Cdp imphal

City Development Plan: Imphal

1Imphal Municipal Council Government of Manipur

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PPllaann && AApppprrooaacchh 1.1 Introduction

Manipur one of the seven sisters of the North East is located in the slopes of the Sub-Himalayan

Ranges in the North East of India at latitude 23.80º N to 25.68º N and longitude 93.03º E to

94.78º E. Manipur has been the home of rich culture and heritage and is often described as the

Jewel of India. The region is bound by Nagaland in the north, Mizoram in the south and Cachar

district of Assam in the west. In the east it shares an international border with Upper Burma

(presently, Myanmaar).

.

Map 1.1: Location of Manipur



Described by Lord Irwin as the 'Switzerland of India', Manipur boasts of an exotic landscape with

gently undulating hills, emerald green valleys, blue lakes and dense forests. Manipur, literally

meaning the land of jewel, is a paradise on earth where Mother Nature has been extra generous

in her beauty. And from the very inception, this princely state of Manipur has always been a

shining outpost of the country.

Imphal, the capital city of Manipur is a rapidly growing urban area and a bustling town. It is the

centre of all cultural, commercial and political activities in the State. It is a small and picturesque

city and is a attractive tourist attraction. Imphal lies in the valley of the Manipur River and is

surrounded by the North-Eastern hills. Imphal is the only Class I City in the State and is the

centre for cultural traditions, festivals, as well as commerce.

Map 1.2: Location of Imphal



Imphal Municipal Council, which is spread over an area of 30.75 Sq. km, has a total population of

2,21,292 spread over East and West Imphal Districts. The Imphal Urban Agglomeration also

takes into account fringe areas and has a total population of 2,50,234.

The break up of the population under Imphal Urban Agglomeration covered by the City

Development Plan in line with the applicability of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal

Mission is as follows:

Area Population

Imphal Municipal Council Area (West District) 150595

Imphal Municipal Council Area (East District) 70897

Fringe Area (Outgrowth) in West District 11711

Outgrowth/Census Towns incl in East District 17031

Total Population (Imphal Urban Agglomeration) 250234 Table 1.1: Population of Imphal Urban Agglomeration

With growth in urban population, growing population density and scaling up of activities, there has

been substantial stress on the available infrastructure. The stress in the Infrastructure is reflected

by the state of the basic infrastructure such as road, water, sanitation and drainage, which are

grossly inadequate, and requires substantial development and investment. The ability of the State

to provide basic services to the urban population requires substantial institution building and

investments.

1.2 Overall Urbanisation in India and Trends According to the 2001 census, India has a population of 1027 million with approximately 28% or

285 million people living in urban areas. As a result of the liberalization policies adopted by the

Government of India, the share of the urban population may increase to about 40 per cent of total

population by the year 2021. It is estimated that by the year 2011, urban areas would contribute

about 65 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).



Table 1.2: Projected Urbanisation

However, this higher productivity is contingent upon the availability and quality of infrastructure

services. Urban economic activities are dependent on infrastructure, such as power, telecom,

roads, water supply and mass transportation, coupled with civic infrastructure, such as sanitation

and solid waste management.

Cities and towns in India constitute the second largest urban system in the world, and contribute over 50 per cent of the country’s GDP. They are central to economic growth. For the cities to realise their full potential and become effective engines of growth, it is necessary that focused attention be given to the improvement of infrastructure. This requires a Mission led initiative to be implemented on a time bound basis. In view of this the Government of India has launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in FY 2005-06; with an aim to create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities, The mission rest on the postulate that in order to make cities work and meaningfully contribute to the country’s economic growth and poverty reduction objective, it is essential to create incentive and urban reforms both at state and city level, appropriate enabling framework enhance the credit worthiness of the Municipal governance and integrate the poor with service delivery system.

The objectives of the JNNURM are to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban sector: (a) Focussed attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered

under the Mission; (b) Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a slew

of reforms for long-term project sustainability; (c) Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;

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(d) Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanisation;

(e) Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to the urban poor;

(f) Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce congestion; (g) Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable

prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security.

The objectives of the Mission shall be met through the adoption of the following strategy:

(1) Preparing City Development Plan: Every city will be expected to formulate a City Development Plan (CDP) indicating policies, programmes and strategies, and financing plans.

(2) Preparing Projects: The CDP would facilitate identification of projects. The Urban

Local Bodies (ULBs) / parastatal agencies will be required to prepare Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for undertaking projects in the identified spheres. It is essential that projects are planned in a manner that optimises the life-cycle cost of projects. The life-cycle cost of a project would cover the capital outlays and the attendant O&M costs to ensure that assets are in good working condition. A revolving fund would be created to meet the O&M requirements of assets created, over the planning horizon. In order to seek JNNURM assistance, projects would need to be developed in a manner that would ensure and demonstrate optimisation of the life-cycle costs over the planning horizon of the project.

(4) Release and Leveraging of Funds: It is expected that the JNNURM assistance

would serve to catalyse the flow of investment into the urban infrastructure sector across the country. Funds from the Central and State Government will flow directly to the nodal agency designated by the State, as grants-in-aid. The funds for identified projects across cities would be disbursed to the ULB/Parastatal agency through the designated State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) as soft loan or grant-cum-loan or grant. The SLNA / ULBs in turn would leverage additional resources from other sources.

(5) Incorporating Private Sector Efficiencies: In order to optimise the life-cycle costs

over the planning horizon, private sector efficiencies can be inducted in development, management, implementation and financing of projects, through Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements.



It is thus recognized that Urban Social and Economic Growth is largely dependent on

development of infrastructure, such as transportation, water supply, sanitation and solid waste

management. For the cities to reach its potential and to develop truly as Growth Centers, a long-

term vision, an assessment of the present status of the region, focused strategies and action plan

needs to be developed. At the same time, Urban Local Bodies needs to be strengthened in order

to make them independent and self-sustaining so that they are capable of developing and

implementing sustainable projects on their own. ULBs also need to develop systems to ensure

that they remain transparent and accountable.

The North Eastern States are largely characterized by medium to low level of developments,

which are reflected in low per capita income, poor economic base, limited industrial development.

The States however are endowed with rich natural resources. Side by side the region is also

endowed with rich cultural and heritage background.

1.3 City Development Plan

The preparation of City Development Plan (CDP) is a pre-requisite for accessing funds under JNNURM.

The CDP is both a perspective and a vision for the future development of a city it indicates:

• Where a city is now?

• Where it wants to go? – Vision, goals

• What are its priorities?

• How can it reach there?

• What interventions are required?

The CDP would provide a framework and vision within which projects can be identified and

implemented. The goal of CDP is to create an economically productive, efficient, equitable, and

responsive cities.

1.4 City Development Plan for Imphal

Imphal is the only Class I City in the state of Manipur and is the centre of economic and social

activity. The city is also the Gateway of North East India. Given the criticality of the region, there

is strong requirement to develop physical infrastructure in order to drive the development process

forward. At the same time, the growth in population places severe strain on urban amenities and

infrastructure such as housing stock, public transport system, water supply, rubbish collection

(solid waste), sanitation and sewerage systems. Also, unplanned development leads to



unplanned growth and clustered settlements. A large number of their citizens are deprived of the

basic urban services. Urban environment also gets severely affected. .

Imphal City reaffirms its commitment to develop and implement strategies and programs with an

aim to bring about focused development in infrastructure and provide its citizens a high quality of

life and universal access to basic urban amenities while maintaining the rich cultural and heritage

base of the city.

As a first step to this end, a City Development Plan (CDP) has been prepared, which is both a

vision document as well as a Perspective Plan. The City Development Plan is anchored on the

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission goal on economically productive and efficient

cities. The Plan has been developed with the assistance of IL&FS Infrastructure Development

Corporation Limited. The CDP focuses on development of the infrastructure and builds up

strategies that deal specifically with issues affecting the urban poor, strengthening of municipal

governments, their financial accounting, budgeting systems and procedures, creation of

structures for bringing in accountability and transparency, and elimination of legal and other

bottlenecks that have stifled the land and housing markets. It provides a basis for cities to

undertake urban sector reforms that help direct investment into city-based infrastructure.

The principles of sustainability are fundamental to this approach and it is recognized that Assets

created out of this Plan needs to be maintained in order to contribute to its potential. The

objectives of the CDP shall be accomplished by a series of programs and schemes, which has

been identified and included in the Plan.

It is recognized that the CDP is a dynamic document and has been designed to be responsive to ever-changing requirement of its citizens. To this extent, the Plan will be continuously reviewed and developed to ensure that it is in line with the changing aspirations of its people.



1.5 Process Followed for CDP Preparation

7

3rd Consultative Workshop; Discussion with differentStakeholders, concerned line departments, selectedeminent citizens for finalization of the CDP taking in toconsideration of the above points

APPROACH TO FORMULATION OF CITY DEVELOPMENT

1 Review of available data, reports and surveys on the cityand initial consultations with the stakeholders.

2 Discussion with Government Officials, IdentifiedStakeholders to Understand the Opportunities, Strength,Risk and Weaknesses of Imphal

3

Data collection conducted on different parametersfollowed by reconnaissance surveys, field visits likeDemography, economy, Land use, environment, basicinfrastructure facilities and Institutional framework

4 1st Consultative Workshop to identify demand/gaps ininfrastructure and felt needs of the people as well asaspirations.

5 Preparation of Draft City Development Plan taking in toaccount the above 1,2,3,4 points and peoples perceptionin line with the Mission Objective.

6

2nd Consultative Workshop; Finalisation of Vision andStrategies and Options based on vision andPrioratisation.

F I N A L

C I T Y

D E V E L O P M E N T

P L A N I

M P H A L



1.6 Stakeholders Views and Concerns The CDP is an output of a wide-ranging consultation with key stakeholders. At the first stage, a

vision for the future development of the city was developed which was a shared development in

the medium perspective.

There was almost unanimity of the concerns of the people. The stakeholders particularly

representing the civil society were severely concerned at the lack of basic amenities and

“disamenities” (negative amenities). There was a strong plea for planned development,

decentralization, decongestion and/or expansion in a planned manner. There was also concerns

of hazards such as “uncollected garbage/solid waste; heavily polluted Nambul River, choked

drains, lack of sewerage; scanty drinking water; water logging/floods during monsoon; off season

droughts.

It was clear from the workshops and also substantiated by analysis, that there was a severe lack

of basic services to the citizens. In terms of priority, Sewerage and drainage, decongestion and

transportation, Water and Environment Protection were given high priority. The requirement was

listed a safe and adequate 24x7 water and power supply, effective sewerage and drainage

covering each zone, most accessible and systematically arrayed roads with outer/inner roads,

mixed land use with adequate open space as to minimize traffic congestion, optimize

accessibility, provide greener/sunnier living; well planned schools, systematic parking and

shopping complexes for each zone. The services need to be delivered on a time bound basis to

fulfill the strong aspirations of the people.

There was a complete unanimity on the importance of maintaining the culture and heritage of the

City. The city needed to be well developed and organized but also retain its spiritual culture and

heritage culture.

There was also a plea to develop Greater Imphal on an integrated manner so as to reduce the

pressure on Imphal City.

One of the critical issues raised by the Stakeholders was empowerment and capacity building of

the Municipal Council. There was an acceptance that the municipal council needs to carry out a

reform process so as to make it more responsive and accountable to the general people.



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Some of the Speakers of the Workshops



1.7 Objectives and Overall Goals The overall goals of the Plan shall form the strategic priorities of the region and is aimed at

achieving its vision.

The overall vision of the region based on the discussions with the Stakeholders Meet is –

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Strategic Aims & Implementation Programme The overall goals and visions are in turn integrated into strategic aims of what the Region seeks

to achieve in the lifespan of the Mission. These form the basis for the various identified schemes

and programs as well and formulation of policies to be taken up over the Mission Period.

Strategic aims for each of the sectors have been provided in this City Development Plan (CDP).

In order to achieve these aims a series of interventions in the form of schemes and programme

have been identified. These schemes and programs have also been included under the various

sections of the plan.



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It may be recognized that CDP is a dynamic document and has been designed to be responsive to ever-changing requirement of its citizens. To this extent, the Plan will be continuously reviewed and developed to ensure that it is in line with the changing aspirations of its people.

1.8 City Investment Plan (CIP) Based on the overall vision of the region, sectoral vision and present status, the CIP identifies

specific interventions in the form of projects that can be implemented over the JNNURM period of

seven years. These comprise a mix of short, medium and long-term projects. The CIP also

include a block estimate of the said projects and the institutional and financial mechanism for

implementation of the respective projects. The identification of the projects shall be an ongoing

process and shall be in line with aspirations and needs of the people.

1.9 Adoption of CDP

The Final City Development Plan was prepared after taking into account the various views and

was adopted by Imphal Municipal Council.



CChhaapptteerr 22 IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo tthhee RReeggiioonn

Chapter 2: Introduction to the Region 2.1 Introduction to Imphal Urban Agglomeration Imphal, the capital city of Manipur, is situated at the centre of the valley of Manipur state. Imphal

is the biggest urban settlement and the only class I city in the region. Primarily an administrative

city, Imphal is of prime importance to almost all the urban centres and settlements surrounding it.

NH 39 connects the city with Myanmar in the east and Nagaland in the North. Though the city has

air connectivity with important cities like Delhi, Kolkata and Guwahati, it does not have any

railway connectivity. The nearest railway head is at Dimapur in Nagaland.

Imphal Municipal Council, which is spread over an area of 30.75 Sq. km, has a total population of

2,21,292 comprising municipal area in East and West Imphal. The Imphal Urban Agglomeration

also takes into account fringe areas and has a total population of 250234.

The break up of the population of the Area covered by the City Development Plan and in line with

the applicability of the Mission is as follows:

Area Population

Imphal Municipal Council Area (West District) 150595

Imphal Municipal Council Area (East District) 70897

Fringe Area (Outgrowth) in West District 11711

Outgrowth/Census Towns incl in East District 17031

Total Population (Imphal Urban Agglomeration) 250234

Table 2.1: Population of Imphal Urban Agglomeration



Map: 2.1: Imphal City Map 2.2 Population Imphal Urban Area recorded a population of 2,50,234 as per the Census of 2001 registering a

decadal growth rate of 26.04% and comprising nearly 10% of the entire state's population.

Population

State/District/Town Civic Status Male Female Total

Manipur State 1095634 1071154 2166788 Imphal West District 221781 222601 444382 Imphal East District 198371 196505 394876

Imphal Urban Agglomeration 123859 126375 250234

Table 2.1: Break-up of Population Source: Census 2001



2.3 Location The city of Imphal is located at the longitude 93.57o E and latitude 24.50o N. Located nearly at the

centre of the Manipur valley, Imphal is generally flat, elongated and tapering towards the south.

Surrounded by hillocks (about 1500-2000 mt high), Imphal is at an average elevation of 790 m

above mean sea level. Imphal River, Nambul River and Kongba River is running in the north-

south direction and are having numerous tributaries through the town. The town is below the high

flood level of Imphal River. The physiographic character has significant influence on the

population growth pattern in the Imphal city. Major growth has taken place towards the south

along the highways. The growth along the north, east and northwest has been restricted by hills.

2.4 Climate of the Region Imphal enjoys salubrious climate. The valley usually experiences a cool and pleasant climate.

January is the coldest months while April-May is the hot season for Imphal. The prevailing wind

direction during summer is from south and southeast to northwest.

The Range of temperature and rainfall is as below:

Maximum Temperature during summer: 36 Degree Centigrade Minimum Temperature during the winter: 0 Degree Centigrade

Average temperature 20.4 Degree Centigrade Average Rainfall in the area: 1413mm.

Source: www.imphalwest.nic.in

2.5 Soil Profile of the Region

The soil in Imphal region is fertile land and is mainly made up of alluvial soil of recent origin. The

soil is mainly made up of shallow black, brown and alluvial soils which have been technically

classified as Udalfs-Ochrepts and Orchrepts-Aquepts-Fluvents.

2.6 Industries There are no large or medium scale industries in Imphal. Handloom weaving is the traditional

household industry. Female work participation rate in the sector in over 60%. Skilled artisans in

trades of imitation jewellery and silver works are also found in certain pockets in the region.

http://www.imphalwest.nic.in/



General trade establishment comprises more than 90% of trade and commerce activity in the

region. In Imphal, there were more than 3389 registered commercial establishments, out of which

80% are located in the core area. Retail shops are located along the Thangal Road, Raona Road,

Bir Tikendrajit Road and Gandhi Avenue. There are few local shopping areas around the

municipal area such as Kwakeithel, Singjamei, Kongba, Checkon, Lamlong, Naoremthong and

Tera bazaar. There are ‘Nuphi Keithal’ (Women’s Market) in the core area and the periphery of

the city.

Factories and

Industrial Units

Total Units in the state

% to total state units

Agartala 36 2884 1.2

Aizawl 1439 4668 30.8

Gangtok 115 385 29.8

Guwahati 507 45193 1.1

Imphal 177 5779 3.1

Itanagar 27 4750 0.6

Kohima 80 1119 7.1

Shillong 321 4599 7 Table 2.2: Manipur Physical Map



ject report

Map 2.2. Physical Map

Map 2.3: Forest Map of Manipur



CChhaapptteerr 33 SSoocciioo aanndd DDeemmooggrraapphhiicc PPrrooffiillee

3.1 Background This section analyses and presents the social and demographical profile of the city of Imphal.

Data has been obtained from Census data; various surveys conducted by IMC, ADB (NERUDP)

as well as published data. The data has been computed based on available census data for the

Municipal Council Area. In areas where trends for population of fringe areas are not available,

trends for the Municipal Region has been followed.

3.2 Overall Population & Growth Rate Imphal with a total population of 2,50,234 (Census 2001) is spread over 27 wards in two districts,

namely Imphal East and Imphal West. It contributes to more than 29.81 % of population of these

two districts and 11.54 % of the entire state’s population (21, 66,788).

Population Growth

rate (1991-2001)

State/District/Town Civic Status Male Female Total

Manipur State 1095634 1071154 2166788 17.94

Imphal West District 221781 222601 444382 16.69

Imphal East District 198371 196505 394876 19.49

Imphal MC 123859 126375 250234 11.56

Table 3.1: Total Population

Source: Census 2001



3.3 Decadal Growth Rate The State of Manipur had experienced decadal population growth rate of around 17.94% during

1991-2001, which is though lower than the national average of 22.66 %. The decadal population

growth rate in the two districts, namely Imphal West and Imphal East, among which IMC is

spread was 16.69 % and 19.49 % respectively during 1991-2001. In this backdrop, Imphal

Municipal Corporation has recorded a decadal population growth rate of 11.56 % during 1991-

2001 preceded by a significantly higher decadal growth of 26.76% during 1981-91.

Decadal Growth Rate-Imphal

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001Ye a r

growt h rat e

Table : 3.2 Decadal Growth



Decadal growth of the various districts is presented in the graph below.

Decadal Growth Rate (2001-1991)17

.94

29.2

4

29.3

6

15.2

6

23.8

7

16.6

9

19.4

9

26.0

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28.8

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66.4

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10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

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ong

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Sources: Census 2001 and Individual district website

Figure 3.1: Decadal Growth 1991-2001 3.4 Population Density The population density in Imphal recorded at 7,202 persons per sq. km as compared to the

state’s density of 97 persons per sq.km of area. With only 0.13% of the total area, Imphal

Municipal Corporation area contributes to more than 10% of the state’s population. The density

has been significantly and sharply growing over the last few decades as shown in the figure

below.

Population Density

2689

3924

5093

64567203

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Year

density

Table 3.3 Trend of Decadal Growth



Region Density 2001 (Persons per Sqkm)

India 324 West Bengal 904 Manipur District 97 Imphal Municipal Corporation Area 7202

Table 3.4: Population Density – Comparative Scenario

Source: Census 2001 The population density in the Imphal city has already crossed 7202, comparable with much larger

municipal area. In addition, the density is likely to cross 9500 persons per sq.km of area if the

population grows as estimated. The forecasted population density in Imphal is given below (Fig

3.4.1)

6456

7203

79238716

9587

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1991 2001 2011 2021 2031

Density

Predicted Density

Figure 3.5: Predicted Population Density

Source: Based on forecasted population

3.5 Population Projections In the last five decade, the North Eastern Region has witnessed drastic demographic change due

to several historic and economic reasons. On one hand, certain states have witnessed decline in

population growth rate whereas on the other hand, for certain states urban population growth rate

has gone up drastically. This clearly indicates that the growth trend has not stabilized over the

years.



1951-61 1961-71 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01 State U R T U R T U R T U R T U R T Arunachal Pradesh

NA NA NA 0 3 3.3 9.1 2.7 3.1 10.3 2.5 3.2 7.2 1.4 2.4

Assam 8.5 2.7 3.0 5.1 2.9 3 3.3 2 2.1 3.4 2.1 2.2 3.1 1.6 1.7 Manipur 37.2 2.2 3.0 7.6 2.7 3.2 10.3 1.2 2.9 3.0 2.4 2.6 1.2 3.2 2.7 Meghalaya 7.2 1.8 2.4 2.3 2.9 2.8 5.1 2.4 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.9 3.2 2.5 2.7 Mizoram 7.4 2.9 3.1 10.2 1.6 2.3 12.4 2.4 4.0 10.1 0.0 3.4 3.3 1.9 2.6 Nagaland 16.6 5.3 5.7 10.4 2.9 3.4 8.9 3.5 4.1 5.6 4.3 4.6 5.4 5.0 5.1 Sikkim 9.6 1.4 1.6 11.1 2.0 2.6 10.0 3.4 4.2 -3.2 3.4 2.5 5.0 2.7 2.9 Tripura 9.2 5.7 6.0 4.7 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.8 6.5 2.5 3.0 2.6 1.3 1.5

Table 3.6: Population Density – Comparative Scenario

Source: NERUSP Project report

In a similar fashion, Imphal, the capital city of Manipur has also experienced growth in population

due to a mix of factors including annexation, natural growth and migration but the change in the

growth rate has been declining significantly. The decadal growth rate has declined during 1991-

2001 from 45.94% during 1961-71.

In the meantime, the density in the Imphal city had already crossed 7202 persons per sq.km of

area in 2001. Considering relevant factors including Imphal remaining the only major urban centre

in Manipur, high population density, urban migration, amongst others, it has been estimated that

the population will continue to grow in the Municipal corporation area with the decadal growth rate

stabilizing at around 10% for the next few decades. Based on the estimation, the projected

population is given below.

Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 79510 116034 156622 198535 250234 275257 302783 333061

Table 3.7. Population Trends for Imphal Municipal Corporation Area

Source: Prediction based on Census Data The population in the Municipal Corporation area is estimated to cross 3.33 lakh within 2031.

Though the figure is not extremely high but considering the area under the corporation and

expected growth in business development, it would create huge pressure on the city.



Actual & Predicted Population

7951

0

1160

34 1566

22 1985

35 2502

34

2752

57.4

3027

83.1

4

3330

61.4

54

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031

Year

Population

Predicted Population

Fig 3.8: Projected Population

Source: Census 2001

3.6 Population Distribution The growth pattern of Imphal city is highly influenced by its physiographic character. The major

growth of the city has taken place towards the South, particularly along the highways. The growth

in North, East and North West is restricted by hills. Low-lying areas restrict the growth on the

east. The existing population density of Imphal is pyramidal. The density is higher in the central

area, especially on South, and hence major population density is in the southern part.

3.7 Migration The North East Urban cities have been experiencing significant in-migrant population. The table

below shows that cities like Guwahati; Agartala has witnessed huge in-migrant population in

1991. In Imphal, the in-migrant population figure was 1,98,535 accounting for 8.05% of the total

population in 1991.

