, New York.Copyright © Max Waldmann, New York. [Fig. 15-27]

Fred Wilson. Mining the Museum, installation view. 1992. Metalwork.

Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore. [Fig. 15-28]

Judy Chicago. The Dinner Party. 1979.Multimedia installation, china painting on porcelain with needlework.

48' × 48' × 48' (14.6 × 14.6 × 14.6 m).Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York 2012/photo Donald Woodman. [Fig. 15-29]

Frank Gehry. Guggenheim Museum. 1997.Bilbao, Spain. © Tibor Bognar/CORBIS. [Fig. 15-30]

studio d'ARC [sic], greenhouse and sunroof, residential addition. 2001.Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Courtesy Massery Photography, Inc. [Fig. 15-31]

Kara Walker. Darkytown Rebellion. 2001. Cut paper and projection on wall.

14" × 37", 14' × 37' (36 × 94 cm, 4.3 × 11.3 m) overall. Musée d'Art Moderne, Grand-Duc Jen, Luxembourg.

Courtesy of the artist and Sikkema Jenkins & Co. [Fig. 15-32]

Thierry Fontaine. Cry in the Night. 2001. Color photograph. Dimensions variable.

Image courtesy of the artist and copyright 2001 [Fig. 15-33]

Louise Bourgeois. The Damned, The Possessed, and The Beloved in the Steilneset Memorial. 2008–2011.

Vardø, Norway. Courtesy and © Andrew Meredith. [Fig. 15-34]

Christian Marclay. The Clock. 2010. 24-hour video collage.

Photo courtesy of Paula Cooper Gallery. [Fig. 15-35]

Evgenia Arbugaeva. From the Tiksi series (in process). 2010.Color photograph.

Courtesy of the artist. [Fig. 15-36]