BIOLOGY PROJECT

CELL DIVISION-MITOSIS PRESENTATION BY, STUDENTS FROM CLASS - (9D / GROUP 7)

KUNAL KANKARIYA- 38 SIDDHII AGARWAL- 21

ADITYA BENGERI- 30 SIMRAN BAFNA- 22

MAITREY BOTHARE- SIDDHI SHINDE- 20

CELL DIVISION  Cell division is process by which a cell divides into 2 new cells. Cell division is classified into 2 main parts- 1) Mitosis 2) Meiosis

CELL DIVISIONCELL

DIVISION

MEIOSISMITOSIS

INTERPHASE

PROPHASE

METAPHASE

TELOPHASE

ANAPHASE

Mitosis and Meiosis• Mitosis:

-division of somatic (body) cells

• Meiosis-division of gametes (sex cells)

MITOSIS The process of cell division which results in production of 2

daughter cells from a single parent cell. The daughter cells are exactly identical to one another and the

parent cell . One of the important factor in mitosis is that the chromosome

number is retained.

Parent Cell

2 Daughter

Cells

Mitosis

Mitosis can be divided into the following stages

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Why cells undergo MITOSIS?1. Growth2. Repair3. Replacement4. Regeneration

DISCOVERY OF MITOSIS

Robert Hooke, 1665

Otto Bϋtschli,1868

Waclaw Mayzel,1875

Walther Flemming,1882

INTERPHASE The interphase is a relatively longer phase. The cells apparently are in a resting phase. It is divided in the following phases- 1) G1 Phase

2) S phase3) G2 phase

Chromosomes, DNA & RNA duplicate. These phases in the cell cycle are highly regulated by cyclins, cylin- dependant kinases and other cell cycle proteins. 

InterphaseThe cell prepares for division

Animal Cell Plant Cell

PROPHASE Order of occurrence in Karyokinesis- 1st Chromatin fibres tightly condense to form chromosomes. The nucleoli disintegrates. The nuclear memberane also disintegrates The 2 centrioles polymerize tubulin to help formation of microtubule spindle proteins. Motor proteins push them to the poles. Centrosomes are absent in plant cells

ProphaseThe cell prepares for nuclear division

Animal Cell Plant Cell

METAPHASE Order of occurrence in Karyokinesis- 2nd Chromatin fibres tightly condense to form chromosomes. The nucleolus disintegrates. The nuclear memberane also disintegrates The 2 centrioles polymerize tubulin to help formation of microtubule spindle proteins. Motor proteins push them to the poles. Centrosomes are absent in plant cells

MetaphaseThe cell prepares for chromosome

divisionAnimal Cell Plant Cell

ANAPHASE Order of occurrence in Karyokinesis- 3nd During anaphase the centromere divides. Due to which the chromosome divides to form 2 sister chromatids. Polar microtubules push against each other causing the cell to elongate. The contraction of the spindle fibres pulls the sister chromatids to opposite poles. Furrowing of cell membrane is observed.

AnaphaseThe chromosome divide

Animal Cell Plant Cell

TELOPHASE Order of occurrence in Karyokinesis- 4th

The events of telophase is the reverse of the events in prophase.

The chromatids relax or decondense forming chromatin fibers.

The cleavage furrow deepens in animal cells.

The nuclear membrane reintegrates.

The nucleoli reappears.

A cell plate is observed in the plant cells.

Karyokinesis is completed.

TelophaseThe cytoplasm divide

Animal Cell Plant Cell

CYTOKINESIS Cytokinesis follows karyokinesis. After cytokinesis each daughter cell has a complete copy of the

genome of its parent cell. The cell plate grows from centre to periphery of a plant cell

forming 2 cells. Deepening of furrow forms 2 daughter cells in an animal cells.

MITOSIS

A. Occurs in somatic cellsB. Helps in growth &replacementC. Starts after the zygote

formationD. Full set of chromosome is

passedE. Genes passed are identical. Eg- Increase in the size of

elephants

MEIOSIS

A. Occurs in reproductive cells.B. Helps in gamete formation.C. Starts during puberty.D. Half set of chromosome is

passed.E. Genes are randomly assorted. Eg- Formation of egg

DIFFERENCE

1. Cytokinesis in plant cells is through a cleavage furrow.

2. It shows the presence of asters.

3. Occurrence is seen in almost the whole body of the animal except the reproductive cells

EXAMPLE-

4.Repair of a damaged part.

1. Cytokines in plants is seen through a cell plate.

2. It shows the absence of asters.

3. Occurrence mostly on the growth tips of a plant.

EXAMPLE-

1.Elongation of Height.

DIFFERENCE IN MITOSIS OFANIMAL CELLS PLANT CELLS

VID-20160807-WA0000.mp4

SIGNIFICANCE Mitosis is necessary for the growth in animals.

Eg.- Pups develop into a bat.

Repair of damaged and wounded tissues by renewal of lost cells.

Replacement of old and dead cells.

Asexual reproduction.

Same chromosomes number maintained.

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