Agartala Aizawl Gangtok Guwahati Imphal Itanagar Kohima Shillong

In Migrants 47042 26568 1104 140885 15991 4745 9576 26172 Total Pop

(1991) 157358 155240 25024 584342 198535 16545 51418 131719 % of migrants

to total pop 29.89 17.11 4.41 24.11 8.05 28.68 18.62 19.87

Table 3.8: In-Migrant Population in 1991




3.8 Urbanization Urbanisation in Manipur district has been skewed. In several districts including Senapati

(excluding 3 sub divisions), Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul, the entire population

resides in rural areas. Meanwhile, share of urban population in the Manipur state in 2001 was

around 26.58%, clearly indicating that the urban population was concentrated in the remaining

districts. Out of the two districts among which the Imphal Municipal Corporation area is divided,

share of urban population in Imphal West was highest at 55.51% whereas the corresponding

figure for Imphal East was relatively higher at 27.43%.

% o f Urban P o pulat io n

26.5

8

0.00

0.00

0.00

35.8

7

36.0

5

55.5

1

27.4

3

0.00 12

.64

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

Figure 3.9: Urban Population Share

Source: Census 2001

Data further shows, the level of urbanisation in Imphal West is much higher as compared to

Imphal East. Urban/Rural ratio in Imphal West stood at 1.24:1 against Imphal East’s comparable

figure of 0.37:1.



Urbanisation Scenario

2166788

1590820

575968444382

197699 246683

394876286566

108310

250234

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Urban

Manipur Imphal West Imphal East Imphal Muni.Corp

Population

Figure 3.10: Urban Population Scenario – Manipur The level of urbanisation in the Imphal city has been significantly and steadily growing over the

past few decades.


29

3.9 Sex Ratio The following figure provides details of the Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) of Manipur State

and the districts since 1971. The Sex Ratio for Imphal district (i.e. Imphal East and Imphal West)

stood at 998, higher than the state corresponding figure of 978. The Sex Ratio in the district has

recorded significant growth over the previous decade, 973 (1991). The Sex Ratio of the Imphal

Municipal Corporation area is significantly higher than the district and state average at 1017.

Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males)

978

951

922

944

993 998

998

916

981

1017

800

850

900

950

1000

1050

MA

NIP

UR

(Exc

l.3

Sub

-div

isio

ns)

Sen

apat

i(E

xclu

ding

3S

ub-D

ivis

ions

)

Tam

engl

ong

Chu

rach

andp

ur

Bis

hnup

ur

Thou

bal

Imph

al

Ukh

rul

Cha

ndel

Imph

alM

unic

ipal

Cor

pora

tion

2001199119811971

Figure 3.11: Sex ratio

Source: SRS Website and Census 2001 data


30

3.10 Literacy Rate The following table represents a brief picture of the general educational standards of people in

the Imphal Municipal Council area. Over 78% of the population in the Imphal Municipal Area is

literate which is significantly higher than the state average of 60%. Following similar trend, 83% of

the male population and 73% of female population are literate in the Imphal Municipal Council

area as compared to state average figure of 68% and 52% respectively.

Total

Literate Total

Illiterate Male

Literate Male

Illiterate Female Literate

Female Illiterate

Imphal Municipal Council (%) 78.43 21.56 83.94 16.05 73.02 26.97

Manipur (%) 60.48 39.51 68.76 31.23 52.00 47.99

Table 3.10: Literacy Scenario in Manipur and Imphal

Source: Census 2001

3.11 Workforce Variance Census 2001 shows that the ratio of working to dependent population comes out to be 1:1.3 for

the state. The ratio though is higher in case of the Municipal Council area recording around

1:1.97.

Work force distribution

9452

13

7437

0

6593

64

6480

7

2858

49

9563

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1000000

Manipur Total Imphal M Corp. Urban

TOT_WORK_P

MAINWORK_P

MARGWORK_P

Fig : 3.12

Source: Census 2001


31

The following figure further shows, that only 1% of the main working population are involved in

casual and agricultural sectors whereas 8% is involved in household sector.

.

Main Workers Profile-Imphal

90%

1% 1% 8%

MAIN_CL_P

MAIN_AL_P

MAIN_HH_P

MAIN_OT_P

Figure 3.12: Distribution of Main Work Force

Source: Census 2001

3.11 Expenditure Variance The following tables show the monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) for urban and rural areas

of Manipur. MPCE provides a signal of the purchasing capacity of the population residing in

Manipur state.

Urban Manipur - Monthly per capita expenditure MPCE (Rs) 261-451 451-521 521-601 601-682 682-751 751-942 >942 Group ST 16.82 11.21 14.02 13.08 9.35 14.95 20.56 SC 23.08 7.69 7.69 15.38 15.38 7.69 23.08 OBC 9.56 12.97 13.31 20.14 20.14 16.72 7.17 OTHERS 19.05 20.24 15.48 10.71 12.7 14.68 7.14

Rural Manipur - Monthly per capita expenditure

MPCE (Rs) <352 352-412 412-471 471-521 521-591 591-702 >702 Group ST 27.78 13.33 12.73 14.72 9.72 12.5 4.17 SC 0 19.44 27.78 19.44 22.22 8.33 2.78 OBC 4.73 11.49 11.49 19.59 24.32 14.19 14.19 OTHERS 4.64 15.46 13.92 9.28 18.04 20.1 18.56 Source: NSS Data & State Government Website


32

CChhaapptteerr 44 EEccoonnoommiicc && IInndduussttrriiaall BBaassee

4.1 Background

The North Eastern Region is characterized by low level of economic and industrial activities.

Majority of the urban population in the region is engaged in service, both Government and Private

(as depicted in the following table); Imphal does not produce any significant consumer goods.

Most of the items are imported from other states by roadways.

City Service Shop Owners

Labour & Daily Wage

Earners

Business Others

Agartala 58.5 25.2 0.6 5.9 9.9

Aizawl 51.9 11.5 16.7 10.4 9.6

Gangtok 68.6 8.6 7.1 4.3 11.4

Guwahati 72.2 9.7 3.7 6.2 8.3

Imphal 56.9 13.7 15.4 9.5 4.6

Itanagar 65.5 10.7 1.7 3.7 18.5

Kohima 66.2 6.6 2.4 9.7 15.2

Shillong 54.5 14 4.7 3.9 23.0

Total 64.3 11.5 5.8 6.8 11.6

Table 4.1: Distribution of Employees by Category in major urban cities


4.2 Industry The industries are not a major economic driver of any of the major urban centres in the

region, with Imphal not being an exception


33

Factories and

Industrial Units

Total Units in the state

% to total state units

Agartala 36 2884 1.2

Aizawl 1439 4668 30.8

Gangtok 115 385 29.8

Guwahati 507 45193 1.1

Imphal 177 5779 3.1

Itanagar 27 4750 0.6

Kohima 80 1119 7.1

Shillong 321 4599 7 Figure 4.2 Registered Factories and Industrial Units in NE urban cities

Source: NERUSP Project report Handloom weaving is a traditional household industry with female work participation rate of over

65%. Traditional skilled artisans, especially in silk spinning and weaving are mainly concentrated

in Chingmeirong, Singjamei and Chingamakha area. Skilled artisans in trades of imitation

jewellery and silver works are concentrated around Keisampat, Kwakeithel and Singjamei Bazar

area. The area has one industrial estate set up at Takyelpat. The industries in the region are

mainly producing plastic items, paper and surgical equipment.

In order to facilitate rapid and substantial industrial development in the State through enhanced

investment, an investor-friendly environment, provision for infrastructure and institutional support,

attractive incentive package and optimum utilisation of existing resources amongst others, the

state government formulated the New Industrial Policy of Manipur in 2002.

The aim is to achieve the desired goal by providing industry access to high quality infrastructure,

extending institutional support for technology up-gradation, deregulating the business

environment for an efficient, proactive and transparent administrative frame-work and catalyzing

the entrepreneurial as well as creative capabilities of the human resources. Some of the major

goals are to create gainful employment for local population, promote export-oriented industries,

encourage large and medium industries in public, private, joint and assisted sectors, develop food

processing industry by facilitating forward and backward linkages.


34

4.3 Trade & Commerce General trade establishments comprise over 90% of trade and commerce activity in the region. In

Imphal, there are more than 3389 Registered Commercial Establishment, out of which 80% are

located in the core area. Retail shops are located along the Thangal Road, Raona Road, Bir

Tikendrajit Road and Gandhi Avenue. There are few local shopping areas around the municipal

area such as Kwakeithel, Singjamei, Kongba, Checkon, Lamlong, Naoremthong and Tera bazaar.

There are ‘Nuphi Keithals’ (Women’s Markets) in the core area and the periphery of the city.

General Trade % share

Hotel/Restaurant/Confectionery

shop/ tea shop % share

Agartala 2768 94.6 159 5.4

Aizwal 3475 91.2 335 8.8

Gangtok 1056 96.8 35 3.2

Guwahati 55000 96.5 2000 3.5

Imphal 3212 94.8 177 5.2

Itanagar 1362 96.9 44 3.1

Kohima 2384 94.6 135 5.4

Shillong 2489 94.5 144 5.5 Table 4.3. Registered Trade Establishments in 2001-01



35

4.4 Agriculture

Manipur state is predominantly an agricultural economy.

As per data available with State Government, the share of

agriculture in the state income has declined from 45.6% in

1980-81 to 24.7% in 2003-04 and is a serious concern.

Over 57% of the state’s working population is comprised of

cultivators and agricultural labourers.

Meanwhile, the four valley districts, which cover 10.02% of total geographical area,

include 73.18% of total agricultural land. But due to swelling population, it is

becoming more and more difficult to expand agricultural area. Paddy is by far the

most important crop in the region followed by maize and different type of millets,

pulses and beans, mustard and seasum, sugarcane, cotton, yams and sweet

potatoes, pineapples and many other kinds of fruits and vegetables.

4.5 Tourism Tourism is one of the most important sectors in this region with immense potential. Table

4.7.1 shows that Imphal city received a significant number of tourists during 2001-02.

Data further showed that there were 49 hotels in Imphal with average rent ranging

between Rs 150-300 per day. The hotels experienced average occupancy between 65%

and 70%.


36

A comparative table of occupancy of major hotels in the major northeast cities are given

below:

Domestic InternationalAgartala 156475 1280 Aizwal 25000 -

Gangtok 146923 7757 Guwahati 1000000 6000

Imphal 73482 131 Itanagar 8452 106 Kohima 29952 920 Shillong 178697 2390

Table 4.4 : Tourist inflow in the major cities in the NE Region in 2001-02 Source: NERUSP Project report

At present the places open to foreign tourists are: Loktak Lake, Moirang; INA Memorial, Moirang;

Keibul Lamjao Wildlife Sanctuary, Waithou Lake, Thoubal; and the Khongjom War Memorial,

Thoubal. The places open to foreign tourists in groups are: (a) Imphal-Bishnupur-Phubala-

Moirang-Sendra-Keibullamjao-Imphal. (b) Imphal-Moirang-Loktak Lake-Keibullamjao-

Churachandpur-Khuga Imphal, (c) Imphal-Ukhrul-Siroi-Sangsak-Imphal, (d) Imphal-Thoubal-

Waithou Lake-Khongjom-Kakching- Thonjao-Waikhong-Sugnu-Imphal, (e) Imphal-Khonghampat-

Kanglatombi-Kangpokpi-Senapati-Karong-Mao Gate-Imphal, and (f) Imphal- Noney-

Khongshang- Nungba- Jiribam- Imphal

4.6 Workforce Majority of the population in Imphal city is engaged in administrative and other related services.

Census 2001 data shows that the ratio of working to dependent population comes out to be 1:1.3

for the state. The ratio though is higher in case of the Municipal Council area recording around

1:1.97.

Data further reveals that 87% of the working population in Imphal city area belongs to the

category of main workers whereas the remaining are marginal workers. Share of main worker’s

category in the city is higher than state corresponding figure of around 70%.

Table 4.6.1: Working Population Details

Population Total Working

Pop Male Working PopFemale Working

Pop

Imphal 250234 84785 52116 32669 Table 4.5 Workforce Source: Census 2001


37

CChhaapptteerr 55 EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt && DDiissaasstteerr

RReeccoovveerryy PPllaann 5.1 Background Rapid urbanization can create enormous stresses on the natural environment. These stresses

extend far beyond the land that urban areas actually occupy to affect the land that provides the

resources to sustain urban life. Urban areas claim the ecological output and life support functions

of both nearby areas and distant regions.

The growing rate of population in the townships of the Planning Area is a prime example of the

effect of urbanization. Environmental impact of urban areas is often invisible to urban residents

themselves because the ecosystems that support them are far away. Thus as urban areas

expand, so does their environmental impact.

The number of urban households is growing at a faster rate than the population on account of the

trend for having nuclear families with a decline in the average number of people per household.

More households increase the amount of land and materials needed for housing construction.

Economic growth is accompanied by the commensurate increase in amount of waste generated

per person. In many cases, the waste is dumped in open sites, including wetlands that are not

able to contain seepage into local waters.

With the growing population density in urban areas and steep growth in the population trends, the

ULBs are likely to face major challenges in maintaining the ecological balance and sustaining the

development processes at the same time. The effect of this would lead to impacting of:

• Public Health: Unclean water, poor sanitation, air pollution, heavy metals and other

contaminants will cause widespread health problems;

• Food Supply: Population pressures degrade considerable areas of arable land;

• Freshwater: The supply of freshwater deteriorates with population growth;

• Biodiversity: Economic growth affects biodiversity and pushes animal and plant species

towards extinction;

• Global Climate change: Global warming has become a serious problem


38

5.2 Situation Appraisal and Action Taken As there are no major industrial activities in Imphal, the level of pollution is lower than that

of other centers. However, it has been noted that urban planning and land use regulation

are not followed in several cases and this has an adverse affect on the environment.

There is a need to develop an environmental management plan for improving the

environment of the city.

The specific objectives of the study are:

Mapping of characteristic and environmental profile of the project cities and

identification of environmental pollution and hot spots.

Preparation of an environmental management plan that includes rehabilitation and

mitigation measures; and

Recommendation of guidelines for environmentally compatible land use planning.

The ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY WING came into exist during 1997 under the

Environment and Forests Department of the Govt. of Manipur. The wing acts as a nodal

agency in the state for planning, co-ordination and promotion of environmental

sustainable development & its ecology in the state. Simply, the office deals with all the

matter pertaining to environment & ecology of the state.

The wing also acts as the state nodal agency for National Bio-diversity Strategy and

Action Plan, preparation of State of Environment (SoE) report of Manipur, preparation of

Health & Environment Mapping of Manipur, regional resource agency of Manipur for

National Environmental Awareness Campaign, etc. The wing has also been successfully

enforcing / implementing the various Acts and Rules laid down by the Ministry of

Environment & Forests, Govt of India.


39

Policy Planning:

To evolve a State Environment Policy Resolution for adoption by the Government and its

periodic views thereafter

To promote and catalyze other Ministries / Departments to incorporate environmental

concerns in their spectral policies

Review of existing sectoral policies with a view to synthesize environmental component

with them

To ensure incorporation of environmental dimensions in future legislative enactment

Conservation:

To conserve the genetic diversity of different biogeographically provinces of the State

To conserve the natural resources specially water bodies, flora & fauna, etc.

To establish and manage State Botanical Garden and Environmental/Ecological Parks

To conserve Biological diversity, identify endangered species and to undertake effective

conservation measures for their protection and habitat restoration

To promote and expand community based biodiversity conservation network in the State

To protect and conserve sacred Groves/places/ sites/zones

To carry out mapping of strategic and ecologically fragile areas with a view in involving

rational land use plan to manage the natural resources

To carry out eco-development work and restoration of fragile ecosystem

Regulatory: To ensure the effective implementation of the following legislation :

The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and Rules 1978

The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 and Rules 1978

The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Rules 1982

The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and Rules 1998 Co-ordination:

Co-ordinate various activities of the State Government in the areas of Environmental management Co-ordinate programmes of different agencies on Environmental Education, Training and


40

Conservation of Eco-system

Co-ordinate the work of various agencies other than Pollution Control Board relating to

pollution monitoring and control

Co-ordinate relevant activities of Non-Governmental Organisations/Institutions in

Environmental protection

Promotion:

To promote all activities necessary to execute the nodal co-ordination work, regulatory

and other conservation functions of different Departments

To promote environmental awareness at all levels

To promote environmental information dissemination network

To promote multidisciplinary environmental and ecological research and studies

To promote the aspect of human ecology for sustainable development

To promote a State of experts on ecology and environment concerned, where

services could be freely available to all State Government Departments and

NGOs/Institutions

Some of the ongoing approved schemes (as on 2006 – 07):

Scheme Objective Eco Development Programme • This scheme seeks to prevent

damage of the ecosystem in the state Environmental Information & Dissemination • This aims to build up public

awareness about environmental issues and concerns

Environment Education / Awareness programme

• This imparts specific environment training to individuals and other stakeholders

Environment Monitoring, Research & Development

• Monitoring the quality of soil, air, water & human including lakes, rivers, community ponds, etc

Study of catchment areas of major basins • Improvement of major river basins and the catchment areas

Prevention and Control of pollution • Prevention of pollution by monitoring activities of small industries and motor vehicles

Waste Management • Scientific management of wastes Table 5.1 Ongoing approved Schemes


41

Some of the key targets during the 10th Five Year Plan period include: Improvement of State Environment monitoring, Research & Development Plan

Augmentation of existing Environment Monitoring, R & D Laboratory of the office

Nambul river Pollution abatement project

Studies on Jhum cultivation

Project on wasteland management, wetland management and conservation

Implementation of Bio-diversity conservation programme including afforestation

activities

Expansion of Environment Information activities

Setting up of Eco Clubs

Ecological impact assessment programme

Formulation of Environmental Action Plan for the state of Manipur

Expansion of Community Biodiversity Conservation network

5.3 Status of Environment of Manipur A ‘soft-state’ on the North-Eastern border between India and Myanmar, Manipur has a

total geographical area of 22,327 Sq. Km. of which 61.54% of the total

population(2001) is in the valley while 38.46% in the hill districts. The state shares with

a length of international border of 352 kms with Myanmar (Burma), accounting for

41.21% of the total length of the border. It is noted that Manipur is lies in one of the most severe seismic vulnerable zones in India. Other natural hazards such as land slides and floods are also common in most parts of the region. Recognising the peculiarities of the region, a Natural Disaster Management Program is being worked out covering the entire North-East. The entire state of Manipur falls in Seismic Zone – V.


42

Fig 5.1: Seismic Zone

Natural Resources: a) WATER Resources: The water resources in Manipur are from both the surface water (like Lake, River,

Ponds, etc) & sub – surface (underground) water. As per land use data, total water

bodies of the state is about 1.65% of the total land coverage.

Land with or withoutscrub

38.725%

Forests49.249%

others1.280%

Water Bodies1.649%

Settlement2.442%

Agricultureal Land6.654%

9.45 % Submerged Cropped Land

23.34 % Biomass

31.30 % Waterlogged / Marshy / Swampy land

35.90 % Lake / Reservoir / Tank / Canal

Fig : 5.2 : Land Cover

Land Use Pattern SURFACE WATER of the region includes all the water resources from wetland, lakes, ponds & rivers. Wetland is one of the major characters of the State. However, the nature and

demographic pattern over the last 1 or 2 centuries showed spectacular change and numerous


43

wetlands had been lost. They are having wide variation in water spread during pre monsoons and

post monsoons showing distinct hydro periods (exception for Loktak Lake in which water level is

kept constant to run the existing hydro-electric project).

Drainage & River System : Manipur lies in the catchment area of two river system, namely

Ganga - Brahamaputra and Chindwin – Irrawaddi river system.. The main rivers including Barak,

the biggest river of the state drain into Ganga – Brahamaputra river system. Imphal River,

Nambul River, Iril River, Thoubal River, etc are some of the major rivers in the state. Profile of Basins Wetlands & Lakes :

Water Spread ( in Ha ) Aquatic Vegetation ( in Ha )

No. Wetland Area

( in Ha ) Post-monsoon

Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon

Pre-monsoon

A: Natural : Lake : 21* 43,358 14,548 105,84 295,32 33,708

Ox-bow Lake : 2 35 35 20 35 35Waterlogged : 130 9,466 8,563 - 8,726 9,466

B: Man - Made: Reservoirs : 2 100 100 57 - 43

Total 155 52,959 Ha 23,246 Ha 10,661 Ha 38,293 Ha 43,252 Ha 529.6 km2 232.5 km2 106.6 km2 382.9 km2 432.5 km2

Source : Wetlands of Manipur (1997) : Space application Centre (ISRO) & Manipur Repote Sensing Application Centre Ha = Hacter (100 Ha = 1 k m2)

Table 5.2: Wetlands and Lake

Out of these identified natural fresh water lakes, only the Loktak Lake (24,672 Ha) has been

identified for taking up conservation urgently so far & also being one of the Ramsar Site for

International Importance since 1996. Further, 12 Lakes more are also proposed for further

identification under NLCP, as described below.

Sl. No. Name of the propose Lakes

District Area

01. Pumlen / Khoidum Pat Thoubal 8,022 Ha

02. Ikop /Kharung Pat Thoubal 6,520 Ha

03. Loushi Pat Thoubal 1,064 Ha

04. Waithou / PunnemPat Thoubal 455 Ha

05. Aongbikhong Pat Thoubal 225 Ha


44

Table 5.3: Wetlands and Lake GROUND WATER table data of Manipur varies as per its geological formation i.e. for the plan areas

(Central Valley districts) the ground water table is reported at 2 – 4 meter bgl (below ground

level), whereas, for the hill & foothill areas (Hill districts) reported as 4 – 5 meter bgl (below

ground level). Groundwater is mostly exploited through open wells, occurs under sub-artesian

and artesian conditions in the deeper aquifers. Through tube-wells, the underground water are

targeted to exploit the valley areas with the yields ranging from 0.6 to 4 cu.m./hr and an estimated

annual recharge of 44 M cum has been estimated. Considering the clayey nature of formation in

the top acuifer, development of this resource is not considered promising on a large scale either

in irrigation of water supply. However, it can be exploited for local water supplied through open

wells dug-cum-bore wells and tube wells. Recently, the North Eastern Regional Institute of Water

and Land Management (NERIWALAM) and the Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi have

reported the presence of arsenic in some of the existing underground water (Tube Well) in

Kakching, Thoubal districts of the state.

06. Ushoipokpi Pat Thoubal 65 Ha

07. Sanapat Bishnupur 282 Ha

08. Utrapat Bishnupur 185 Ha

09. Tankha Pat Imphal West 65 Ha

10. Karam Pat Imphal West 185 Ha

11. Lamphel Pat Imphal West 5 Ha


45

Fig 5.3: Profile of Ground Basins

Water Quality Problems : Water quality for both the surface & sub surface has been monitoring by the Environment

Monitoring, R & D Laboratory of the Environment & Ecology Office, Govt. of Manipur regularly.

Environmental Pollution Status of Manipur

Pollution Level

Pollution Status Problems & Pollution Sources

Surface Water - Lake : Moderate Eutrophic Domestic Sewage & Agriculture runoff

Surface Water - River : Moderate Eutrophic Domestic Sewage & Agriculture runoff

Surface Water - Pond : Moderate Eutrophic Domestic Sewage Underground Water : Low, but

considerable Contamination Host Rock, Solid Wastes Disposal

Air Pollution : Medium Ambient Air Smoke from Vehicles / Transport Soil Pollution : Low, but

considerableContamination Solid Wastes Disposal

Wastes Disposal : High Non Segregation Urban, Domestic & Hospital Noise Pollution : Low --

Table 5.4: Wetlands and Lake


46

Some of the hot spots for water quality resources & its problems have been identified as below:

1. Nambul River, in the urban area of Imphal City;

2. Loktak Lake and its periphery lakes;

3. Underground water at Kakching Town;

4. Community ponds namely Ningthem Pukhri, Thangmeiband Pukhri, Bijoy Govinda

Moat, Kangla Moat, etc. at Imphal City;

b) Forest Resources : District wise forests coverage of Manipur (2003)

(area in Sq. km)

Table 5.5 : Forest Resources

c) Biodiversity: Manipur, physically adorned with microclimatic & monsoonic climate. The elevation of the state

varies from 400 msl (Jiribam) to 2,994.36 msl (Tenipu Hill at western region of the state). Adapted

to these, there are different types of forest ranging, say from tropical to sub-alpine. Hence, the

state has a large number of flora and fauna considerably. Moreover, the north-eastern Himalyan

region including Manipur happens to be one of the two mega biodiversity ‘hotspots’ in India. The

state has a number of proposed biosphere reserves, like Yangoupokpi, Siroi, Kailam. Khongho-

tenepu-Dzuko, Jial lake & Keibul Lamjao National Park where there are a number of wild palnts

and animals (resident – migrant), including the much talked brow antlered deer, locally called

SANGAI (cervus eldi eldi). However, a major threat for rapid great losing / diminishing of

biological diversity has been facing by the state.

Some of the major Biodiversity statistics may be highlighted as


47

Reported varieties A. Flora : Tree species 153Bamboo Species 54Orchid 500Edible Wild Plants 50Plant / Herb Spices 73Indigenous Medicinal plants 430Endemic Rice 40B . Fauna : Fish 160Amphibian 13Snakes 34Lizard 18Birds 79Wild animal 34

Table 5.6 : Biodiveresity e) Westland of Manipur:

WASTELANDS CATEGORY OF 5 HILL DISTRICTS OF MANIPUR (2003)

District Wast-Land Categories Area (in Sq.Kms) % of TGA

Chandel Land with Scrub 1290.6 38.96 Shifting Cultivation 679.1 20.50 (Abandoned) Shifting Cultivation (Current) 287.5 8.68

Total 2257.2 68.13 Churachandpur Land with Scrub 689.61

Shifting Cultivation 1345 29.43 (Abandoned) Shifting Cultivation (Current) 493 10.79

Total 2527.61 55.31 Ukhrul Land with Scrub 2319 51.03

Shifting Cultivation 989.6 21.78 (Abandoned) Shifting Cultivation (Current) 172.6 3.80

Total 3481.2 76.61 Tamenglong Land with Scrub 1827.17 2.55


Total 2265.16 51.59 Senapati Land with Scrub 1600.35 48.93


Total 1965.54 60.09 Table 5.7 : Wetlands


48

Area of Jhum cultivation in 4 hill districts of Manipur

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80Sq

. Km

.

Senapati Ukhrul Churachandpur Tamenglong

Senapati 39.83 44.56 53 48.27 0.04 0.01

Ukhrul 21.82 35.77 75 61.06 0.04 0.08

Churachandpur 18.36 48.14 65.17 25.84 11.1 20.64

Tamenglong 37.94 34.74 45.4 44.88 12.44 16.1

1987 1994 1987 1994 1987 1994

Area of Jhum cultivation including abundant Jhum

Forest Land Scrub waste land

e) Environment Quality Statistics: Report on Physio-Chemical Analysis of surface water samples :

Parameter Sl. No. Spot Name of River pH DO( mg/l) BDO ( mg/l) Conductivity

( µohms/cm) 1. Nilakuthi Imphal 8.00 8.40 2.40 100 2. Koirengei Do 7.00 2.40 10.30 320 3. Langjing Langjing-I 7.40 8.40 3.60 140 4. Do Langjing - II 7.20 7.70 4.30 110 5. Manipur College Nambul 7.50 5.60 9.32 130 6. Lamsang Lamsang 8.00 5.88 6.08 280 7. Pangei Pangei 7.40 7.70 5.20 130 8. Lilong Lilong 7.60 7.30 6.88 130 9. Yairipok Yairipok 7.60 7.70 5.01 170 10. Bishnupur Posangbam 7.60 6.80 8.11 100 11. Moirang Stream 7.20 7.50 5.68 70 12. Do Posangbam 7.30 6.80 8.11 100 13. Do Ningthoukhong 7.70 6.80 8.50 800 14. Manipur

University MU - I 7.60 7.30 4.80 360

15. Do MU-II 7.70 7.90 5.20 100 16. Kakching Kakching 7.10 7.50 7.72 189 17. Sugunu Sugunu 7.00 5.70 8.90 190 18. Kumbi Khuga 7.00 7.70 3.26 190 19. Andro Andro 7.00 8.30 4.04 130 20. Mayang Imphal Stream 6.90 7.10 3.66 250 21. Swombung Iril 7.10 7.30 2.44 270 22. Jiribam Jiri 7.60 7.80 4.20 200

Table 5.8: Environmental Quality


49

Physico- characteristics of some selected community ponds

Sampling sites Characteristics P1 P2 P3 P4

pH 6.5 7.5 8.5 7.0 Dissolve oxygen 5.6 8.9 8.2 8.8 Biological oxygen demand

9.4 8.8 8.2 8.2

Chemical oxygen demand

31.8 12.66 25.33 14.13

Total hardness 400 146 82 112 Nitrate 0.43 3.45 0.77 2.90 Calcium 25.65 12.02 16.83 21.64 Chloride 44.02 44.02 51.12 66.74 Magnesium 31.8 25.33 12.66 14.13 Phosphate 0.38 0.25 0.50 0.49 Sulphate 0.75 0.20 0.11 0.08

Table 5.9: Physio Characteristic of community ponds All the characteristic are expressed in ppm except the pH P1= Langthabal Community pond, Imphal(Drinking & domestic use ) P2 = Khurai Heikru Makhong Community pond (Drinking & domestic use ) P3 = Ningthem pukhri Community pond, Imphal ( Drinking & domestic use ) P4 = Thangmeiband Community pond, D.M. College gate, Imphal ( Drinking & domestic use)

Table : Ground Water Quality of Imphal-west district, Manipur

Sl. No. Location District pH

Conductivity m S/Cm

Total Alkalinity mg/l

Calcium mg/l

Chloride mg/l

Hardness mg/l

Iron mg/l

Potassium mg/l

Sodium mg/l

1 Manahingol Imphal West

6.6 285.12 155 6.00 8.78 60.00 5.10 2.00 41.00

2 Yaingangpokpi

-do- 6.2 836.00 385 20.84 35.2 224.00 0.55 7.00 61.00

3 Champhai -do- 6.6 315.90 240 21.64 21.3 150.00 0.10 2.00 34.00

4 Nungoi Mayai Leikai

-do- 6.7 585.00 350 29.66 32.6 270.00 0.40 5.00 46.00

5 Koirengei -do- 6.8 376.2 175 15.23 11.36 74 0.2 2 39

6 Nilakuthi -do- 6.7 274.54 155 6.41 17.04 54 4.3 1 41

7 Keikol -do- 6.8 268.9 130 6.41 9.94 62 5.0 1 29

8 Potsangbam -do- 6.6 291.5 175 9.62 9.94 78 3.2 3 36

9 Khurkhul -do- 6.6 232.2 155 10.42 11.36 104 5.5 7 12

10 Phayeng -do- 6.2 485 230 16.83 17.04 96 2.9 4 54

11 Irom Meijrao Imphal East

6.8 790.9 485 41.68 21.3 222 3.2 4 99.5

12 Hitangthang -do- 7.2 1027.14 350 20.84 65.32 150 2.0 4 100.5 13 Konthousam -do- 7.2 1027.14 620 30.46 24.14 290 2.0 2 106.5 14 Keithelmanbi

Bazar -do- 5.2 394.2 215 15.23 50.88 122 1.8 4.5 48

15 Leimaram -do- 6.5 175.5 180 12.02 1.42 48 2.2 1.5 43 16 Angtha -do- 7.1 530.4 315 36.87 19.88 200 2.0 1.5 29.5 17 Andro -do- 6.8 329.4 190 15.23 15.62 116 1.5 1 23

Table 5.10: Ground Water Quality


50

Table :Water Quality Report on some Lakes of Manipur (as on March 2005)

Parameters Loktak

Lake Ikop pat

Waithou Pat

Angoubikhong Pat

Kharungpat Pumlen Pat

Lamphel Pat

pH 6.80 8.0 8.32 7.22 6.9 6.82 7.1

Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD) mg/l

3.45 4.26 4.26 5.18 3.46 3.82 5.48

Chemical Oxygen

Demand COD) mg/l

18.73 16.45 12.00 16.40 12.98 9.62 15.40

Nitrogen mg/l 2.21 3.47 2.80 3.64 2.86 1.86 1.68

Phosphorus mg/l

1.17 1.62 1.40 1.60 1.46 1.08 1.62

Potassium mg/l

7 12 11 13 8 10 5

Total Coliform per 100 ml

570 350 150 203 240 220 140

Feacal Coliform oer

100 ml

370 210 80 100 190 170 90

Table 5.11: Water Quality on selected lakes

Table : Water Quality Report on some major ponds of Manipur (as on March 2005)

Parameters Kangla Pat Bijoy Govind Wangkhei

Thanga Pat Ningthem

Pukhri

pH 7.70 6.92 7.6 7.8

Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 100 130 340 98

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 3.96 3.35 3.65 2.76

Chemical Oxygen Demand COD) mg/l 10.92 11.46 9.87 7.21

Nitrogen mg/l 0.90 1.81 1.56 0.86

Phosphorus mg/l 0.98 1.26 1.41 0.87

Potassium mg/l 4 6 6 3

Total Coliform per 100 ml 470 620 3.40 120

Feacal Coliform oer 100 ml 260 280 210 58

Table 5.12: Water Quality on selected ponds Ambient Air Quality in the Valley Districts ; 1997


51

Sl.

No.

Location SO2 (µg/m3 ) NO2 (µg/m3 ) SPM(µg/m3 )

1 Nilakuthi 10.00 2.04 100

2 Koirengei 13.30 7.08 128

3 Nagamapal 18.80 5.06 138

4 Keisamthong 18.90 5.01 128

5 Langing 10.80 3.10 100

6 MU 18.70 3.20 100

7 Manipur College 18.60 3.10 128

8 Lamsang 10.50 3.00 100

9 Kwakeithel 18.70 5.03 158

10 Lamlong 10.30 6.08 180

11 Pangei 10.40 3.08 150

12 Thoubal 10.50 2.00 110

13 Yairipok 10.60 3.08 120

14 Bisnupur 10.70 2.00 110

15 Kakching 28.00 6.61 160

16 Sugunu 20.47 6.83 145

17 Kumbi 28.75 6.83 150

18 Singda 25.70 5.70 100

19 Andro 20.00 5.21 100

20 Mayang imphal 23.02 5.66 151

21 Swombung 28.75 6.50 145

22 Jiribam 30.80 8.02 200 Table : Ambient Air Quality Report (August 2005)

Table 5.13: Ambient Air Quality

CM’s Gate, Civil Secretariat Road, Imphal City Parameter Unit

Sample - 1 Sample - 2 Sample - 3 Sample - 4

Standard as per MoEF, GoI*

Suspended particulate Matter

(SPM)

μ gm/m3 741.72 872.39 769.44 813.92 200

Respirable Particulate Matter

(RPM)

μ gm/m3 125.31 221.35 161.11 216.55 100


52

Sl.No. Location Noise Level Measured on

1. Khwairamband Bazar 67 dB (A) 02.11.2002

2. Keisampat Junction 63 dB (A) -do-

3. Uripok Junction 67 dB (A) 03.11.2002

4. RIMS Gate 67 dB (A) 04.11.2002

5. Johnstone Hr. Sec.

School Gate

89 dB (A) -do-

November, 2002

1. Keishampat Junction 83 dB (A) 25.10.2003

2. Sagolband Traffic Point 74 dB (A) -do-

3. Singjamei Traffic Point 71 dB (A) 25.11.2003

4. Paona Bazar 70 dB (A) -do-

5. B.T. Road 73 dB (A) -do-

6. Thangal Bazar 80 dB (A) -do-

Oct., Nov., 2003

Table 5.14 : Noise Level of Imphal City

Solid Waste : Maximum Quantity Per day : 100 MT ( Approximately ) Minimum Quantity per day : 85 MT ( Approximately )

Year 1981 1991 2001

Imphal city 1,56,622 1,99,329 2,17,325 Population

Greater Imphal 2,93,334 3,69,605 4,22,514

Imphal city 28.69% 27.27% 9.03% Decadal Growth Rate Greater Imphal - 26.00 % 14.32%

Table 5.15: Characterisation of Waste ( Imphal )

Components Percentage Organic Waste : 60 %

Paper : 10% Plastic : 05% Glass : 02%

Lather : 01% Textile : 05%

Rubber : 01% Wood : 05%

Porcelain/Stone/Clay : 03% Metals : 01%

Fine Fraction ( < 10 mm ) : 07% Table 5.16: Components of Solid Waste


53

Source of Solid waste ( Imphal ):

Greater Imphal Imphal Municipality area. Number of vegetable and fruit Markets Quantity of wastes generated

: :

15 45-50 MT per day

No. of meat and fish markets

: One fish Market No classification meat Market but about 130-150 butcher Houses

One fish Market No classify meat Market but about 20-25 butcher Houses

Number of Hospitals, Nursing homes, Clinics, etc

: 16 nos. 14 Nos.

Total number of beds : 1454 1372 Number of Hotel and Restaurants ( No five and three star category of Hotel )

: 144

Total quantity of waste generated from all sources

: 80-100 MT per / day 45-60 MT per/day

Main Tourist Spots : 27 Nos. 25 Nos. Number of incineration plant for Bio-medical Waste.

: One unit at the campus of Regional Institute of Medical Science.( Capacity : 80 Kg. per hour )

Table 5.17: Source of Solid Waste

5.4 Key Action Points There is considerable public concern about Imphal city being one of the more

disorganized cities in the entire North East region. Future environmental programmes

should focus on certain issues indicated below which have been deemed to have

maximum impact and prioritize their activities accordingly:

Loss of forest cover: Unchecked deforestation has led to barren hills, which have led to floods resulting in loss

of crops as well as livestock

Jhum cultivation: This practice has also led to substantial loss in the vegetation of the region

Nambul river cleanup: The lack of a proper garbage and sewage disposal system has turned the Nambul river

into a waste dumping centre

Use of plastics: It is felt that the use of plastic and polythene bags needs to be severely restricted

Planned development: The IMC has to take strong action to stop unplanned construction.

Forest, Soil Erosion and Hill Cutting


54

To deal with the alarming situation, forest areas need to be conserved and marked for no

further development; cutting of trees and encroachment on hills will have to be stopped.

This should help in the protection of topsoil from erosion, which is the main cause for

siltation on the riverbeds and consequent damage to the drainage system. Massive a

forestation programme should be undertaken.

5.4.1 Development of an Environmental Plan

There is a need to develop an environmental management plan for improving the environment of

the city. The specific objectives of the study are:

Mapping of characteristic and environmental profile of the project cities and identification

of environmental pollution and hot spots.

Preparation of an environmental management plan that includes rehabilitation and

mitigation measures; and

Recommendation of guidelines for environmentally compatible land use planning.

Some of the identified major EMPs for the city development plan are : 1. Eco-Development & Eco- parks

- Improvement of existing Ecological / Environmental Parks;

- Setting up of new eco-parks, gardens, biodiversity parks, etc;

- Conservation of heritage / historic places;

2. Pollution buffer zone & green belt - Mass plantation at existing sacred grove, urban forests

- Bishnupur, etc. for habitat rehabilitation;

- Mass plantation at government office complexes / lands as per availability of space;

3. Urban Water Body Conservation - Conservation and Eco-restoration of urban lake, ponds, rivers, etc;

4. Water body Front Development (specially Rivers) - Setting up of the river or pond front development for environmental conservation &

eco-tourism prospect;

5. Road Median & Road Side Plantation - Landscaping & tree plantation at road median & road side as per availability of space;

6. Synchronization of existing market structure - separation of meat & fish shops with proper hygienic condition & effluent treatment plant;

- Proper sitting of commercial units / shops for agro-chemical & toxic chemical products;


55

7. Mini Environment Monitoring Units (only sampling & spot examination) - Air Sampling stations (at least 5 stations per town / city);

- Macro meteorological station (temperature, rain fall & Relative humidity);

8. Waste Management as per Environment (Protection) Act 1986; - Scientific management of Municipal Solid Wastes with segregation at the source;

- Proper maintenance & treatment of liquid wastes;

- Proper management & handling of Hazardous Wastes & Bio-medical wastes;

9. Sanitation & Environment programme; - Provision of low cost toilet / sanitation & community based toilets;

10. Rain Water Harvesting; 11. Urban Women & Environment

- Propagation of traditional, economic & herbal medicinal valued plants at homestead

garden;

- Introduction of domestic based vermin composting practices;

12. Environmental Education & Awareness

- Environment & Human Services;

- Human resource development;

- Capacity Building;

Out of these identified macro EMP components, the following has been incorporated during the

city development plan of Imphal city as immediate EMP of Imphal city

5.4.2 CONSERVATION OF WATER BODIES Imphal has very heavy rainfall (1808 mm)

during the rainy season (May to October).

However rainfall is erratic and almost

negligible in the remaining months. Imphal

faces acute shortage of water in the period

February to April. The problem is compounded

on account of:

• Imphal not having any significant numbers of big water reservoirs

• Most of the surface sources of water are dried up during the lean period

In order to supplement the domestic use of water during the lean period, preservation of the

existing Natural Water Bodies such as the Pukhris (Ponds / Tanks) in and around Imphal is an


56

imperative. The renovation of these water bodies will facilitate storage of rainwater which can be

utilized for domestic purposes during the lean / dry period.

Preservation of these water bodies will also help in flood control, ground water recharge and

maintaining eco-system of the city. It has been estimated that after renovation, the existing water

bodies (8 nos of moats and 93 nos of ponds/water bodies) in and around Imphal city will be able

to preserve raw water.

A summary of the project is as given below:

Strategy Action Plan

Conservation of Urban Water Body Fencing, desiltation, prevention pollution from point sources; Creation of Parks public participation etc.

Socio-economic Improvement Development of Eco-tourism place, coordination works with unemployed youths, developing fishing firms etc.

Pollution Control Control of pollution of the water Body Monitoring, R&D, Capacity building etc. Timely quality evaluation, research &

development, environment education etc for better conservation of lake,

Rs 87.26 Crores Table 5.15: Project Summary for Conservation of Water Bodies

5.4.3 Conservation of Lakes

Objectives

To improve, restore & conserve the Lamphelpat Lake

To control the frequent flash flood in Imphal city

To improve the urban environment condition

To provide social (employment) benefits and Eco-tourism prospect.

a. Lamphelpat Lake (Urban) which has a major impact on the environment of Imphal city.

The total lake area is 450.26 Acres with a catchment area of 4196 Acre


57

Strategy and Management Action Plan


Restoration and Protection Measure Fencing, desiltation, prevention pollution from point sources; catchment area treatment, public participation etc.

Socio-economic improvement Development of Eco-tourism place, coordination works with unemployed youths, uplifting fishing firms etc.

Pollution Control Control of pollution of the lake Monitoring, R&D, Capacity building etc. Timely quality evaluation, research &


Total Cost Rs.31.79 Crores

b. Nambul River Phase II Major drain of the Imphal City, which plays a vital role in controlling in flood in the region. The

total length proposed for conservation is 3.91 Km.


Conservation of River Prevention pollution from point sources; Public participation, interception & diversion of polluted inlets, low cost sanitation, river front development, etc.

Improvement for Socio-economic Development of Eco-tourism place, coordination works with unemployed youths, uplifting fishing firms etc.

Pollution Control Control of pollution of River Monitoring, R&D, Capacity building etc. Timely quality evaluation, research &


Total Cost Rs. 12.00Crores

5.5 Summary of Key Investments

Name of the Scheme

Activities under the scheme

Investment (Rs crs)

1 Development of

Environmental Plan Environmental Improvement:

Preparation of a Plan for future

2.00

2 Conservation of Water

Bodies

Environmental

Improvement: Conservation

of identified Water Bodies in

poor condition

87.26

3 Lake/River

Restoration/Rejuvenation Environmental


43.79


58


of Lake and control of Urban

Lake

Total 133.05


59


60


61

CChhaapptteerr 66

LLaanndd UUssee PPllaann

6.1 Existing Land use In Imphal, Land was subjected to various uses irrespective of its compatibility to the area of the

surrounding land usage, during the evolution of natural growth. The constraints imposed by the

existing land Uses determine to a larger extent the feasibility of the proposed possible land use

distribution pattern and the structure of the city.

In order to arrive at a rationale for future spatial structure and Land use pattern, it is necessary to

study the existing Land use to identifying the existing spatial structure. As a start, Master Plan

was developed in the year 1981 with the objective of stabilizing Urban Development by 2011. The

Master Plan aimed at effective utilisation of the urban land provide adequate social infrastructure

and public utility services to all and ensured uniform spatial accessibility and equal opportunity to

travel for all while ensuring that the environmental and cultural aspects of the city are not

compromised.

The Master Plan provided policies on space standards, which was based on analysis of the

existing situation and manuals of standards for other similar Indian towns. For the purpose of the

plan the area covered was divided in to 6 zones/land use categories as designated below;

• Residential zone ; Low density, Medium density, high medium density and high

density

• Commercial zones

• Industrial zones

• Public and semi-public zones

• Recreational and open spaces zone

• Agricultural zone

Clear regulations will laid down for each of the zones

The existing urban form of the city is thus the result of natural growth and it has evolved through

the process of accretion. The urban sprawl and its present development pattern is highly guided

by the natural features like Hills, Rivers etc, and the Physiography of the city is low rise city.


62

6.2 Land Use Break up

The existing developed area is substantially low in comparison to the planning area. Therefore a

detailed Land use study is being presented on the basic of total area.

Land use of Imphal (Existing) Land use Category Percentage

Residential 34.9

Commercial 0.6

Industrial 0.8

Other uses

Special Category/Government 8.0

Recreational and Parks 1.6

Public and semi-public 0.0

Vacant Land 0.0

Transport 4.1

Other developed (Green Belt) 0.0

Unusable (water bodies, Hills etc) 50

TOTAL 100

Source: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project

As mentioned in the above table it is clear that 50% land out of the total are covered with hills

and water bodies. In the Northeastern region maximum amount of land is under forest and hills

whereas the commercial and industrial land use is concerned the percentage is quite low like

0.6% and 0.8% respectively.

As far as the special category/ govt. lands are concerned, it is 8%. In terms of recreational land

use is concerned it is only 1.6% whereas land for public and semi-public is virtually absent.

Transport is one of the important components, which comes under major Land use category.

However, 4.1% land is only under the use for transportation. This severely restricts easy

accessibility to the region.

Keeping the limited availability of land, it is important that the land use and regulations are clearly

laid down and strictly enforced.


63

6.3 Development Strategy

The future desired Urban Form and the development policies are required to be formulated to

achieve a rational and efficient structure of the city. An appreciation of the potentialities of the

existing urban form and the rationality for conceiving the future desired urban form has been

examined here before formulation of development policies for major categories of activities

The Urban form of any settlement or city defines its character, gives an identity and creates an

image of the place. The future desired form of the city could be achieved by careful planning and

decision-making process and by taking positive unified action within in the overall framework.

Decongesting the core area shall be taken up in the right earnest. However, heritage and

cultural aspect of Imphal needs to be protected and developed while finalising the plan.

The building use policies shall be framed in such a way to encourage the decongestion of

the core and include the following components

o Commercial and Mixed Building Norms.

o FSI Norms & Incentives

o Parking Norms

o Specific Regulations-Accommodation and Reservation o After the current densities of wards and ecologically sensitivity is taken into

consideration categorise the areas into critical and discourage further

development through proper Development Control Regulation (DCR)

Improving more road open space on arterial road structure to improve the traffic flow and

decongest the core area through shifting of the bus terminals from the city, explore

shifting of the wholesale markets.

The potential development areas in the peripheral areas need to be linked through an

efficient arterial structure within /outside the city. These would provide alternatives to

these areas bypassing the core of the city resulting in decongesting the core. The arterial

structure is proposed in such a way so as to take care of future vehicular growth and

hence PMC shall undertake an exercise to widen these roads and connect the missing

links.

Building use regulations are the supporting control mechanisms to achieve a well

balanced growth structure for the city. These rules help in controlling densities,

contributing to the structured urban form for the different types of land uses and also

contribute to the quality of the environment. However it has its limitation in conserving


64

sensitive lands and limiting encroachments if the proper land uses are not planned.

Structure and Building depicting the culture and heritage of Manipur to be encouraged

Area under the open spaces category to be protected

Building up awareness among people and setting up a framework for strong

Implementation of the Development Control Guidelines IImmpphhaall hhaass aa vveerryy ssttrroonngg hheerriittaaggee aanndd ccuullttuurraall bbaacckkggrroouunndd.. IItt iiss rreeccooggnniizzeedd tthhaatt pprreesseerrvvaattiioonn ooff tthhee

uunniiqquuee ccuullttuurree aanndd hheerriittaaggee ooff tthhee cciittyy iiss iimmppoorrttaanntt aanndd aallll pprroojjeeccttss aanndd ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ppllaannss nneeeedd ttoo

ttaakkee iinnttoo aaccccoouunntt tthhiiss bbaacckkggrroouunndd.. TThhiiss aassppeecctt hhaass aallssoo rreemmaaiinneedd oonnee ooff tthhee mmoosstt ssttrroonngg ffeeeelliinnggss

eexxpprreesssseedd bbyy tthhee cciittiizzeenn aatt aallll tthhee ccoonnssuullttaattiivvee mmeeeettiinngg aanndd nneeeeddss ttoo bbee ggiivveenn dduuee iimmppoorrttaannccee.. 6.4 Development of a New Master Plan The present Master Plan has a horizon year of 2011. Keeping the above in mind, the Government of Manipur is developing a New Master Plan, a draft of which shall be placed before the people shortly. The Government shall take into account the feelings and suggestions emerging out of the consultative process as well as those that shall be expressed by the people in future such mediums while finalising the master plan.


65

CChhaapptteerr 77

HHoouussiinngg SSttoocckk

77..11 Vision

The city of Imphal through the designated agencies shall strive to provide appropriate

housing to all its citizens

7.2 Aims and Objectives

The city of Imphal shall strive to carry out the following actions:

• Identify adequate sites to facilitate and encourage housing for people of all economic

groups including persons with liabilities with a provision of protecting heritage buildings /

sites

• Remove as legally feasible and appropriate, governmental constraints to housing

production, maintenance and improvement

• Assist in the development of adequate housing for low and moderate income households

• Conserve and improve the condition of the housing facilities

7.3 Background Good quality Housing is intrinsically linked to good health and nutrition, better

employment opportunity, better living and consequently better quality of life.

One of the most important tasks for any Urban body is the provision of Housing to its citizens.

Housing also comprises one of the key elements of the civic plan. The key elements of a Housing

Plan is provision of housing for poor.

In any urban center with growing demand and increasing prices, the urban poor are deprived of

adequate housing. It is thus the imperative of the state to provide Housing to the low-income

group. Slum improvement has to be done through an appropriate programme of slum eradication,

slum clearance and rehabilitation.

7.4 Situation Appraisal The increasing population of Imphal has resulted in an immediate need for construction

of more houses to meet the needs of the additional population. A shortage of around

70000 houses has been projected by 2011.


66

To augment the shortage of housing, schemes such as the Cash Loan Housing Schemes

for advancing housing loans to employees of Govt and local bodies with Financial

assistance from HUDCO, New Delhi have been instituted. Around 13 phases have been

implemented under the aegis of this scheme involving Rs 48.43 crores which has

benefited around 8000 employees out of whom 4000 are in the Greater Imphal area.

Another scheme that has also been taken up is the Social Housing with financial

assistance from LIC / GIC.

7.5 Action Points The recommendation made in the Master Plan to meet the shortage of housing within

Greater Imphal is as under:

• 30% to be taken up by the State Govt

• 15% to be taken up by Co-operative Housing Scheme

• 65% to be taken up by private entrepreneurs and individuals

The number of houses constructed under various schemes till date is 5300 units which

implies that about 15000 houses would need to be constructed by 2011.

The targeted economic grouping as per the Master Plan is as under:

• EWS: 6%

• LIG: 40%

• MIG: 42%

• HIG: 12%

This would entail an investment of about Rs 118 crores.

Keeping the above perspective in mind, the following recommendations have been

suggested:

• Projects may be structured so that townships can be developed covering all sectors

with the principles of cross-subsidy

• The issue of slum Upgradation and rehabilitation would need to be addressed

• Imphal Municipality would need to develop specialized and dedicated teams to

leverage on available land


67

• Housing development should be planned as per the overall norms of the city keeping

in mind the past historical and cultural legacies of the Manipuri people

• Housing development projects must also provide for essential infrastructure such as

roads, parking space, drains, street lights, water supply, drainage and sewerage

network etc as per the Master Plan norms

• A proper mechanism has to be in place to ensure that there is no misuse of the

subsidies provided for LIG housing development


68

CChhaapptteerr 88 TToouurriissmm && HHeerriittaaggee

8.1 Background The state of Manipur a land wrapped in velvety silence literally means 'the land of

jewels'. Manipur boasts of an exotic landscape with gently undulating hills,

emerald green valleys, blue lakes and dense forests, is the gateway to the North-

Eastern Region.

Imphal, the capital of Manipur looks almost like a painting-clouds hanging low

over long stretches of lush green fields and numerous small hills of the green-

blue Koubrou and Namaijing ranges forming a garland around the valley. Adding

a riot of colours are hundreds of orchids.

Imphal has all the fine, merged, tints of a watercolour. Faiths and traditions and

life styles flow into each other with a soft-edged grace so that it is impossible to

know where one ends and the other begins.

TTThhheee CCCiiitttyyy hhhaaasss aaa vvveeerrryyy ssstttrrrooonnnggg hhheeerrriii tttaaagggeee aaannnddd cccuuulll tttuuurrraaalll bbbaaaccckkkgggrrrooouuunnnddd... III ttt iiisss rrreeecccooogggnnniiissseeeddd ttthhhaaattt

ppprrreeessseeerrrvvvaaattt iiiooonnn ooofff ttthhheee uuunnniiiqqquuueee cccuuulll tttuuurrreee &&& hhheeerrriii tttaaagggeee ooofff ttthhheee ccciii tttyyy iiisss vvveeerrryyy iiimmmpppooorrrtttaaannnttt aaannnddd aaalll lll

ppprrrooojjjeeeccctttsss aaannnddd aaacccttt iiiooonnn ppplllaaannnsss nnneeeeeeddd tttooo eeennnsssuuurrreee ttthhheee sssaaammmeee


69

8.2 Present Scenario

The citizens of Imphal have retained the ancient ritual based dances and folk dances

along with the later developed classical Manipuri dance style. Among the classical

categories, 'Ras Leela' - a highly evolved dance drama, choreographed on

'Vaishnavite Padavalis' composed by mainly eminent poets and some Gurus, is the

highest expression of artistic genius, devotion and excellence of the Manipuris.

Imphal has several places of historical interest, religious and tourist attractions such

as Shree Shree Govindajee Temple, Bishnu Temple, Koina Temple, Kangla Fort,

Cheirap Panchyat Court, etc. there are various heritage centres which could be

developed as places of tourist attraction.

An indicative list of some of the potential places in and around Imphal, which are of tourist interest are as follows:

The Kangla Fort

Located in urban Imphal, has been the focus of many social discontent among the

Manipuris ever since its occupation by the British forces in 1891.

For about 2000 years, the Manipur Kings ruled from the Kangla Fort (which the

British referred to as the Manipur Fort). In Kangla, the history of Manipur is

embedded and the Manipuris love and revere this place. For the citizen of Imphal, the Kangla is not only a historical treasure but an embodiment of the social, cultural and religious life of the people, also.

The entire Fort area is measuring approximately 236,84 acres.


70

Some of the waterfronts in Imphal are as follows: Loktak Lake :

48 kms. from Imphal, is the largest fresh water lake in eastern India and this lake

is like a miniature inland sea. Sendra Island, about 50 odd kilometres from

Imphal, offers a bird's eye view of the park and its occupants. One can explore

the park by traveling around in tiny small boats and also climb up the watchtower

located on the hillock of Pebet Ching.

Singda

At an altitude of 921 metres, Singda is a beautiful picnic

spot 16kms away from Imphal. The scenery is inviting.

There is an Inspection Bunglow to convenience visitors.

Greeted by a breeze-ruffled artificial lake, every visitor

is tempted to revisit with packed lunch and friends.

Phubala: - A Charming resort on the western fringes of the loktak lake is situated

40kms south of Imphal. It is joined to the mainland by a low causeway. From

there, life in and around the gigantic expanse of the loktak lake can be viewed

vividly. Some Religious Places - Shree Shree Govindajee Temple

Manipur's pre-eminent Vaishnavite temple

adjoining the palace of the former rulers of

Manipur. It is a great historic centre and is a

simple and beautiful structure with gold

domes and a large raised congregation hall.

During Holi, which is known in Manipur as

Dolijatra or Yaosong when boys and girls do

the Thaba Changba folk dance, all night. In

the center of the temple stands the presiding deity, Lord Vishnu flanked by the shrines of

Balarama and Krishna on one side and Jagannatha on the other. The temple also has a

paved court and a large raised congregation hall The presiding deity, Lord Vishnu in the


71

centre of the temple stands flanked by the shrines of Balarama and Krishna on one side

and Jagannatha on the other.

Lord Vishnu Temple

Bishnupur is a quaint town situated at the foot of a hill, to the

south west of Imphal. This town has been named after a

famous and historical temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu.

This Vishnu temple was built in this town in the 15th

century by King Kiyamba.

Architecturally, this temple has lot of significance since it is belived to have been

influenced by the Chinese. This is evident from the fact that very thin bricks were used in

its construction. Bishnupur is also well known for its stoneware industry and is located at

a distance of 27 Km. from Imphal.

Moirang

Moirang is located 45 kms away from Imphal city on Tiddim Road. The

ancient temple of the pre-Hindu deity, Lord Thangjing stands there. It was

from the village of Moirang that the graceful, Khamba Thoibi dance

originated. It was also at Moirang that flag of the

Indian National Army was first hoisted on Indian soil on April 14, 1944 at

Moirang. There is an INA Museum exhibiting letters, photographs,

badges of ranks and other articles associated with INA. A bronze statue

of Netaji in uniform stands proud in the lawn.

Keibul Lamjao National Park It is the only floating National park in the whole world and is 53 kms. from Imphal. This is

the last natural habitat of the marsh-dwelling brow-antlered deer of Manipur called

"Sangai". Many waterfowl and migratory birds visit the lake during November and March.

Mahabali Temple

Church in Mantripukuri


72

Andro: - Andro lies 27Kms east of the state capital Imphal. The small town is an

ancient Scheduled Caste village of the state. A cultural Complex was established

there by the Mutua Museum, Imphal. It exhibits potteries and hadicrafts of the

North-eastern region of India. There also is a Doll-house wherein dolls of

recognized Tribes of the State are displayed. standing tall in the eastern tall in

the eastern side of the Imphal Polo ground of the state’s capital commemorates the

Saheed Minar: - The imposing Minar of Bir Tikendrajit park

standing tall in the eastern side of Imphal Polo Ground

commemorates indomitable spirit of Manipur martyrs who

sacrificed their lives while fighting against the British in 1891.

The eye-catching Minar also serves as an ideal background

for photo shoots.

Manipur Zoological Gardens

6 kms to west of Imphal city, at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on

the Imphal-Kanchup Road are the Zoological Gardens. Not to be missed is an

opportunity to see the graceful brow antlered deer (Sangai) one of the rarest

species in the world, in sylvan surroundings.

Manipur State Museum This interesting museum near the polo ground has a

fairly good display of Manipur's tribal heritage and a

collection of portraits of Manipur's former rulers.

Particularly interesting items are costumes, arms and

weapons, relics, historical documents and ancient

Manipuri coins.

Nupi-lal Memorial

Nupi-lal Memorial is located at the heart of Imphal city next to Imphal

Head Post Office. The memorial is constructed to remember the rise of Manipuri

women against British rule on 12th December, 1939, and the rise continued for

14 months. The event is still commemorated as Nupi-lal (Women's war).


73

8.3 Vision and Action Plans Imphal shall be one of the most beautiful and richest eco-friendly spiritual and heritage centres and shall develop its rich culture and heritage in all its actions.

It has been proposed to develop inter and Intra district tourist circuits based on the

unique cultural and natural heritage of the area. This can be achieved through formation

of an Integrated Tourism Development Plan.

The plan needs to include identification of various packages, schemes and tourism

Circuits. Proper structuring of Tourism Projects is critical and the same would enable

Public Private Partnership Projects.

• Development of river cruises connecting the nearby tourist spots and other areas

• Encouraging diversified nature based recreational activities along riverfronts. In

addition to revenue generation, these activities will help in maintaining the

riverfronts.

Different action plans facilitating package touring of Imphal and the neighboring Capital

cities like Guwahati Shillong, Kohima, Meghalaya, Dimapur and other places in

Arunachal Pradesh etc would also enhance the Touring culture.


74

From a long-term perspective, to encourage tourism, there is a need to prepare an

Integrated Tourism Plan. The Plan will include measures to develop tourist spots on a

holistic basis coupled with enhanced connectivity. Steps need to be taken to market

Tourist Destinations besides developing and publicizing Tourism Products.

Despite an important place in the tourism map of the region, the city’s infrastructure relating to tourist amenities is at best far less than adequate and at worst appalling.

There is an absence of quality accommodation in the city and there is a general lack

of enthusiasm to cater to this growing tourism segment.

Some of the observations in this regard are as follows:

• No 5 star hotel facility in the city

• Switzerland to the northeast

• Tremendous demand for quality accommodations and facilities;

• ‘Look east policy’ of the centre bringing a boom in corporate traffic.

• Northeast being positioned as ‘paradise unexplored’ would promote tourism.

• Paucity of high-end accommodations

• Insufficient Communication from other cities both by Air and Rail

8.4 Development of Kangla Fort into the Kangla Fort Heritage Park Kangla is located at the heart of the city and covers an area of 237.62 acres. Kangla is a

wonderful synthesis of unique cultural resources, which include the Manipuri and British

periods. Diversity of the two resources ranges from architectural, archaeological, natural

and secret. The Fort exemplifies bravery and sacrifice of Manipuris and witnessed many

of battles British authorities who wanted to capture and conquer the state. The Fort is

presently managed by the Kangla Fort Board under the president ship of Hon’ble Chief

Minister, Govt of Manipur. It is now a protected area under the Manipur Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1976. In addition to the religious importance of the place, the area also has patriotic significance. It is a vision of the city that Kangla should become one of the most beautiful and richest eco-friendly heritage park of India and it qualifies as a World Heritage Site in the near future.


75

Accordingly, a development plan has been prepared which consists of the following eight important points:

1. Restoration & reconstruction and Development of important Historical

monuments.

2. Development of important sacred places and waterbodies such as Nungjeng

Pukuri Achouba & Macha, Chingkhei Pukuri, to develop gardens around holy

places like Soraren Wangbren & Koubru, Main Surung, etc;

3. Reusing of important /beautiful European type buildings/bunglows as museums &

offices. For example, former A.R. Unit Hospital as Kangla Museum and office of

the C.O.A.R. AS natural History Museum, etc;

4. Plantation of trees specially medicinal plants and indigenous trees to transform

Kangla a Bio-diversity Centre/Ecological Park and to provide fresh air to the

inhabitants of Imphal city;

5. To preserve/protect important historical places and memorials;

6. To convert open spaces in Kangla as recreational Centre since Imphal city does

not have any big park;

7. To construct an Aquatic Pond and Unity Park model houses of different ethnic

groups of Manipur;

8. Creation of a Team to protect Kangla from encroachment;

Other Identified Heritage Sites for Protection, Restoration and Rejuvenation 1. Hump Bridgekhwairaumb and Thoug 2. Hanuman Thakur & Mungba Hamba Temples 3. Thangal General Temple 4. Leimapokpam Keirungba MSRT Complex 5. Lainingthou Khaba near Cheirap, Uripok 6. Luwang Ningthou, Punshiba 7. Cheirap & Panchai Court 8. Hapta Kangjeibung 9. Sanamahi Temple

The vision for improving the heritage centres particularly the Kangla Fort is

a longstanding aspiration of the People of Manipur. This was repeatedly

stressed during the consultative workshops.


76


Name of the Scheme

Activities under the scheme

Investment (Rs crs)

1 Kangla Fort Development Beautification, Development and

Heritage Protection

145.00

2 Protection of Heritage Centre City Beautification,

Development and Heritage

Conservation

50.00

195.00


77


78

CChhaapptteerr 99 UUrrbbaann PPoooorr

9.1 Background As per 2001 population Census, 283.35 million people reside in Urban Area. It

constitutes 27.8% of the total population of the country. In post independence era, while

population of India has grown three times, the urban population grown five times. The

rising urban population has also given rise to increase in the number of urban poor. As

per 2001 census the slum population is estimated to be 61.8 million the ever

increasing number of slum dwellers causes tremendous pressure on urban basic

services and infrastructure.

The Government of India has defined slum areas as those areas where buildings are

unfit for human habitation (Slum Area Act, 1956). Physically, slums consist of clusters

of hutment comprising several rooms constructed with building materials where each

room is inhabited by a family sharing a common latrine without arrangement for water

supply, drains, disposal of solid waste and garbage within the slum boundaries. Apart

from degrading environmental conditions, slums in the urban settlements are also

characterized by almost total absence of community and recreational facilities.

In any urban area, slums are visible manifestation of urban poverty. These slum

pockets develop on their own either near a major employment source like an

industry or near a well-established residential area.

Most peri-urban slum areas are not legally part of the cities they encircle and

thus not commonly viewed as the responsibility of municipal officials. Many of

these areas lack in infrastructure for water supply, sanitation, and solid waste

disposal. The resulting environmental pollution creates a situation inimical to the

maintenance of good health. Children living in these communities are most at

risk. They suffer the highest rates of mortality and morbidity from diarrhea

disease as is observed in most developing countries. Inadequate solid waste

collection has also led to contamination of surface water and groundwater

resources and of the ambient air from waste burning.


79

9.2 Present Scenario A compilation of poverty estimate of various states of North-East has been carried out by the NERUSP Project. As per the report among the north-eastern states, Imphal and Kohima showed the highest level of the people living below the poverty line. While there are no notified slum area in the

region, it is estimates that as much as 26% of

the people live below the poverty line.

As all other centres people living in this condition do not have access to the basic infrastructure

services. Brief status of existing infrastructure facilities is as follows:

Sector Status

Water Supply & Sanitation 23% 0f population below poverty line is dependent on

stand posts and 3% on tankers water supply;

Health Status 59% of those below poverty line do not have access to

toilets;

Housing 66% below poverty line live in Kutchha Houses;

Gender 18% of household below poverty line are headed by

women;

9.3 Key Interventions It may be recognized that in order to bring about a meaningful and effective development

programme of the urban poor, specific programs need to be developed and implemented.

The key areas that will be focused are discussed below:


80

Land, Housing and Infrastructure

Despite poor housing conditions no areas in the city have been identified as slums.

However a large number of people (around 26% of the population) in the city live in

shanty dwellings without access to basic services. Land ownership and housing are

critical for poverty alleviation and slum development. IMC shall thus endeavour to

provide housing facilities to this deprived section of the population.

Community Institutions and Structures Again the growth of the community institutions and structures, particularly

community development societies and self-help groups, is weak in the area

compared to other cities in the country. Therefore it will be necessary to create

self-help groups in order to educate people and create awareness among them

so that they can take help of various government programmes for their economic

and social development. Community infrastructure: provision of community

centres to be used for pre-school education, non-formal education, adult

education, recreational activities etc.

Livelihoods, Employment and Informal Sector It was observed that a number of programmes are currently under implementation

by various agencies for supporting employment and livelihoods but there is no

convergence and coordination across them. There are several programmes for

promoting livelihood but the people are not aware of these programmes. So a

communication strategy should be devised for increasing the awareness among

the public. Social amenities like pre-school education, adult education, maternity,

child health, and primary health care including immunization etc.

Construction of Community Toilet

Number of people using open space for the purpose of defecation in the region is

a major environmental concern apart from being a health hazard. A major initiative like

construction of Community Toilet in different areas should be taken so that slum dwellers

do not use “open space” as toilets. Programme for Integrated Low Cost Sanitation for

conversion of dry latrine system into water borne low cost sanitation system shall be

implemented. Also reduction of the solid waste stream, use of innovative technologies,


81

and health education and social marketing to change community- and house hold level

behaviours.

Construction of Child Care Centres

Again health is a prime concern for people living in slum areas. Poverty and ignorance of

the people and their less nutritional status aggravate the situation. Ignorance and

superstitions continue to hamper scientific approach to health and related problems.

There is no doubt that the public health and medical facilities increased and improved

over the years in both rural and urban areas covering a large number of populations, but

this has not been able to cover the entire population. Primary Health Centres located in

rural areas failed to give proper services due to lack of manpower, transportation,

medicine and modern equipments. On the other hand, modern scientific treatments

available are concentrated in urban areas and these are beyond the reach of most of

rural and urban lower middle class population. Therefore, until the Governments through

its institutions provide subsidized medical facilities, the available health care facilities will

remain beyond the reach of large part of the population.

The children living in the slums are one of the worst affected due to the lack of availability

of basic facilities including access to proper and immediate health care. This has resulted

in the mortality rate among the children being very high in the slum areas. So it is

necessary to construct child care centres in different areas of the region so that people


82

from the weaker section of the society can have proper care for their children at lowest

possible cost.


Projects Cost (Rs crore) Community Hall 20 Health Care & Education 20 Development Programmes 25 Operation & Maintenance 10 Housing Projects 50

Total 125


83

CChhaapptteerr 1100

UUrrbbaann IInnffrraassttrruuccttuurree:: SSiittuuaattiioonn AApppprraaiissaall

10.1 Introduction In order to develop an overall vision for the region as well as to develop sector wise vision it is

necessary to carry out a broad appraisal of the existing situation. Accordingly a situation appraisal

is carried out and broad results are as follows.

This section profiles the state of infrastructure of the city. It examines the adequacy of the various

urban services and attempts or inadequacy services in terms of coverage, quantity, and quality

and attempts to identify the factors responsible for inadequate development of infrastructure

services. It measures the gap between demand and supply of different infrastructural services,

and examines the factor that explains the gap.

10.2 Water Supply

10.2.1 Background Water supply for Imphal was introduced 70 years back in a skeleton form and initially it was

restricted to stand post only. However with growth in population several augmentation schemes

was introduced.

At present, the water is supplied from the Singda Dam and some water reservoirs built in and

around Greater Imphal areas. But the state of some water reservoirs particularly beyond the

Greater Imphal area is very poor. Some reservoirs, which use electric motors do not function due

to the want of power supply while some reservoirs, which use diesel engine motors, lay idle for

want of fuel. There is a requirement for organized water management system as well as better

utilization practices by the public as well.

There is a haphazard flow of water at the pipes resulting in inequitable distribution and water tariff

is not linked to utilization, therefore it does not give any incentive to water preservation.


84

The present water supply system is largely gravity fed from the reservoir, which has been located

over hills, which are fed by water treatment plant either by gravity or through pumping. However

the reservoir have not been able to provide an equitable distribution of water to the various

regions. With growth in population and urbanization the water treatment plant have become

inadequate to service the growing population. The distribution losses have been found to be large

and need to be controlled on a urgent basis.

10.2.2 Gap Analysis of Drinking Water Particular 2001 2011 2021 2031Population as per census 250234 275257 302783 333061Floating population at 10% 25023 27526 30278 33306Total 275257 302783 333061 366368Present Supply (lpcd) 80 Supply norms (lpcd) 135 Shortfall (lpcd) 1376287 In MGD 0.30

Particular 2001 2011 2021 2031Cummulitative Shortfall

Population including floating population 275257 302783 333061 366368 Increase in population in past decade 27526 30278 33306 Supply Norms (lpcd) 135 135 135 135

Shortfall (lpcd, considering UFW 15%) 4371735 4808909 5289800 In MGD 0.303 0.963 1.059 1.165 3.490

Year 2001 2011 2021 2031Cumulative Shortfall in MGD 0.303 1.266 2.325 3.490

Table 10.1 Computation of Water Requirements


85

Cummulitative Shortfall in MGD

0.0000.5001.0001.5002.0002.5003.0003.5004.000

2001 2011 2021 2031

year

Cum

mul

atat

ive

in M

GD

CummulitativeShortfall in MGD

10.2.3 Source The source of water supply in Imphal city is mainly through the rivers. The major river supplying

water through the city is River Imphal, River Iril and the River Leimakhong, the Polak stream is

also been tapped. In addition some amount of water is sourced through ground water. The

sources of water are reliable and sufficient.

10.2.4 Storage Capacity The storage capacity of water is one of the key indicators of the level of services. The storage

system of water covers the entire Greater Imphal area.

Storage and Distribution Details, (Greater Imphal)

1. Ground Level Storage Reservoir

• Number

• Total Capacity

11

6.3

2. Elevated Storage Reservoir

• Number

• Total Capacity

13

18.81

Total 25.11

Table 10.2: Storage and Distribution Details


86

The above storage capacity works out to be around 34% of the water supply, which is in line with

CPHEEO norms. However with expansion of water generation and treatment the storage capacity

needs also to be augmented.

10.2.4 Water Treatment Facility The water treatment facility in Imphal covers the domestic population, institutions, para-

military/army establishments, and also cover en route other areas of Greater Imphal and fringes.

Name of Schemes Location

Installed Capacity (MLD)

Year of commission

Source of water

Present production (MLD)

Kangchup Kangchup Hill 14.53 1965 I) Leimakhong

ii) Polok river 11.62

Kangchup (Extension)

Kangchup Hill 9.08 2000 Singda

Dam 6.81

Minuthong Imphal West 1.14 1977 Imphal

river 0.57

Chinga

Chinga Hilock, Imphal West

1.14 1978 Imphal river 0.7

Kanchipur Kanchipur,

Imphal West

2.27 1979 Imphal river

Porompat Porompat, Imphal East 2.27 1979 Iril river 1.1

Koirengi Koirengi, Imphal East 2.27 1979 Imphal

river 0.91

Ningthempukhri Imphal East 4.54 1983 Imphal river 2.27

Singda

Singda Dam near

Kangchup, Imphal West

18.16 1983 Singda Dam 18.16

Augmentation of Porompat-I

Porompat, Imphal East 6.81 1989 Iril river 4.77

Augmentation of Kanchipur

Kanchipur, Imphal West 4.54 1992 Imphal

river 3.1

Augmentation of Porompat-II

Porompat, Imphal East 6.81 1992 Iril river 4.77

Potsangbam Imphal East 6.81 1997 Ground Water 2.72

Khuman Lampak Imphal East 0.45 1999 Imphal

river 0.45

Total 80.82 Total 57.95 Table 10.3 Details of existing water treatment plant


87

Name of Schemes Location

Installed Capacity

(MLD) Year of

commission Source of

water

Irilbung

(NLCPR) Imphal East 6.81 Targeted by

Dec. 06 Iril river

Kanchipur-II (NLCPR)

Imphal East 6.81 Targeted by

Dec. 06

Confluence point of

Imphal & Iril river

Postsangbam-II

Imphal East 6.81 Targeted by

Dec. 06 Ground Water

Grand Total 20.43

Table 10.4 Details of existing water treatment plant

The capacity of the existing water treatment plant is 80.82 MLD. However at present only

57.75 MLD has been produced from the installed capacity. The water is supplied to public

at the rate of 80 lpcd on a average 2 to 4 hours per day. Some of the Water Treatment

Plant’s electrical and mechanical machineries are showing machineries are showing sign

of ageing and needs immediate renovation for optimisation of capacity installed.

Particular Situation

Source Availability Surface water mainly rivers.

Coverage of distribution

system

146.23kms of distribution network covering

Imphal City including Greater Imphal, en-route

inhabitation and urban fringe area.

Organizational responsibility PHED (Planning, Survey, Design,

Construction, Operation & Maintenance)

Per Capita Supply 80lpcd (average)

Supply duration 2 to 4 hours per day

Table 10.5 Summary of present situation

10.2.5 Obsolete and Insufficient distribution network

One of most critical problems being faced in this sector is the present condition as well as

management of the existing distribution network, which is well over 40 years old. Both the

primary and secondary networks are suffering from heavy corrosion and consequent

heavy leakages. At the same time pipes have been designed over 50 years back and

therefore are grossly inadequate to handle the present demand. With the expansion of


88

road, most of the pipes are situated right in the middle of roads. Leakages from the

distribution of network are not only results in distribution loss but also severely damage

the condition of the roads.

One of the clear indicators of the severity of problem is the level of present water loss is over 50%.

Supply levels and connectivity is poor. As per city record the distribution network/ road

network is to tune of 0.8 and the ratio of household to number of household connection is

3.5. However, the existing condition of the distribution being very poor, actual coverage is

far lower.

It is thus concluded that there is a need for comprehensive upgradation of the existing

distribution network on an integrated basis.

10.2.6 Lack of Proper Operation and Maintenances In the absence of strong a Operation and Maintenance program, there is huge loss of

water in transmission/distribution. Water treatment plants are also presently performing at

sub-optimal level of efficiency. Moreover the leakages are not identified in time, so there

is a loss of revenue.

10.2.7 Sustainability The present trend of recovery vis a vis the actual cost incurred by the ULB is extremely

poor as it is evident from the following table/ graph.

(Rs in Lakhs) Year 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006

Cost Incurred for Operation & Maintenance 218 277 210 232 281 Direct Recoveries 58 69 69 76 80 Aggregate Investment 728 992 323 375 393 Percentage of cost recovered 27% 25% 33% 33% 29%


89

Cost & Recoveries

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006

year

Rs

in L

akhs

Cost Incurredfor Operation &MaintenanceDirectRecoveries

Table 10.6Cost Recovery Profile Source: As per IMC record

As per data available the present water charges is flat Rs75 per month per connection. In

such a situation the water tariff is not linked to utilization and dose not provided sufficient

for saving water. Water metering is almost non-existent and there is a requirement to

install metering.

Access to safe drinking water is a critical factor determining the livability of urban center

cost. There is a need of augmentation of water generation, distribution as well to improve

the quality of services. At the same time there is need of recovery of cost. These aspects

have been dealt in Chapter 11.


90

10.3 Transportation 10.3.1 Background Imphal is experiencing rapid growth in urban population triggered by growing urbanization. Imphal

presently has one of the highest population density among the Urban centers in Northeast region.

The growth has been largely characterized by densification of the central core, ribbon

development along the main transportation corridor and inadequate internal link roads. The

geographical structure of the region makes access difficult.

The Region is connected by a network of pucca and Kutcha roads. The Imphal Dimapur Road

(National Highway No. 39), National Highway 150 (Aizwal-Jessami) and Imphal Silchar Road

(National Highway No.53) are the three national highways, which connect Imphal the capital of

Manipur with neighbouring States of Assam, Nagaland and Mizoram. These roads have an

average carriageway of 7mts and grossly overloaded both in terms of commercial as well as

passenger traffic.

10.3.2 Hierarchy of Roads National Highway 20.21km

State Highway 58.45 km

Major District Road 44.86 km

Other District Roads 23.90 km

Inter Village Road 129.01 km (PWD) + 192 km (IMC)= 321.01

TOTAL 468.43 km

Table 10.7; Hierarchy of Roads

Source: Transport Department, Imphal

Capacity augmentation by means of widening is difficult except some selected stretches in

Greater Imphal Area which implies that decongestion needs to be done by shifting some of the

conflicting functions from the City core areas where both the National Highways NH 39, NH 150

and NH 53 passes through the city and creates congestion in the core market areas.


91

10.3.3 Assessment of Key Infrastructure and Gaps

10.3.3.1 Congestion of NH-39 and NH-53

National Highway (NH 39) aligned in North-South direction, National Highway (NH 53) coming

from West direction (Badarpur-Imphal), and National Highway (NH 150) coming from South

direction intersects each other at Kangla Junction, which lies on the core areas of Imphal city. All

the major trip destinations are located along this link. The Kangla junction has thus become on of

the centre of commercial activities and a major congestion point. This junction houses Kangla

fort, which is one of the most Historical and Cultural centers of the region. Decongestion of this

region needs to be a major priority area.

Fig 10.1: Road Map


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The National Highway thus acts also as one of the most important artery of the city transportation

system. It is thus important to differentiate intercity and through traffic which can be achived by

creation of by pass. NH 39 passes through old Secretariat building, the police headquarters up to

CM’s Bungalow, and passes through Kangla area up to Assembly Hall via Raj Bhavan and the

Museum.

The crossing of Tiddim Road and Mayang Imphal road located just to the west of the Keisampat

bridge on the river Nambul is a very busy and caters only 2 lane of traffic. The crossing is a

perennial source of Traffic congestion.

In order to ease the traffic situation a fly over along B.T Road has been proposed at Maharani

Bridge location, which is already under construction. Further a sub-way has been proposed at this

bridge site, which will connect the upcoming Laxmi Market and Thangla Bazar.

The area between Maharani bridge and, the existing pedestrian bridge and Paona bazaar road is

in practice working as an interchanging junction for the traffic from New Cachar road and the road

in the market area. The second Khwai Bridge will add an excellent relief road and this will act as a

part of a rotary in this area.

10.3.3.2 Markets in the heart of the city Trade and commerce is one of the major economy base of the area. As mentioned in the earlier

section Imphal is the only class one city in the region. In view of this the city handles virtually the

entire trade and commerce activities of the State. Therefore heavy vehicles are being operated in

the city on the National Highway as well as other arterial roads. The National Highway in

particular also handles through traffic connecting the rest of the State as well as Nagaland,

Mizoram and Myanmar.

Additionally, loading and unloading of goods take place along the National Highway due to the

linear urban pattern of the region and high centralization of activities on NH.

The markets such as Thangla Bazar and Pauna Bazar are spread over the cities causing

congestion in the roads inside the city. In view of this wherever possible, wholesale market should

be shifted out side the CBD area.


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10.3.3.3 Inadequacy and poor condition of internal roads

The Imphal Municipal area suffers from inadequacy and

poor condition of roads. Ideally a city should have at

least 20% roads in its total area, the percentage covered

by the city is not sufficient. Considering the rapid growth

in the population in coming years, the pressure on

existing roads will increase causing congestion in the

region.

The State of both the State Highways as well as the district highways are quite poor. One of the

areas of concern is the state of the IVR which provide connectivity to the adjoining villages. In the

absence of good connectivity, the residents of the villages who earn livelihood in the city are

required to reside in the city itself causing more pressure to the existing infrastructure, which is

already in stress.

In terms of road width is concerned, some of the State Highways crossing through Imphal

municipal area are 18mts, 10mts and some are very congested like 5.5 mts etc. The width of

Paona Bazar, Thangal Bazar road up to Khoyathang is 14 mts, where as the average width of the

Major District roads is 5-7 mts. In case of Other District Roads the average road width is 3-5 mts.

The capacity of the road needs to be thus augmented.

One of the critical elements of the transportation plan needs to be identification and resolution of

critical bottleneck points that exist in the different nodes and crossings.

It is important to note that Imphal has generally poor accessibility and quality of the roads is most

critical for movement of both people and goods. In view of the stress on the relatively small area

under the Municipal Council, there is a need to develop the fringe areas and other parts of

Greater Imphal, which would not be possible without developing a network of quality roads with

smooth traffic movement.

The Government has already taken the initiative of the moving some of the conflicting structures

from the Core Area with its decision to move the Secretarial to a new location outside the CBD.

These measures to be successful needs to have a strong transportation plan.


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10.3.3.4 Congestion along major roads Again the density of population along the major roads is very high as most of the commercial

activities takes place on the main road of the city core. This is due to the fact that interior roads

are not developed to that extent that they can take load of urban growth. This is causing

congestion along the major roads also as is evident from the following table there is an increase

in the number of accidents that occurring in the region.

Number of Accidents Occurred

Year No. of Accidents No.of Persons Killed No.of Persons Injured

2001 409 72 713

2002 520 119 927

2003 523 127 988

2004 468 115 1090

2005 600 137 1325

Average 410 114 1009 Table 10.8; No of Accidents occured

Source: Directorate of Transport

In terms of the surface condition of the roads are concerned in Imphal Municipal area, 84.60% of

the roads are Black Top/Tar roads and 10.62% roads are Water Bound Macakdom (WBM) roads.

Others are concrete roads. There is a need to improve the roads as well as to identify the

bottleneck points and resolve the same at the earliest.

10.3.3.5 Inadequate Operation & Maintenance Lack of adequate maintenance of the roads in the Imphal Municipal Area areas is also quite

prominent. Improvement or strengthening is necessary for some of the major corridors in the

region. It maybe noted that as Trade and Commerce and Service sector occupies major role in

the Imphal city and are concentrated in the Central Business District, the roads attract substantial

traffic facilitating movements of goods and other Commercial activities.


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10.3.3.6 Street Lighting The number of streetlights in the region is not found to be sufficient and most of them use tube

light or bulbs, which is obsolete nowadays and has high power consumption.

The present status of Street Lighting in Imphal City is as follows : Aspects Imphal High Mast Lamps - Mercury Vapour Lamps - Sodium Vapour Lamps - Tube Lights - Others 1166 Total 1166

Table 10.9 : Status of Street Lighting Source: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project Report

10.3.3.7 Absence of centralized warehousing facilities As there is no centralized warehousing facilities all the wholesale activities take place inside the

city. It causes major problems of loading and unloading along the interior roads. That further

narrows the interior roads as all the trucks are parked in the roads. This is a major cause of slow

movement of vehicles in the city.

10.3.3.8 Absence of parking areas With the growth in trade and commerce in the region, the number of vehicles has grown sharply.

Both in Imphal East and Imphal West, the commerce and

trade facilities are concentrated in specific zones. These

zones attract substantial amount of cars, two wheelers and

other slow moving vehicles. In the absence of off side

parking facilities, the vehicles are parked on the street

leading to a major bottleneck in the smooth flow of traffic

This problem is further aggravated by high population

densities, large number of pavement hawkers, side walk

encroachments and heterogeneous nature of traffic and

commercial area development along all the major roads.

There is a substantial under provision in the parking space as compared to the requirement of the

city.

In terms of vehicular population, the maximum number is the two wheelers. Based on the data for

the year 2004-05, around 72% is occupied by the two wheelers, which is followed by Cars and


96

Jeeps. The town level auto rickshaw stand and taxi stand are also located along this arterial. At

some locations on-street parking is provided for two-wheelers and four wheelers. Off street

parking facilities are few and grossly inadequate. All these factors act cumulatively during the

peak hours and chokes the major urban arterial of Imphal urban area causing severe congestion

in the heart of the city.

10.3.3.9 Bus Terminus at heart of the city The existing bus terminuses in the region are situated mostly

at the heart of the city. Ingress and egress of large buses

interfere with the local traffic operations – leading to severe

congestion. Apart from that the existing bus terminuses do

not provide proper amenities to the travelers, bus drivers

and conductors.

10.3.3.10 District Connectivity Connectivity to District and rural areas are through narrow Leikai roads, which are mainly Kutcha

in nature and are poorly maintained.

10.3.3.11 Land use Category It is observed that the Land use category in the Imphal Municipal area is mixed in nature. The

impact of this development is clearly visible in the existing haphazard pattern of development.

The central area has become a crowded and densely built single or four storied mixed use pucca

buildings accommodating all the major state level administrative functions, town level central

functions and commercial activities. Therefore commercial activities along the road and

residential activities creates a congestion in those areas. In terms of population density is


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concerned, it is over 7000 persons per Sq.Km in the Imphal Municipal Area. One more important

factor to be noticed is that in these areas lack of parking facilities also creates congestion. The

major wholesale trade centres are also located in the central area. The development

surroundings the central area is mainly residential and mainly having medium density and low-

rise development with single to double storied pitched roof structure. Therefore the future

expansion or redevelopment of the central area is practically impossible without shifting some of

the major activities


98

Fig : 10.2 Road Network


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10.4 Drainage 10.4.1 Background Manipur valley is generally flat, elongated and tapering towards south, surrounded on all sides by

hillocks (about 1500 – 2000 m high) and constituting a closed basin with an outlet to the south.

The average elevation of the valley is 763 mtrs above the mean sea level.

The most important physiographic feature is Loktak lake situated in the central part of the valley

having a total water spread area of 275 Sq Km during the monsoon and 47 Sq Km during the dry

season. The lake has a catchment area of about 6000 Sq Km. The Manipur river, also known as

Imphal river flows through the valley in southerly direction with numbers of tributaries joining it

from the surrounding hill ranges.

Nambul and Kongba rivers as well as Naga Nullah passes through the center of the town. Iril and

Thoubal rivers are other important tributaries of the Manipur river. These rivers have narrow

channels with low bed and there is high silting due to accumulation of slush mud. During the rainy

season, there is a back flow of water from Loktak lake to the Manipur river. Lampelhat, Porompat,

Khuman Lampak, Takyelpat and Akampat are the low lying areas.

The Imphal Master Plan area covers 13,528 Hectares of the Greater Imphal area where its

topography is generally flat with a gentle slope from North to South. The rivers Nambul, Kongba,

Waishel, Iril and Naga nullah are the principal drainage channels of Imphal town and these drain

into the Loktak lake and Manipur river.

The average annual rainfall of Manipur is 2050 mm The Greater Imphal area does not have much

of a planned drainage system. The coverage of roadside drainage is not considered to be

spatially adequate. Small lengths of main drains in Greater Imphal are of open masonry. These

are mostly along the National Highways and some State Highways. The rest are kutcha drains

mostly in the residential areas. Most of the drains are inadequate in capacity. There is thus

frequent overflowing of drains in the rainy season. These drains carrying dirty water from various

users pollute the areas through their overflows.

Chronic water logging is a serious problem particularly in the low-lying areas. These results in

inconvenience for the people, high possibility for spread of diseases and damage to roads.


100

10.4.2 Current Status The table below indicates the drainage basins for the entire planned area:

Sl. No. Basins Core Area (Hectares) Non-Core Area (Hectares)

1 Nambul River Basin 2120.52 3700.93

2 Waishel River Basin 798.20 1647.90

3 Turel Amanbi (Chandranadi Basin) 180.25 986.78

4 Imphal River Basin 187.51 1237.61

5 Kongba River Basin 498.52 1048.99

A major issue is the improvement of Leikai roads, Leikai drains, construction of culverts etc. The

Leikai roads are naturally narrow and the approximate width of these roads is about 3 metres.

Many of the Leikai roads are not black topped or cemented. The Leikai roads do not have proper

side drains and are prone to waterlogging. The normal course of the drains is from residences to

shallow drains to minor drains to medium drains and finally to the main drainage channels.

The table below indicates the ward wise details of the roads and the drains:

Coverage Total Road length (Kms)

Total Drains length (Kms)

Ward No. 1-27 144.2 769.5

Note 50% drains are kutcha

80% of the balance 50% require new construction

There is not much of a planned drainage system at present. It is thus necessary to draw up an

integrated drainage and sewerage system for the city. Thus the city is designing and

implementing an integrated system in a phased manner. The drainage plan shall be worked out

on the basis of Master Plan, GIS, Land Use and Control Plans factoring in the existing drainage

channels.


101

Drains shall generally be provided along the existing and proposed roads / rails. The cost of the

Integrated Drainage System shall be worked out through Detailed Studies and Assessment and

will be taken up for implementation thereafter.

However the present situation merits urgent attention and requires implementation of immediate

improvement schemes. In view of the same, immediate Action Plans have been worked out for

implementation.

10.5 Sanitation 10.5.1 Present Status Imphal town does not have any modern sewerage system. It has been assessed that about 60%

of houses have septic tanks and the balance 40% have dry / wet latrines.

The effluent of the septic tank and human excreta from those houses, which do not have septic

tanks, are directly discharged to nearby nullahs, which join ultimately with the Naga Nullah,

Nambul and Imphal rivers. The outfall of the Nambul river is the Loktak Lake which is the biggest

fresh water lake in India. This leads to an ecological imbalance in the main lake of Manipur. This

also pollutes water sources and results health hazards for the citizens.

The methods commonly used for disposal of wastewater from households and commercial units

are as indicated below:

• Treatment through septic tanks

• Disposal into natural streams with / without septic tank treatment

• Disposal in storm water drainage system with or without treatment

• Disposal of waste water through open channels or storm water drainage system

• Open defecation

The table below indicates a baseline assessment of the present sewerage system in Imphal:

Present Service

delivery

Effect Proposals for improvement

• Septic tanks and pit latrines used

• Open defecation

by low income groups

• Soil and water contamination

• Septic tanks

drained in the natural drainage channels

• Public sewerage system required in the city

• Community toilets need to be constructed


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10.5.2 Service Indicators for Sewerage and Sanitation in Project Cities

Component Imphal Sewerage Quantity of Sewerage (MLD) 24 Sewer Length (Km) 0 Treatment Capacity (MLD) 0 No. Of Connections 0 Sanitation % Of Holding Covered by UGD Network 0 % Of Households Using Public Shared Toilet 31.2 % Of Households Having Individual Toilet 64.5 % Of Households practicing Open Defecation 4.2 % Of Households dissatisfied with existing Sanitation System

56.4


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10.6 Solid Waste Management 10.6.1 Background

Overall the present solid waste management process covering the entire Imphal Region is found

to be highly inadequate. The drains on either side of existing roads are overflowing and also are

open. Plastic materials have created a nuisance blocking the natural flow

of drains, which eventually leads to overflowing of the drains.

10.6.2 Present Institutional Structure of Solid Waste

Management at Imphal

The responsibility of managing solid waste generated within the city is

vested on the engineering division of IMC. No separate solid waste

management department exist in the city, the whole process is controlled

and supervised by the engineering division directly. The engineering department address

major programmes such as – Construction and maintenance, Building licensing, and

SWM activities including drain cleaning.

10.6.3 Service Level Indicators for Solid Waste Management in North – Eastern States: Indicators Agartala Aizawal Gangtok Guwahati Imphal Itanagar Kohima Total waste Generated

per day (Tons)

137 104 59 373 100 38 33

Waste Generated

per capita(Gms)

350 400 250 460 450 457 414

Waste collected (Tons)

114 40 16 314 73 8 10

No of Collection

Bins 52 NA 65 220 55 90 65

Vehicle adequacy

ratio 75 136 81 169 50 55 84

% of waste collected 80 40 30 80 70 20 30

Number of vehicles 29 15 7 75 14 4 7

Number of Trips/ Day 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

Dust bin spacing (m) 133 NA 2240 190 290 900 650


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Disposal sites

One (7Kms)

One 20Kms)

One (15Kms)

One (15

Kms)

One (2Kms)

One (10Kms)

Two (8-

10Kms)

Type of Disposal

Open dumping & composting

Open dumping

Open dumping

Open dumping

Open dumping

Open dumping

Open dumping

Conservancy staff 203 209 50 1100 Na Na 38

Frequency of collection Daily Twice a

week nce in 2 –

3 days Twice a week Twice a week Daily Twice a week

Agencies involved

Municipalty & NGO’s LAD UDHD GMC Municipalt

y & NGO’s UDHD Town committee

Source: ADB report. 10.6.4 Sources of Solid Waste in Imphal The major sources of waste generation in Imphal are Domestic(79.65%), Construction(14.03%)

and Agriculture(5.26%) activities. The Bio-medical waste contribute to less than 1%. The sources

of waste generation in Imphal are given below table:

Sl No. Waste Source % Generation

1 Domestic 79.65

2 Construction 14.03

3 Agriculture 5.26

4 Bio-medical 0.06

Total 100

10.6.5 Composition of Waste The compostable waste constitute about 60% whereas non-compostable constitute 40%. The

break up of the composition is given below:

Sl No Type % By weight

1 Organic Waste 60

2 Paper 10

3 Plastic 5

4 Glass 2

5 Leather 1

6 Textile 5

7 Rubber 1

8 Wood 5

9 Porcelain, Stone, Clay 3

10 Metals 1

11 Fine Fraction (<10mm) 7

Total 100


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10.6.6 Quantity of Waste Generation

Based on the survey conducted by National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited- NBCC,

the present quantity of waste generation of Imphal, with a per capita contribution of 0.300

kg/person/day is estimated to 70.20 tonnes per day. The waste generation per day from other

sources such as markets, hotels, lodges, restaurants and other commercial areas is estimated at

25.66 tonne per day. The cumulative total waste generation thus works out to 95.86 tonnes per

day. The assessment is based on analysis carried out by National Environmental Engineering

Research Institute.

10.6.7 Present System The Imphal Municipal Counclis responsible for collection, transportation and disposal of solid

waste.

An analysis of the present situation is as follows:

Functional

element

Details

Segregation

& Storage at

source

Generally absent. Waste is deposited in community bins /thrown on the streets/drains / rivers

Primary

collection Collected through street masonry corner bins.

Waste

storage

depot

Very unscientific. Waste is stored on open sites/masonry enclosures

Transportati

on Manual loading in open trucks

Frequency of

removal Regular along major roads. In by-lanes and other areas-Irregular

Processing No processing is carried out

Disposal Site available however large scale Instances of dumping of water into drains and rivers seen


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CChhaapptteerr 1111 AAccttiioonn PPllaann:: WWaatteerr

11.1 Vision

The City of Imphal shall provide safe and sustainable water to all its citizens at a competitive and affordable price with the ultimate goal of reaching a 24/7 situation in a phased manner within the scheme period.

11.2 `Action Plans

It will be thus the endeavor of the City to ensure that the people in the region have access to

efficient, responsive, and sustainable water and sanitation services. In achieving the objectives,

the City shall provide resources and support to encourage and implement approaches that are

people-centered, market-based, and environment-friendly. Emphasis will be made on creating

facilities, which are self-sustaining.

The following components constitute the Proposed Plan:

11.3 Creation of Water Treatment Plants

The supply is presently insufficient to meet the full drinking water demand and there is a gap

between demand and supply. However, with the increase in demand, creation of a new water

treatment plants are necessary.

The existing plants supplying water to the Imphal, is primarily situated in the Greater Imphal Area.

The new Water Treatment Plant will be situated in the Greater Imphal Area due to technical

feasibility as well as fact that the land is not available in the Imphal area. In view of this, the

proposed plant will require to take in account a part of additional water requirement of en route

area. The Gap identified for Imphal as detailed out works out to 3.5 MGD.

Based on discussion with the Government Department, the same is estimated at 1.5 MGD and

hence the total plant under this head is at 5 MGD.


107

Particular 2001 2011 2021 2031 Cumliative Shortfall

Population including floating population 275257 302783 333061 366368 Increase in population in past decade 27526 30278 33306 Supply Norms (lpcd) 135 135 135 135

Shortfall (lpcd, considering UFW 15%) 4371735 4808909 5289800 In MGD 0.303 0.963 1.059 1.165 3.490

Demand for en route area 1.500 Total (in MGD) 5

11.4 New Water Supply Schemes for pipelines and taps

Construction of collector well, reservoir, overhauling and adding new pipelines to the areas, which

are presently not being served, and also to the areas where there is a huge amount of

transmission loss. The network to supply water should be increased to cover all the required

areas.

11.5 Operation and Maintenance It is noted from the available statistic that the cost incurred by the Government department is low

in many years. One of the reasons for the same is that expenditure in maintaining plants have

been kept at very low levels. As a result of this the assets created are not well maintained and

gradually loose their efficiency.

Operation and maintenance of water supply pipes and water treatment plant is necessary to meet

the future demand of water. The above strategy will fail if there is no proper operation and

maintenance. All the pipelines leakages are need to be identified to prevent loss of water. While

the ULB’s shall enhance the tariff base over a period time to ensure that O&M is payable from the

revenues, there is an immediate requirement of O&M funds so as to ensure that the assets

created under this scheme are properly maintained. A reserve is proposed to be created till the

point the projects are self-sustaining.


108

11.6 Upgradation Of Distribution Network People of the area are forced to experience shortage of water, for which they have to depend

partly on deep masonry wells, which unfortunately get dried up during summer. Due to geological

condition, ground water is scarce in the area.

Based on the location of the water treatment plant, zonal reservoir and to ensure an

implementable and seamless distribution of the network the supply area has been divided into 25

zones. The distribution network improvement program for each of the zone has been prepared

accordingly. Implementation of the project could go a long way in reducing the distribution losses

that are presently affecting the sector.

11.7 Capacity Building & Workshop A program and a series of definite measures would be drawn up to improve the overall

management performance of the existing agencies through capacity building, induction of

professional expertise, introduction of IT enabled tools, and induction of HR techniques. In

nutshell, approach has to be more scientifically and technically oriented.

11.8 Reduction of Losses in Water Supply by Public Awareness

A series of workshops should be organized across the region to create public awareness on the

importance of water as a national resource and the severe consequences of wasting and

polluting of water.

The low level of cost recovery should be taken care and the following steps need to be taken.

• Rationalization of User charges so that revenues exceeds cash O&M expenses over the

period of the mission;

• Reach full cost recovery (O&M, depreciation and financing costs) through a realistic and

sequential approach through a combination of efficiency gains and increased revenues;

• 100% metering of commercial and industrial users and different slab of water charges

need to be maintained. For drinking purposes the charges have to be minimum and for

industrial use the charges have to be maximum;

• Water connection to be made a compulsory requirement for approval of Building Plans


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11.9 Affordability

• Reduce O&M Cost through a program of renovation and modernization

• Design a tariff structure that meets simplicity and equity criteria in addition to financial

objectives;

• Implement specific projects for supplying affordable water to the urban poor. Poverty

targeted projects shall be given due attention.

11.10 Improvement in Performance and Reliability: It is essential to improve the reliability of the Water Services. Apart from the reliability the

performance in Water Services must also be improved. It is this performance and reliability which

will bring confidence among the citizens and which will induce them to pay more.

11.11 Structured Public Private Participation Private Sector Participation is desirable in the PPP format in the sector so that there is a balance

between the risks and responsibilities between the Government Agencies and the Private Sector.

In view of the same, Private Sector Participants shall be invited to leverage on the following

possible benefits:

• Reduction of involvements of Public finance or redirecting them to the poor;

• Induction of greater technical and management expertise;

• Provision of a more responsive service to the customers;

• Sourcing of additional financing;

Initially outsourcing of Operation & Maintenances and some of the commercial activities through

Management Contracts to professional and reliable operator shall be done This would greatly

facilitate induction of technical and system knowledge and pave the way for future larger private

Sector Involvement. At the same time it is recognized that while private investment and

management shall play, a growing role, the same must be coupled with a strong legal, contractual

and regulatory framework, which would be carried out simultaneously.


110


Sl. No. Name of the Scheme Cost in crores

1 5 MGD Water Treatment Plant 40.00 2 Pipelines for fringe area 11.00 3 Augmentation of existing Water Treatment Plant 12.00

4 Operation & Maintenance of existing and new Water Supply Scheme 5.40

5 Upgradation of Distribution network including metering 120.00

6 Construction of overhead tanks, ground sumps, zonal reservoir at various zone for equitable distribution 46.00

7 Community awareness project for all region and capacity building. 2.00

Total 236.40


111

CChhaapptteerr 1122

AAccttiioonn PPllaann:: TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn 12.1 Vision The City aims to provide its citizens a integrated pro-active transportation system and

infrastructure which would provide comfortable, reliable and affordable transportation options

covering the felt needs of the various strata of the society. One of the critical requirements of the

system shall be to facilitate de-congestion in the Central Business District and provide equitable

growth in the entire Imphal Urban Area.

12.2 Background .

It is recognized that an efficient and easily accessible transport system is necessary for both

social and economic development for the region. It is not only the key infrastructural input for the

growth process but also plays a significant role in promoting social and economic integration with

the rest of the country, which is particularly important in a large country like India. Imphal being

the only class one city in the region plays an important role in the development of the entire state.

Additionally Imphal provides a critical connectivity to Myanmar.

The transport system plays an important role of promoting the development of the backward

regions and integrating them with the mainstream economy by opening them to trade and

investment. In a liberalized set- up, an efficient transport network becomes all the more important

in order to increase productivity and enhance the competitive efficiency of the economy in the

world market.

Route Length (km) and Route density (Per 100 km 2) in North Eastern Region States Route length Route Density

Manipur 1.4 -

North Eastern Region 2435.2 1.1

All India 63140 2

Table Source 12.1: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project Report


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12.3 Action Plan & Strategic Options 12.3.1 Overall Plan The Plan shall address the requirements in three phases, Short Term, Medium Term and Long

Term. The following table represents the strategy:

Short term measures including bringing about immediate improvement and developing and

implementing a Transportation System Management (TSM). Components of TSM include actions

such as junction improvements, signalisation, lane markings, delineators and signs to be taken up

regularly. These measures shall be taken up on a continuous basis as the travel characteristics

and loading of different links, intersections etc. change very frequently owing to natural growth

and changes in land use. Further, planning development of access areas to public transportation

systems and Intermediate Public Transport (IPTs) need to be looked at under this head.

Enforcement of lane discipline and traffic rules needs to be addressed urgently.

Medium term action plan is aimed at development of transport infrastructure over the perspective

plan period to bring about coordinated development among different components and enhance

carrying capacity of entire system. These measures include development and implementation of

various infrastructure projects, which will be directed at network improvements such as By

passes, parallel roads, link roads, slip roads, corridors for cycle moovment, Grade separations,

alternate transport systems, restructuring of bus based transportation systems to a direction

based strategy in the place of multiple destination based approach.

Long-term action plan is aimed at development of structure plan for the Urban Area with Transit

as one of the lead components, which will direct the Urban Growth so as to bring about a

structural fit between transit infrastructure and Urban Growth. This will examine a comprehensive

multi-modal public transit system to bring about the most optimal mix of commuting within the

Urban Area and thus providing a sustainable transit solution. New facilities will be created to

improve level of service and to cater to the increased population growth.

The above plans needs to be translated implementable action points which needs to be taken up

during the mission period so as to translate the vision of the city in to reality. Keeping this in mind

a package of action plans has been identified and enlisted below. It is envisaged that these action

plans shall be taken up for implementation and completion within the mission period.


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12.3.2 Key Individual Priority Components 12.3.2.1 Improvement along NH-39, NH-53

One of the critical focal point for any transportation needs to address decongestion of the NH-39

and NH-53. NH39 and NH53 is virtually acting as internal Road and presently caters to both local

and through traffic. One of the critical areas of congestion is NH39, NH53 and NH150. Similarly

NH150 is facing a sever congestion. The steps proposed to be taken up in this regard to resolve

the severe congestion are follows:

Creation of Ring Road

Development of Bridge and Flyovers over critical Bottleneck on NH

Relocation of commercial establishments

Proper development and implementation of Traffic Management System on the highways

Improving Accessibility to NH39, NH 150 and NH53 by improving and augmenting the

existing roads and construction of missing links.

12.3.2.2 Improvement of Roads and Resolution of Bottlenecks on Crossings

Roads need to be improved so that traffic can move smoothly and the number of accidents can

be reduced. Steps recommended to be implemented are as follows:

Improvement of quality of existing roads

Identification and resolutions of bottlenecks and accident points

In this connection the following points have been identified for implementing Traffic

Management/Improvement Projects

NH 39 crossing leading to Old Thumbuthong

Thangmeiband Road crossing leading to Watham Leirak

Krishna Premi oil city crossing

Pandon, Khuman Lampak, Minuthong crossing

Lamlong bazaar crossing

Palac Gate Crossing leading to Govindjee Temple

Singjamei Chinga crossing

Kwakeithel Bazar crossing

Khoyathong Traffic Point connecting Thangmeiband Road

Khoyathong Traffic Point leading to North AOC

In front of Directorate of Transport and Imphal West District Police HQ

Wahengbam Leikai/Nupa Keithel Traffic Point

MinuthongHatta crossing


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Sangakpham Bazar/NH 39

Maharani Bridge Crossing

IM road from 0-2 k.m

RIMS road connecting Nagampal road

Paona Bazaar road & Thangal bazaar road

MG Avenue

Khoyathong crossing from Nagampal road to NH-150

North AOC Junction of NH 150 and NH 39

Some of the identified critical projects which needs to be implemented on a priority basis so as to

resolve the severe bottlenecks are as follows:

• 4-Lane Flyover At Keishampat,

Keishampet junction is one of the important intersections in Imphal city. At this intersection road

coming from Raj Bhavan side and going towards Kwakeithel meets the State highway No 1. As

two important arterial roads are meeting at this intersection, traffic going to different directions is

conflicting here. In order to solve the traffic problem, Government. of Manipur proposed to

construct a 4-Lane Fly over to divert the traffic. For this the survey was conducted in the peak

hours to study the traffic volume and the project has been designed on the basis of the assessed

needs.

Fig 11.1 Proposed Flyover at Keshampet


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• Ring Road

NH39 and NH53 has also started as internal arterial roads and presently catering to both local

and through traffic. This is resulting in thru traffic moving through the city and creating bottleneck.

In view of this, a Ring Road has been proposed. The alignment of the proposed ring road is as

given below:

Fig 11.1 Proposed Ring Road


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Other projects include development of 2nd Khwai Bridge other wise called as B T Road Flyover,

which is accessible to Kangla West gate, and Khuyathon.

12.3.2.3 Construction of Bus Terminal and Truck Terminals

The major problem of the region is the mixing of intercity and intra city vehicles, which causes

various traffic problems in the area. Constructing new logistic hubs outside the cities can solve

this problem.

The logistic hub will include both truck and bus terminal for inter city vehicles. This will ensure that

the inter city vehicles do not enter the city causing trouble for intra city vehicles. A logistic centre

is proposed on both ends of the city on the Highway.

The present bus terminals handles both inter city and intra city bus routes affecting traffic

movement in the cities. So it is better to have separate bus terminals for inter city and intra city

bus terminals. The inter city bus terminal can be constructed in the logistic hub only. On the other

hand the bus terminals inside the cities should handle only intra city routes. Also options of Bus

bays shall be explored at appropriate locations.

11.3.2.4 Creation of Parking Facilities Parking lots are be proposed to be constructed in Imphal city at identified locations. 10 Off-street

parking sites have been identified so as to eliminate parking on the roads which have been a

major obstacles for free movement.

An Appropriate parking pricing methodology shall be developed so as to enable the projects to be

implemented with Private Sector Participation.

For Imphal, the existing bus terminus can be converted into parking cum commercial complex,

taking care of illegal parking and small time traders on pavement in the vicinity to some extent.

Entry of Trucks may be banned from 8 a.m to 8 p.m, with strict enforcement will assist in solving

the problem of congestion in the daytime in the core areas of Imphal city.


117

12.3.2.5 Proposal for Cycle track It is observed that bicycles are used in large number in Imphal city of which substantially used by

women and children. Cycle track can be proposed in side the city level and in those areas entry

and exist of heavy vehicles may be restricted, to maintain an eco-friendly transportation and

maintain a clean and green environment. Plantation of trees can be proposed along with the cycle

track in terms of environmental point of view. A pro bicycle policy will not only access

decongestion in the city, but also help in preserving the ecological balance in the city. The project

has been strongly appreciated by the consultative workshops.

12.3.2.6 Pedestrian Facility in City Core As mentioned above earlier that Pedestrian facility is not adequate enough the cater the demand

in the Imphal municipal area. Therefore this facility needs to be provided in the Central Business

District areas of the city where entry and exist of heavy vehicles needs to be restricted

12.3.2.7 Traffic Management Plan

Above all an effective Traffic Management Plan needs to be implemented for smooth and free

flow of Traffic. One-way entry and exist of Traffic could solve the problem. Proper signalling

facilities needs to implemented for functional flow of traffic. Computerised Traffic signals needs to

be provided in all the major Junctions of the city. Training of traffic personnel is one of the

important components of an effective Traffic Management Plan.

12.3.2.8 Improved rural connectivity

To improve the connectivity with the rural areas of the region the following measures can be

considered.

Conversion of LTM roads to Black Top Roads

In the region most of the roads are of LTM (Light Transport Modal) construction. So it is an urgent

need to develop the roads to black top so that the roads can handle the pressure of increasing

number of heavy vehicles in the region.


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Developing Roads Linking to Villages

In this region the density of roads is not same in all the areas. This is a major reason for under

development in the villages of the region. This plan aims at constructing roads linking major

villages of the region with concrete roads of at least two lanes. This will help farmers to sell their

produce in the city markets, which will ultimately help the economy of the villages.

Given the complexity of the problem, it is evident that isolated solutions directed at one or two

facets, such as building flyovers, road widening etc., will at best assuage the problem temporarily

but will not be able tackle the problem comprehensively. Only a multifaceted approach duly

integrating land use with transportation at the planning stage as a long-term measure to

structurally integrate this sector with the overall growth of the urban area will be able to give best

benefits at least possible cost. It is felt that a concerted and sustained campaign duly addressing

issues as under will be able to address transportation related problems comprehensively.

12.3.2.9 Other Important Measures

• Intersection improvements

One of the major contributors for reducing the efficiency of free flow of traffic is the performance

of intersections. This is an area of immediate intervention that can be implemented with marginal

investments and where improvement in the performance can be felt. It is observed that several

intersections in Imphal do not have road markings or dividers to direct merging, crossing and

diverging flows into specific channels. At these locations considerable delays are occurring due to

in disciplined behaviour of 2- wheeler traffic not obeying the yield principle.

Since junction improvement is a constant process, and also loading at intersection depend to a

great extent on the land use along the corridor, it would be difficult to pin point those

intersections, which would require improvement in the coming years. However based on the

available information and observing the delays, major intersections will be identified, that would

need immediate attentions.

• Street Lights

Minimum spacing required between successive lampposts is dependent on the road width, traffic

volume and land use on a particular road. For formal 2-lane road, preferred spacing is about

30mt. The existing fixtures in all the project towns are mainly restricted to major spines. In many

cases the streetlights are malfunctioning.


119

As far as study made by LASA in 2003 the additional street lightning requirements are as follows

Particulars Units

Tube light 5024

Sodium Vapour Light 90

• Isolated Traffic Signals and Traffic Management Measures

While channelization of approaches to intersections reduces the conflict area, they function only

when the volume are low in nature and has large time and space headways in the cross traffic,

sufficient for merging. These gaps decrease the volumes of flows thereby necessitating physical

stoppage of one of the conflicting flows to facilitate the movement of the other. In view of this

Signal system optimization and Area traffic control measures needs to be identified and

implemented commensurate to the growth of traffic.

The traffic in the city being mixed in nature and the carriageway being a non-standard format, all

the carriageways need adequate traffic signs and road markings to provide guidance for

disciplined and safe driving. It is necessary to standardize the lane markings, edge markings,

median markings, pedestrian crossings, parking zones, traffic delineators, and traffic signs and

implemented on all important travel corridors.

As a significant proportion of the trips of up to 2 km in length are performed on foot and since

pedestrians are more vulnerable in being in being involved in accidents, it is necessary to protect

them through provision of Guard Rails, Zebra Crossings, Pelican Signals or through Grade

separations. Warrants for pedestrian crossings are as follows:


120

12.4 Summary of Key Investment Requirements

Sl.No Name of the Scheme Activities Under Scheme Cost Cr.

1 Improvement of Road (State Highway)

Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 45.85 kms incl 0.3 km for rigid pavement under Sate Highway has been identified for Improvement 64.56

2 Improvement of MDR and ODR

Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 54.07 kms Under MDR and ODR has been identified for Improvement

69.96

3 Improvement of IVR

Improvement of Sub-Arterial Roads; A stretch of 360.13 kms under Internal Village Roads has been identified for immediate attention 115.93

4 Ring road

A stretch of 17.40 kms has been identified for construction of Outer Ring road to decongest the City Road

17.40

5 Constructing of BT Flyover at Keshampat

Keshampat junction is an important intersection of roads where to decongest, fly over is necessary 42.42

6 Development around Maharani Bridge and Khwai Bridg

Development around Maharani Bridge is also one of the important junction for decongestion 24.44

7 Cycle Track for 10 kms 1.00

8 Pedestrian for 10kms

Cycle track and Pedestrian facilities encourages decongestion, environment friendly atmosphere and keeps away from slow moving vehicles. 0.40

9 Street Lighting Street lightning can be a major component of city beautification and safety of the citizens. 3.10

10 Junction Improvement (7 Nos)

7 Nos of important junctions has been identified, which needs to be improved for decongestion

2.10

11 Bus Terminus (10)

This is one of the major component of public transport system which needs to be improved for inter and intra regional connectivity. 10.00

12 Truck Terminus cum Logistic Centre (1 Nos)

This helps in controlling the entry and exist of heavy vehicles which creates traffic congection 5.00

13 Traffic Management System This is a major activity under which traffic system can be improved and accidents can be controlled. 5.00

14 Sub-way Sub way is necessary for decongestion and safety movement. 8.00

TOTAL 379.31


121

CChhaapptteerr 1133

AAccttiioonn PPllaann:: DDrraaiinnaaggee && SSaanniittaattiioonn 13.1 Vision Universal access to healthy and hygienic conditions of sanitation and drainage to all citizens of

Imphal with a special focus on provision of safe sanitation to the urban poor through accessible

household and community models keeping in view the special conditions of the North Eastern

region in general and Manipur in particular.

13.2 Background

Imphal, the capital city of Manipur is a rapidly growing urban area and a bustling town. It is the

center of all cultural, commercial and political activities. It is a small and picturesque city and is a

tourist attraction.


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Imphal lies in the valley of the Manipur river and is surrounded by the northeastern hills. Manipur,

also known as the “land of jewels” is naturally divided into two parts namely the hills and plains.

The town is in an alluvial plain at an altitude of 785 mtrs above the mean sea level. The cardinal

location of the place is 24o 48.5’ N and 93o 57’ E. It is the biggest urban area in the state and is

also the focal point of the road network in Manipur. The valley around Imphal town constitutes the

central region of the Manipur state.

The Greater Imphal area is about 33,429 acres, out of which the existing developed area is about

11,773 acres (35%). The Municipal area is around 4,320 acres which constitutes 12.9% of the

total area of Greater Imphal. Residential area constitutes about 63% of the total land area of the

town.

Agricultural and hilly land constitutes about 65% of the total area of Greater Imphal while

residential area is about 22%. The central area of the town comprises of the commercial / market

area and areas for public and semi=public buildings. Small scale industries are located along the

major roads outside the municipal limits.

Imphal has a salubrious climate with temperatures ranging from 1oC to 41oC. The coldest month

is January while May and June are the hottest months. The annual rainfall in the town ranges

from 825 mm (minimum) to 1808 mm (maximum) with average rainfall being 1309 mm. The

humidity varies from 28.3% to 100%.

Imphal became the capital with the declaration of statehood for Manipur in 1972. It has grown

tremendously but much of this growth has been haphazard.

In Imphal, the open pucca drains are mainly along the major roads such as NH-30, NH 150. State

Highways and other town roads. The residential areas of the town are having kutcha drains or in

many case the road itself is acting as the drain. A few areas in the Core Area have open masonry

drains, while most of the city has kutcha drains. The drainage system is extremely inadequate

and the limited drainage that the city has is silted due to accumulation of slush mucks. Due to

lack of proper drainage system, there is a chronic problem of water logging in the city. This

creates a severe health hazard for the people.

Many of the stakeholders expressed their severe concern on the health hazards that are faced by the citizens due to coked drains and water logging/flooded city areas. Absence of


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proper drainage carries serious water borne diseases, inconvenience to traffic and pedestrian movement and also severely damages the road condition.

In respect to the views of the citizens a comprehensive action plan comprising of the following key action points have been proposed:

Construction of new pucca drains

Upgradation of kutcha drains to pucca drains

Protection of natural drains

Conservation / Protection of Natural drains

Repair damaged drains


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Sl NoName of Basin Name of Main Drains

Total Length in Rm

Total Cost (Rs in Crores)

IFCD-PHE Area 1 Imphal River Basin Sangaipar & Wangkhei Drainage 7000 7.00

1) Turel Amansi 8383 10.00 2 Chandranadi Basin2) Chandranadi 6500 4.00 1) Porompat Road 4300 5.00 2) Takhelkhong 2240 3.25 3 Kongba Basin 3) Pemikhong 2930 3.50 1) Nambul River 5960 75.00 2) Naga Nullah 2880 11.00 4 Nambul Basin 3)Lamphelpat & National Village Area

12500 23.88 1) Waishel Main Drain 8500 6.30 5 Waishel Basin 2) Waishel Arteries Drain 19500 19.50

Total 168.43 IMC Area

1. Road side drains of IVRs 690000 151.80 2.Drains which are passing through the household area 191000 42.02 1 IMC

5000 5 Total 198.82

Land Acquisition 5.00 372.25


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CChhaapptteerr 1144

AAccttiioonn PPllaann:: SSaanniittaattiioonn

14.1 Sanitation Schemes: Action Plan Imphal does not have an underground sewerage system at present. The actions required to

address the issues pertaining to the provision of a sewerage system are indicated below:

Vision Issues Action required Environmentally safe sanitation systems in Imphal

• Imphal city does not have sewerage system. The existing methods are through septic tanks and soak pits

• Most of the sewage from

the septic tanks and toilets is disposed off directly into streams and drains polluting the streams

• Increased risk of pollution

of ground water, which is a major source of drinking water in the city

• People living in the

downstream areas are under the threat of serious health hazard as the water is used for household works

• Introduce underground sewerage system

• Expand sewer connections

to households • Launch a community

awareness and information dissemination programme to make people aware about the benefits of sewerage system

• Laying of primary and

secondary sewer networks in various parts of the city

• Construction of sewage

treatment plants • Provide adequate disposal

systems for septic tank and conservancy wastes

• Provide public toilets

particularly for low income people


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Three sewerage zones (Zone1, Zone2 and Zone3) have been demarcated for the Imphal

Municipal Corporation area as indicated in the diagram below based on the land use patterns,

topography and natural barriers:

ZONE 1

The surface area of Zone1 is 1552 Hectares. Zone1 in turn has been sub-divided into 11 Sub-

zones. The rate of water supply in Zone1 is around 135 lpcd. The present project is to provide

sewerage facilities to Zone1 of Imphal city covering the areas of Municipal Ward Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,

5, 6, 14, 15, 24, 25 and 26. This is expected to benefit a population of 173,245 by treating 27

MLD of waste water. The sewer system will be of separate type.

In the first phase, the sewage of the above areas will be carried to Lamphelpat for treatment. The

type of sewage plant is Extended Aeration process with sludge dewatering using belt filters.

There are two kinds of sewer networks. One is the primary and the other the Secondary network.

The following is the synthesis of the sewer network:

Dia (mm) Primary pipes (mtrs) Secondary pipes (mtrs)

200 - 86,399

300 6048 5849

400 6571 303

500 2087 647

600 1327 339

700 4058 -

1000 4903 -

RCC pipes will be provided for sewer lines of 700 mm and 1000 mm dia. The others will be of

PVC. DI pipes will be used for pressure mains and river crossings.

The estimated cost of the project is Rs 135 crores. The project implementation timeframe is 5 years.


127

ZONE 2

The surface area of considered for Zone2 is 932 Hectares. The restitution rate of water

consumed has been assumed as 80%. The daily flow rate has been calculated as 38,000 m3 per

day assuming a 135 litres average per capita water supply. Zone2 in turn has been sub-divided

into 6 Sub-zones. The sewer system will be of separate type. The proposed sewerage treatment

site is located at the eastern side of Imphal Airport which is only 5 Kms from the heart of Imphal

city. The characteristics of the raw sewage is 225 ppm BOD at 20oC. The characteristics of the

treated sewage effluent are:

• Suspended solids: 30 mg

• BOD: 20 mg

The sewage treatment is through water stabilization ponds. The effluent after treatment will be

discharged to Waishel river through an open channel drainage system.

The estimated cost of the project is Rs 126 crores and it is expected to be implemented over a timeframe of 3 years. It is expected to provide around 15000 connections.

ZONE 3

The surface area of considered for Zone3 is 1291 Hectares. The restitution rate of water

consumed has been assumed as 80%. The daily flow rate has been calculated as 39,000 m3 per

day assuming a 135 litres average per capita water supply. Zone3 in turn has been sub-divided

into 7 Sub-zones. The sewer system will be of separate type. The proposed sewerage treatment

site is located at Kyamgei makha Leisangkhong which is around 6 Kms from the Imphal city

center. The characteristics of the raw sewage is 225 ppm BOD at 20oC. The characteristics of

the treated sewage effluent are:

• Suspended solids: 30 mg / litre

• BOD: 20 mg / litre

The sewage treatment is through water stabilization ponds. The effluent after treatment will be

discharged to Imphal river through an open channel drainage system.

The estimated cost of the project is Rs 134 crores and it is expected to be implemented over a timeframe of 3 years. It is expected to provide around 15000 connections.


128


Sl. No. Component Cost in crores

1 Zone-I 50

2 Zone-II 126 3 Zone-III 134

Total 310


129

CChhaapptteerr 1155

AAccttiioonn PPllaann:: SSoolliidd WWaassttee MMaannaaggeemmeenntt

15.1 Background

In, India municipal wastes have to be managed as per the provisions of Municipal Solid Wastes

(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 promulgated under Environment Protection Act, 1986.

As per these rules, all the biodegradable municipal solid wastes shall be required to be processed

by appropriate biological processing method.

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 has made MSWM the Litigation

responsibility of urban local bodies (city corporations and municipal corporations), which asks for

source segregation of waste for cleaner composting and recycling. Further, the Supreme Court of

India, acting on Public interest Litigation directed all urban local governments to install scientific

solid waste treatment plants before a set deadline. Thus the installation of a scientific solid waste

management system, though a costly proposition for most of the urban bodies, has become a

necessity. Also the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Government of India, has issued

the Municipal Solid Wastes (management and handling) Rules in the year 2000, which identify

the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) as the agency to monitor the implementation of these

rules.

Another serious concern pertaining to solid waste in an urban area relates to the generation of

bio-medical waste. These wastes, though are generated in small quantities, pose a great risk to

the community due to their potential biohazard.

The disposal of non – hazardous industrial waste is also another problem area and is taken care

of through the Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules. Though these wastes have

low components of hazardous components, the environment is threatened due to the volume of

such waste generated in a city.

With rapid industrialization and urbanization, waste generation has become inevitable. The

tremendous increase in population and sustained drive for economic progress and development

has resulted in a remarkable increase in the quantity of solid wastes from different processes for

example domestic waste, industrial waste etc.


130

Solid Waste

Integrated Solid Waste

AwarenessCampaign

Common Landfill facility

Strengthening of Institutions

Keeping in mind that as of now, there is virtually no solid waste management system

capable of handling the overall generation, it is necessary to design a system capable of

handling the entire SWM generated by the area. The components of the strategy to

handle the Solid Waste shall thus comprise of the following:

15.2 Setting up a Integrated Solid Waste Management

Since there is no preferred method, every community must create its

own best approach to dealing with its waste. However, all communities

have the same alternatives.

The strategy identified by the region is the development of an

integrated waste management system to identify the level or levels at

which the highest values of individual and collective materials can be

recovered. For this reason, the list starts with reduction — using less

and reusing more, thereby saving material production, resource cost,

and energy. At the bottom of the list is ultimate disposal — the final

resting place for waste. Integrated solid waste management includes

all the process shown in the diagram

Figure 12.1 : Hierarchy of integrated SWM


131

Managing Municipal Solid Waste

Existing municipal solid waste management system needs to follow the following strategies for

efficient management in the future.

1. Collection of waste: Increasing the coverage and efficiency of collection mechanism.

Would help in better management and in reducing the formation of unhygienic and Open

dumpsites. Segregation of waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable Components are

also required at source or at primary collection centers.

2. Treatment and disposal: On the basis of availability of land and financial resources with

the service provider, either of the methods — aerobic composting, anaerobic Digestion or

sanitary land filling could be adopted for treatment and disposal of waste. However, since it

appears that land filling would continue to be the most widely Adopted practice in India in the

coming few years, in which case certain Improvements need to be done to ensure sanitary land

filling and not mere dumping of Waste.

3. Managing the industrial waste: To ensure scientific management of hazardous waste

generated in the country, the strategy should encompass all the aspects of waste management

cycle starting from the generation of waste to its handling, segregation, transportation, treatment

and disposal, in addition to a primary focus on waste minimization/reduction.

Thus keeping in mind that as of now, there is virtually no solid waste management

system capable of handling the overall generation, it is necessary to design a system

capable of handling the entire SWM generated by the area. The components of the

strategy to handle the Solid Waste shall thus comprise of the following:

The Integrated Solid Waste Management Scheme shall be implemented with the following components. A Project Report based on present costs and requirements have been already prepared.


132

Based on a project report prepared for NBCC a Integrated Solid Waste Management

Schemes proposed, which has been designed in line with the Municipal waste

(Management and Handling Rule, 1999). The scheme has the following components.

Sl No Component Sub-components MSW Collection and

Transportation System Tri cycle bin

Tri cycle

Mobile bins at secondary collection points

Refuse collector with compacting arrangement

Wheel barrow

Replacement of equipment in future years

MSW Handling, Treatment and Final Disposal at SWDF Site

MSW Composting facility with equipment/

machinery for processing composting MSW

Sanitary Landfill Unit

Bio-medical Waste Handling Unit

Carcass Handling Unit

Site Infrastructures Site Infrastructures 15.3 Summary of Key Investments

Projects Cost (Rs crore) Integrated Solid Waste Management 34 Land Acquisition 3

Total 37 The project is proposed to be implemented under a PPP format on a self-sustainable basis where

the Private sector shall be responsible for meeting the O&M Costs and running the unit efficiently.


133

Chapter 16 Other Activities Envisaged under JNNURM

16.1 Urban Renewal

In conformity with the overall vision of decongestion of the central core city of Imphal, it is necessary to

shift commercial establishment from non-confirming (inner city areas to confirming outer city areas).

Imphal being a old city has developed in a unplanned manner, in order to decongest the city in a

planned manner, certain commercial establishment in the core city have been identified for shifting

outside the city area.

The identified areas for shifting are as follows.

Particular Rejuvenation of CBD Area

Rejuvenation of Identified area 45.31

A study is being made to identify other measures for implementing effective Urban

Renewal Measure.

16.2 Setting of a Crematorium During the consultative process many of the participants informed that because of want

of fund, several traditional manual crematorium have been operating on the River Bank.

These were not only polluting the environment and destroying the beauty of the

riverbanks. The absence of electrical crematorium was creating hardships for the people.

In view of this, they proposed setting up of electrical crematoriums at suitable location. In

line with this it has been proposed that two crematorium at the city

Particular Cost of Crematorium (in crores)

Setting up of two Crematorium 10

Total 10

16.3 Development of Working Woman Hostel A substantial number of women are working in the city. Imphal being only class one city

in the state offers employment opportunity in the region. In order to enable women living


134

outside the city the opportunity to avail such employment, it’s necessary to create

workingwomen’s hostel in the city. Accordingly it is proposed to construct two-

workingwomen hostel in the city.

Particular Cost of Hostel (in crores)

Working Women Hostel ( Two units 10

Total 10


135

CChhaapptteerr 1177

PPrrooffiillee ooff IImmpphhaall MMuunniicciippaall CCoouunncciill

17.1 Background The Imphal Municipal Board came into existence in the year 1956 where the Board was formed

with 12 members representing 12 wards. The area originally under its jurisdiction was Babupura

Area, Secretariat Area and Khawai bazaar Area.

n the year 1992 the Manipur Board was converted into Manipur Imphal Council under the

Manipur Municipality Act of 1994.


136

17.2 Organization Structure The Organization structure of the Imphal Municipal Council is indicated below:

IMPHAL MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

SECTION OFFICER

S/O ESTABLISHMENT

DY. EXEC. OFFICER

ESTABLISHMENT

SECTION OFFICERS

ASST. ENGRS

EXEC. ENGINEER

ENGINEERING

CLERKS

ACCOUNTANT

A/Cs OFFICER

ACCOUNTS

INSPECTORS

ADDN. REV OFFICERS

REVENUEOFFICER

REVENUE

CLERKS

ASSMT.. OFFICER

ASSESSMENT

SANITARY OFFICER

HEALTH OFFICER

HEALTH &SANITATION

ASST. PROJ.OFFICERS

PROJECTSOFFICER

PROJECTS

EXECUTIVE OFFICER

STANDING COMMITTEE8 COMMITTEES

COUNCIL27 COUNCILLORS

VICE CHAIRPERSON

CHAIRPERSON


137

17.3 Assessment of Functions carried our by the Council

The table below indicates suggested functions of Municipal Councils and the current work being

carried out by the Imphal Municipal Council:

Suggested Functions Carried out by Imphal

Municipal Council Carried out by

MUNICIPAL FUNCTIONS

Urban Planning including Town Planning

No Town Planning Dept.

Regulation of Land Use No Town Planning Dept. Regulation of construction of Buildings

No Town Planning Dept.

Planning for economic and social development

No State Planning Dept

Roads and Bridges Partly (Leikai roads) State PWD Water Supply – domestic, industrial and commercial

No PHED Dept.

Public Health, Sanitation, Conservancy and Solid Waste Management

Yes -------------------

Fire Services No Fire Services Dept (under Home Dept)

Urban Forestry No Dept of Forests Preventive Health Care No Directorate of Health Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens and playgrounds

No Planning and Development Authority

Burial and burial grounds, cremations, cremation ghats / grounds and electric crematoria

No People of locality

Cattle Ponds Yes ------------------------ Prevention of cruelty to animals

No State veterinary department

Registration of births and deaths

Yes --------------------------

Slum improvement and upgradation

N/A No notified slums at present

Street lighting No Planning and Dev. Authority and Power Dept

Parking lots Yes -------------------------- Bus Stops and Public conveniences

No --------------------------

Regulation of Slaughter Houses and Tanneries

No --------------------------

Protection of Environment and promotion of ecological aspects

No Environment wing and State Pollution Control Board

Safeguarding the interests of No Social Welfare Dept


138

Suggested Functions Carried out by Imphal Municipal Council

Carried out by

weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the mentally retarded Urban Poverty Alleviation No Social Welfare Dept Promotion of cultural, education and aesthetic aspects

No Directorate of Art and Culture

Primary Education No Directorate of Education Primary Healthcare No Directorate of Health It is thus evident that Imphal Municipal Council is not carrying out most of the functions indicated

in the table.


139

17.4 Financial Analysis of IMC

Financial Analysis of Imphal Municipal Council

(Rs in lakhs)

2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

Receipt

Own Sources (Tax)

Rent from Revenue Taxes 242.28 235.44 179.79Sub Total (A) 242.28 235.44 179.79

Own Sources (Non-Taxes) Rent from shops 0.84 2.75 3.72Rent from stalls 5.67 17.86 7.38Rent from vendor 10.06 4.27 5.18Receipt from other charges 5.23 9.24 9.13Interest from Bank 0.001 0.007Sub Total (B) 21.8 34.121 25.417

State Transfer and Grants

Grant-in-aid for payment of Honorarium

3.82 2.97 2.82

Grant-in-aid from 11th Finance Comission Award

39.80 55.00

Grant-in-aid from NSDP 8.11 28.54Grant-in-aid thru UBI 2.46Grant-in-aid thru URIF 16.83Grant-in-aid from Dumping 27.05Grant-in-aid from Vehicle Repair 18.85Sub Total (C) 43.62 68.54 94.09

Total Receipts 307.70 338.10 299.30

EXPENDITURE

Maintenance of Roads / Buildings 3.85 24.09 50.82Office Expenses 16.09 31.13 58.39Staff Expenses 270.68 204 180.48Other Suspense Payment 4.75 0.5 11.78Grant for payment of Honorariumn 3.82 14.11 16.89Grant for 11th Finance Comission 23.99 46.05

Total Expenditure 323.18 319.88 318.36

Surplus -15.48 18.22 -19.06


140

17,5 State of Readiness of the Council and need for Capacity Building

As per the 74th Constitutional Amendment, all urban services are to be provided by the Imphal

Municipal Council. However it has been assessed that the Council in its present form lacks the

capabilities to execute projects of the scale envisaged by JNNURM. This has also been pointed

out by many of the participants in the two consultative workshops.

The following are some of the pertinent issues that would hinder IMC’s efforts to implement

JNNURM projects:

• IMC presently has substantial resource crunch

• There is virtually no computerization of its operations and accounts are still maintained

manually

• Cash based single entry system of accounting is still being followed

• There are no capabilities for E Governance / GIS as envisaged for Municipal Corporations

• Reform of Property Tax with GIS has not been done

• Levying of reasonable user charges for recovery of O & M charges has not been instituted

• Budgets for basic services to the urban poor have not been earmarked

• No significant training initiatives have been taken for the employees

• There is a need to augment the office and other infrastructure facilities


141

Capability concerns

Financial Status

The table below indicates the Financials of the Imphal Municipal Council for the last 3 years:

Assessment of past financial performance

Analysis of the past 3 years financial performance indicates that:

• Rent from revenue taxes has been declining in the last three years

• Rent from non-tax sources has been exhibiting fluctuations in the last three year

Rent from Revenue Taxes

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

Rs

in la

khs

Revnue from Non-tax sources

05

10152025303540

2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

Rs

in la

khs


142

• State Transfers and Grants have been exhibiting increasing trends in the last 3 years.

• The total receipts have been exhibiting fluctuating trends in the last 3 years:

• The expenditure on Roads / Buildings have been increasing in the last three years:

State Transfer and Grants

0

20

40

60

80

100

2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

Rs

in la

khs

Total Recipts

270.00280.00290.00300.00310.00320.00330.00340.00350.00

2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

Rs

in la

khs

Maintenance of Roads / Buildings

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

Rs

in la

khs


143

• Office Expenses have been increasing in the last three years:

• Staff Expenses have been exhibiting decreasing trends in the last three years

Office Expenses

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

Rs

in la

khs

Staff Expenses

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

Rs

in la

khs


144

17.6 Profile of Institutions

Urban Infrastructure

Planning and design Construction Operation and Maintenance

Water Supply PHED PHED PHED Sewerage PHED PHED PHED Drainage PHED/PWD/IMC/PDA PHED/PWD/IMC/PDA Storm Water Drainage

IFCD/PHED IFCD/PHED IFCD

Solid Waste Disposal

IMC IMC IMC

Municipal Roads (incldg. Fly Overs)

IMC/PWD IMC/PWD IMC/PWD

Street Lighting - - -

PHED : Public Health Engineering DepartmentPWD :

Public Works Department

IMC : Imphal Municipal Council

PDA : Planning & Development Authority

IFCD : Imphal Flood Control Department

There is a multiplicity of organization in Drainage and Municipal Roads. In line with the

Constitutional Amendment, the responsibility of the services shall be handed over the IMC.

However, as mentioned earlier, this shall required substantial Capacity Building of IMC.

17.7 Action Plan In view of the above, the following action plan is suggested for the Imphal Municipal Council:

• IMC should formulate an action plan for increasing tax based revenue through conducting

detailed surveys and streamlining tax collection procedures

• IMC should formulate an Action Plan for increasing non-tax revenues by conducting detailed

surveys, creating computer databases and streamlining non-tax based revenue collection

procedures for


145

• IMC may consider the options of utilizing the services of private agencies for enhanced

revenue collection

• IMC should adopt an action plan for rationalization of expenses

• IMC should explore the options for additional sources of revenue

17.8 Provision for IMC In view of the above, it is suggested that a sum of Rs 200,000,000 (Rs Twenty crores) be

provisioned for strengthening and capacity building of Imphal Municipal Council.

The component wise break-up of this amount is indicated in the table below:

Development Initiative Assigned Amount

• Accounting System Changeover Rs 1.00 crore

• Installation of GIS /. MIS Rs 1.00 crore

• Property Tax with GIS Rs 1.00 crore

• Hardware / Software Rs 1.00crore

• Computerisation of Land and Property

Records

Rs 1.00 crore

• Training and Development Rs 1.00 crore

• Technical Capability Development Rs 1.00 crore

• Cost of Administrative / Structural Reforms Rs 3.00 crores

• Procurement of Office/Assets Rs 10.00 crores

Total Rs. 20.00 crores


146

CChhaapptteerr 1188

RReeffoorrmm PPrroocceessss

18.1 Background

The thrust of the JNNURM is to ensure improvement in urban governance and service delivery so

that ULBs become financially sound and sustainable for undertaking new Programmes. It is also

envisaged that, with the charter of reforms that are followed by the State governments and ULBs,

a stage will be set for PPPs.

The agenda of reforms is given in the section below. The National Steering Group (NSG) may

add additional reforms to identified reforms. A Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) between

States/ULBs/Parastatal agencies and the Government of India, a prerequisite for accessing the

Central assistance, would spell out specific milestones to be achieved for each item of reform. All

mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission period.

All mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission Period.

18.2 Reform Agenda Mandatory Reforms

1. Mandatory Reforms at the Level of ULBs, and Parastatal Agencies

• Adoption of modern accrual-based double entry system of accounting in ULBs and

parastatal agencies.

• Introduction of a system of e-governance using IT applications, such GIS and MIS for

various services provided by ULBs and parastatal agencies.

• Reform of property tax with GIS. It becomes a major source of revenue for ULBs an

arrangement for its effective implementation so that collection efficiency reaches at

least 85 per cent within next seven years.

• Levy of reasonable user charges by ULBs and Parastatals with the objective that the

full cost of O&M or recurring cost is collected within the next seven years. However,

cities and towns in the North East and other special category States may recover only


147

50 percent of O&M charges initially. These cities and towns should graduate to full

O&M cost recovery in a phased manner.

• Internal earmarking, within local bodies, budgets for basic services to the urban poor.

• Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable

prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation. Delivery of other existing

universal services of the government for education, health and social security is

ensured.

2. Optional Reforms (common to States, ULBs and Parastatal Agencies)

The following optional reforms are expected to be undertaken by ULBs, parastatal agencies

and State governments:

• Revision of byelaws to streamline the approval process for construction of buildings,

development of site etc.

• Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion of land from agricultural

to non-agricultural purposes.

• Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs.

• Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent of developed land in all housing projects (both public

and private agencies) for EWS and LIG category with a system of cross subsidisation.

• Introduction of computerised process of registration of land and property.

• Revision of byelaws to make rain-water harvesting mandatory in all buildings and

adoption of water conservation measures.

• Byelaws for reuse of recycled water.

• Administrative reforms i.e. reduction in establishment costs by adopting the Voluntary

Retirement Scheme (VRS), not filling posts falling vacant due to retirement etc., and

achieving specified milestones in this regard.


148

• Structural reforms.

• Encouraging PPP.


149

CChhaapptteerr 1199

CCiittyy IInnvveessttmmeenntt PPllaann

19.1 Background The city investment plan for the Imphal Municipal area has been formed, keeping in mind the

following assumptions:

The project cost is proposed to be funded in the following manner:

• Central Government will be providing 90% of the project cost as grants.

• The balance project cost will be funded by the ULB’s own finances, project on PPP, Funding

through State Govt & other funding mechanisms wherever possible.

19.2 Sustainability & Financial Options It is recognized that the NURM Mission is an important landmark in making the Urban Local

Bodies self-sufficient and financially independent. It is also important to ensure that the assets

being created are adequately maintained and adequate resources are allocated for the same.

As mentioned earlier, comprehensive steps are being taken to identify opportunities to strengthen

the financial health of IMC. A range of short term and medium term interventions are being taken

up with the objective of generating adequate resources within IMC so it is able to operate and

maintain the projects. The measures include levy of surcharge on holdings used for commercial

purposes, conducting provisional assessment, enforcing collection drives and gradually

increasing tariffs so as to ensure that user charges are adequate to recover at least the operation

and maintenance costs of individual projects. This is particularly relevant for water projects where

present collection is far below the cost.

19.3 Summary of cost Investments in different sectors Sector Projects Cost (in crores) Environment Refer-Table A (17.6) 133Tourism & Heritage Refer-Table B(17.6) 195Basic Services to Urban Poor Refer-Table C(17.6) 125Water Supply Refer-Table D(17.6) 236Transportation Refer-Table E(17.6) 379Drainage Refer-Table F(17.6) 372Sanitation Refer-Table G(17.6) 310Solid Waste Management Refer-Table H(17.6) 37Capacity Building of IMC Refer-Table I(17.6) 20Other Activities Refer-Table J(17.6) 66

GRAND TOTAL 1872


150

19.4Means of Funding

Sl.No Mode of Financing Source Amount (Rs. Crores)

% of Total Investment

Identified Investments 1873 100% 1 Grants JNNURM 1685 90% 2 Loan / ULB’s Open Market/

FIs 186 10%

19.5 Investment Pattern

Investment Requirement

20 142

237

236

447

395

10037

19566

Capacity Building of IMC EnviromentWater Supply TransportationDrainage SanitationBasic Services to Urban Poor Solid Waste ManagementTourism & Heritage Other Activities

19.6 Break up of Investment Requirement Table A- Environment Name of the Scheme Activities under the scheme Investment (Rs

crs) 1 Development of Environmental

Plan

Environmental Improvement: Preparation of a

Plan for future 2.00

2 Conservation of Water Bodies Environmental Improvement: Conservation of

identified Water Bodies in poor condition 87.26

3 Lake/River

Restoration/Rejuvenation

Environmental Improvement: Conservation of

Lake and control of Urban Lake 43.79

Total 133.05


151

Table B- Tourism

Name of the Scheme Activities under the scheme Investment (Rs crs)

1 Kangla Fort Development Beautification, Development and Heritage

Protection

145.00

2 Protects for protection of Heritage

Centre

City Beautification, Development and

Heritage Conservation

50.00

Total 195.00

Table C- Basic services to urban poor

Table D- Water Supply Sl. No. Name of the Scheme Cost in crores

1 5 MGD Water Treatment Plant 40.00

2 Pipelines for fringe area 11.00

3 Augmentation of existing Water Treatment Plant 12.00

4

Operation & Maintenance of existing and new Water

Supply Scheme 5.40

5 Upgradation of Distribution network including metering 120.00

6

Construction of overhead tanks, ground sumps, zonal

reservoir at various zone for equitable distribution 46.00

7

Community awareness project for all region and capacity

building. 2.00

Total 236.40

Projects Cost (Rs crore) Community Hall 20 Health Care & Education 20 Development Programmes 25 Operation & Maintenance 10 Housing Projects 50

Total 125


152

Table E- Transportation

Sl.No Name of the Scheme Activities Under Scheme Cost Cr.

1 Improvement of Road (State Highway)

Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 45.85 incl 0.3 km for rigid

pavement under Sate Highway has been identified for Improvement 64.56

2 Improvement of MDR and ODR

Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 54.07 kms Under MDR and

ODR has been identified for Improvement 60.96

3 Improvement of IVR

Improvement of Sub-Arterial Roads; A stretch of 360.13 kms Under

Internal Village Roads has been identified for immediate attention 115.93

4 Ring road

A stretch of 17.40 kms has been identified for construction of Outer Ring

road to decongest the City Road 17.40

5 Constructing of BT Flyover at Keshampat

Keshampat junction is an important intersection of roads where to

decongest, fly over is necessary 42.42

6

Development around Maharani Bridge and

Khwai Bridg

Development around Maharani Bridge is also one of the important

junction for decongestion 24.44

7 Cycle Track for 10 kms 1.00

8 Pedestrian for 10kms

Cycle track and Pedestrian facilities encourages decongestion,

environment friendly atmosphere and keeps away from slow moving

vehicles. 0.40

9 Street Lighting

Street lightning can be a major component of city beautification and

safety of the citizens. 3.10

10 Junction Improvement (7 Nos)

There are 7 Nos of important junctions has been identified, which needs

to be improved for decongestion 2.10

11 Bus Terminus (10)

This is one of the major component of public transport system which

needs to be improved for inter and intra regional connectivity. 10.00

12 Truck Terminus cum Logistic Centre (1 Nos)

This helps in controlling the entry and exist of heavy vehicles which

creates traffic congestion 5.00

13 Traffic Management System

This is a major activity under which traffic system can be improved and

accidents can be controlled. 5.00

14 Sub-way Sub way is necessary for decongestion and safety movement.

8.00

15 Land Acquisition 10.00

TOTAL 379.31


153

Table F- Drainage

Sl NoName of Basin Name of Main Drains

Total Length in Rm

Total Cost (Rs in Crores)

IFCD-PHE Area 1 Imphal River Basin Sangaipar & Wangkhei Drainage 7000 7.00

1) Turel Amansi 8383 10.00 2 Chandranadi Basin2) Chandranadi 6500 4.00 1) Porompat Road 4300 5.00 2) Takhelkhong 2240 3.25 3 Kongba Basin 3) Pemikhong 2930 3.50 1) Nambul River 5960 75.00 2) Naga Nullah 2880 11.00 4 Nambul Basin 3)Lamphelpat & National Village Area

12500 23.88 1) Waishel Main Drain 8500 6.30 5 Waishel Basin 2) Waishel Arteries Drain 19500 19.50

Total 168.43 IMC Area

1. Road side drains of IVRs 690000 151.80 2.Drains which are passing through the household area 191000 42.02 1 IMC

5000 5 Total 198.82

Land Acquisition 5.00 372.25

Table G- Sanitation

Sl. No. Component Cost in crores

1 Zone-I 50

2 Zone-II 126 3 Zone-III 134

Total 310 Table H- Solid Waste management

Projects Cost (Rs crore) Integrated Solid Waste Management 34 Land Acquisition 3

Total 37


154

Table I- Capacity Building of IMC

Development Initiative Assigned Amount

• Accounting System Changeover Rs 1 crore

• Installation of GIS /. MIS Rs 1 crore

• Property Tax with GIS Rs 1 crore

• Hardware / Software Rs 1crore

• Computerization of Land and Property

Records

Rs 1 crore

• Training and Development Rs 1 crore

• Technical Capability Development Rs 1 crore

• Cost of Administrative / Structural Reforms Rs 3 crores

• Procurement of Assets/Ofice Rs 10 crores

Total 20

19.7 Public Private Partnership Projects The region recognizes the importance of PPP not only as a funding mechanism but also as an important tool for bringing in efficiencies as well as ensuring proper operation and maintenance of the assets being created herein. This was also agreed as a priority during the consultative process as well as by the State Level Nodal Committee during finalization of the CDP. A spectrum of PPP options ranging from agreeing frameworks (such as community contracts) to

full privatization has been thought about. Five partnership options which are most common are:

• Service Contracts

• Build Operate Transfer (BOT)

• Concessions

• Joint Venture

• Community Based Provisions

However the choice of option in a given situation will depend on factors such as degree of control

desired by the ULBs, legal framework for Private Investment, regulatory mechanism and potential

of attracting financial resources form both the public and private sectors.


155

For example Service contract option of PPP has been considered for improving solid waste

management practices. PPP options in sectors such as Water supply, Sewerage and drainage

has been generally found difficult because of large investment requirement; long gestation period

and poor cost recovery. However with the JNURM funding and proper structuring, PPP is

possible.

One of the major goals of JNURM is to encourage PPP participation and also to make the ULBs

self - sufficient. Also the ULBs with the help of JNURM may be able to source funds to restructure

their balance sheet.

ULBs Fund Raising:

Presently it is difficult for the ULBs to raise resources independently. In view of the above, the

following steps are required to be taken in a phase wise manner for strengthening their financial

structure:

Phase I:

• Balance Sheet Restructuring: Balance sheet restructuring will involve activities which will aim to enhance the financial

strength of the Imphal Municipal Council (IMC)

Revaluation of Assets: In municipalities, the assets are generally not revalued for a long

time and are recorded in the books of accounts at the price at which it was purchased or

bought. So if the assets are revalued at a realistic price, this is expected to have a sound

impact on the balance sheet of the ULB. Leveraging Idle Assets: The ULBs need to identify idle assets that they can leverage

and earn sufficient revenues.

Escrowable Receivables: Structured Financing against Escrowing of receivables can

also be a good mechanism to attract private players. The private players will feel

confident if the receivables are escrowed.

Phase II:

If the above activities are implemented properly, it will enhance the financial strength of the

Imphal Municipal Council. After the strengthening of the Balance sheet the following activities can

be resorted to:


156

• Balance Sheet Funding: If the above mentioned factors are properly implemented, the

balance sheet of Imphal Municipal Council will become stronger which will help it to raise

funds by leveraging its strengthened balance sheet.

• Stock & Bond issues: Only the larger municipalities raise loans in this way. A municipality

must be credit worthy to conclude deals of this nature successfully. On completion of the

restructuring, balance sheets are expected to be strong to raise resources.

Phase III:

• User Group Fund: ULBs can raise funds from the common usage groups, by showing them

what benefits they will derive if the project is executed. The benefits can be expressed in

monetary terms with the help of cost benefit analysis.

• Creation of infrastructure fund: It is recognized that the above measures shall take some

time for development and implementation. In the meantime in order to ensure that the assets

are properly operated and maintained, a fund shall be created. The fund shall be taken as a

part of project cost.

The above principles shall be taken into account while preparing individual project proposals and shall be reflected in the respective DPRs.

Keeping in mind the above factors financing pattern for all the sectors have been provided below:

Sources of Finance

The City plans to give the highest priority to provision of Water Services to its citizens, followed by

provision of services to urban poor, provision of drainage and sewerage. The following is the

summary of the sectors identified for implementation. While the individual projects will be

prioritized according the the urgency of the requirements, the following also generally reflects the

sector prioritization.


157

CChhaapptteerr 2200

FFiinnaanncciiaall OOppeerraattiinngg PPllaann

20.1 Background Financial Operating Plan (FOP) is a multi-year forecast of finances of the local body for a medium

term. The investment has been phased out over the mission period according to the priorities as

well as construction period.

The finances of the Imphal Municipal Council has been computed over two scenarios as follows :

Business as Usual: In this scenario, the financial has been computed on the basis that the

council is running as per the earlier trend and there is no major improvement in the collections or

tariff. The scenario shows that IMC shall be in a massive deficit and it underscores the

requirement for IMC to take immediate action to resolve the same. This can be achieved through

a mix of rationalising User Charges, improving collection and coverage.

Improved Case Scenario: In this scenario, the performance of the council is improved though

better collection and tariff regime and higher efficiencies. It is then checked whether the surplus

can improved and utilised for the additional O&M expenses for the new assets being procured

under the JNNURM.

It will be observed that given the poor condition of the Municipal Council, low per capita of the

local people and the extent of investment required for developing the infrastructure as the present

level is very low, the Council will still require support from the State Government for covering the

O&M Expenses. However, the Council will have surplus on its own without taking into account the

O&M of the new assets.

The Government of Imphal & Imphal Municipal Councl shall be executing the Memorandum of

Understanding with the Government of India confirming rationalisation of the user charges,

improving organisation and developing institutional capacity to achieve self-sufficiency..


158

Projections: Business as Usual

F i n a n c i a l O p e r a t i n g P l a n o f I m p h a l M u n i c i p a l C o u n c i l

( R s i n l a k h s )P R O J E C T I O N S

2 0 0 3 - 0 4 2 0 0 4 - 0 5 2 0 0 5 - 0 6 2 0 0 6 - 0 7 2 0 0 7 - 0 8 2 0 0 8 - 0 9 2 0 0 9 - 1 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 1 2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3

R e c e i p t

O w n S o u r c e s ( T a x )

R e n t f r o m R e v e n u e T a x e s 2 4 2 . 2 8 2 3 5 . 4 4 1 7 9 . 7 9 1 8 5 . 1 8 1 9 0 . 7 4 1 9 6 . 4 6 2 0 2 . 3 6 2 0 8 . 4 3 2 1 4 . 6 8 2 2 1 . 1 2S u b T o t a l ( A ) 2 4 2 . 2 8 2 3 5 . 4 4 1 7 9 . 7 9 1 8 5 . 1 8 1 9 0 . 7 4 1 9 6 . 4 6 2 0 2 . 3 6 2 0 8 . 4 3 2 1 4 . 6 8 2 2 1 . 1 2

O w n S o u r c e s ( N o n - T a x e s ) R e n t f r o m s h o p s 0 . 8 4 2 . 7 5 3 . 7 2 3 . 8 3 3 . 9 5 4 . 0 6 4 . 1 9 4 . 3 1 4 . 4 4 4 . 5 8R e n t f r o m s t a l ls 5 . 6 7 1 7 . 8 6 7 . 3 8 7 . 6 0 7 . 8 3 8 . 0 6 8 . 3 1 8 . 5 6 8 . 8 1 9 . 0 8R e n t f r o m v e n d o r 1 0 . 0 6 4 . 2 7 5 . 1 8 5 . 3 4 5 . 5 0 5 . 6 6 5 . 8 3 6 . 0 1 6 . 1 9 6 . 3 7R e c e ip t f r o m o t h e r c h a r g e s 5 . 2 3 9 . 2 4 9 . 1 3 9 . 4 0 9 . 6 9 9 . 9 8 1 0 . 2 8 1 0 . 5 8 1 0 . 9 0 1 1 . 2 3I n t e r e s t f r o m B a n k 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 7S u b T o t a l ( B ) 2 1 . 8 0 3 4 . 1 2 2 5 . 4 2 2 6 . 1 8 2 6 . 9 6 2 7 . 7 7 2 8 . 6 1 2 9 . 4 6 3 0 . 3 5 3 1 . 2 6

S t a t e T r a n s f e r a n d G r a n t s

G r a n t - in - a id f o r p a y m e n t o f H o n o r a r iu m

3 . 8 2 2 . 9 7 2 . 8 2 2 . 9 0 2 . 9 9 3 . 0 8 3 . 1 7 3 . 2 7 3 . 3 7 3 . 4 7

G r a n t - in - a id f r o m 1 1 t h F in a n c e C o m is s io n A w a r d

3 9 . 8 0 5 5 . 0 0

G r a n t - in - a id f r o m N S D P 8 . 1 1 2 8 . 5 4G r a n t - in - a id t h r u U B I 2 . 4 6G r a n t - in - a id t h r u U R I F 1 6 . 8 3 1 7 . 3 3 1 7 . 8 5 1 8 . 3 9 1 8 . 9 4 1 9 . 5 1 2 0 . 1 0 2 0 . 7 0G r a n t - in - a id f r o m D u m p in g 2 7 . 0 5 2 7 . 8 6 2 8 . 7 0 2 9 . 5 6 3 0 . 4 5 3 1 . 3 6 3 2 . 3 0 3 3 . 2 7G r a n t - in - a id f r o m V e h ic le R e p a i r 1 8 . 8 5 1 9 . 4 2 2 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 6 0 2 1 . 2 2 2 1 . 8 5 2 2 . 5 1 2 3 . 1 8S u b T o t a l ( C ) 4 3 . 6 2 6 8 . 5 4 9 4 . 0 9 6 7 . 5 2 6 9 . 5 4 7 1 . 6 3 7 3 . 7 8 7 5 . 9 9 7 8 . 2 7 8 0 . 6 2

T o t a l R e c e i p t s 3 0 7 . 7 0 3 3 8 . 1 0 2 9 9 . 3 0 2 7 8 . 8 8 2 8 7 . 2 5 2 9 5 . 8 6 3 0 4 . 7 4 3 1 3 . 8 8 3 2 3 . 3 0 3 3 3 . 0 0

E X P E N D I T U R E

M a in t e n a n c e o f R o a d s / B u i ld in g s 3 . 8 5 2 4 . 0 9 5 0 . 8 2 5 2 . 3 4 5 3 . 9 1 5 5 . 5 3 5 7 . 2 0 5 8 . 9 1 6 0 . 6 8 6 2 . 5 0O f f ic e E x p e n s e s 1 6 . 0 9 3 1 . 1 3 5 8 . 3 9 6 5 . 4 0 7 3 . 2 4 8 2 . 0 3 9 1 . 8 8 1 0 2 . 9 0 1 1 5 . 2 5 1 2 9 . 0 8S t a f f E x p e n s e s 2 7 0 . 6 8 2 0 4 1 8 0 . 4 8 2 0 2 . 1 4 2 2 6 . 3 9 2 5 3 . 5 6 2 8 3 . 9 9 3 1 8 . 0 7 3 5 6 . 2 4 3 9 8 . 9 8O t h e r S u s p e n s e P a y m e n t 4 . 7 5 0 . 5 1 1 . 7 8G r a n t f o r p a y m e n t o f H o n o r a r iu m n 3 . 8 2 1 4 . 1 1 1 6 . 8 9 1 8 . 9 2 2 1 . 1 9 2 3 . 7 3 2 6 . 5 8 2 9 . 7 7 3 3 . 3 4 3 7 . 3 4G r a n t f o r 1 1 t h F in a n c e C o m is s io n 2 3 . 9 9 4 6 . 0 5

T o t a l E x p e n d i t u r e 3 2 3 . 1 8 3 1 9 . 8 8 3 1 8 . 3 6 3 3 8 . 8 0 3 7 4 . 7 4 4 1 4 . 8 6 4 5 9 . 6 4 5 0 9 . 6 5 5 6 5 . 5 1 6 2 7 . 9 1

S u r p lu s - 1 5 . 4 8 1 8 . 2 2 - 1 9 . 0 6 - 5 9 . 9 2 - 8 7 . 4 9 - 1 1 8 . 9 9 - 1 5 4 . 9 0 - 1 9 5 . 7 7 - 2 4 2 . 2 1 - 2 9 4 . 9 1


159

Rs lacs2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Receipt

Revenue Taxes 242.28 235.44 247.21 259.57 272.55 286.18 300.49 315.51Sub Total (A) 242.28 235.44 247.21 259.57 272.55 286.18 300.49 315.51

Own Sources (Non-Taxes) Rent from shops 0.84 2.75 2.89 3.03 3.18 3.34 3.51 3.69Rent from stalls 5.67 17.86 18.75 19.69 20.68 21.71 22.79 23.93Rent from vendor 10.06 4.27 4.48 4.71 4.94 5.19 5.45 5.72Receipt from other charges 5.23 9.24 9.70 10.19 10.70 11.23 11.79 12.38Interest from Bank 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 5.25 5.51 5.79 6.08Sub Total (B) 21.80 34.12 35.83 42.62 44.75 46.99 49.33 51.80

Grant in Aid 43.62 68.54 27.01 26.50 26.75 27.01 27.26 27.53Grant in Aid from Finance Commission 33.76 33.12 33.44 33.76 34.08 34.41Sun Total ( C) 43.62 68.54 60.76 59.62 60.19 60.76 61.35 61.93

Total Income (A+B+C) 307.70 338.10 343.80 361.81 377.49 393.93 411.17 429.25

Expenses 323.18 319.88 318.36 337.46 357.71 379.17 401.92 426.04

Cash Flow before JNNURM Projects -15.48 18.22 25.44 24.34 19.78 14.76 9.25 3.21

O&M Costs (JNNURM Projects) ` 2142.27 4199.01 5548.35

User Charge Recovery (JNNURM Projects) 798.39 1707.78 2977.66

O & M Funding/Addl Govt Support 1343.88 2491.24 2570.70

Financial Operating Plan with JNNURM Assets and State Govt. Support


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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Income

State Grants General Transfer 15% Grant in aid Rs 10 per capita Finance Commision Grant Rs 12.50 per captia User Charges Recovery Water Supply 10% 15% 25% 45% 50% 60% Drainage 10% 15% 25% 45% 50% 60% Sanitation 10% 15% 25% 45% 50% 60% Solid Waste 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% O&M Charges Water Supply 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% Drainage 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% Sanitation 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% Solid Waste 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Urban Poor 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%

Other Income Growth p.a. 5%

Expenses Growth p.a. 6%

Projected Population 264961 267498 270060 272646 275257 277393


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