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Brazil final

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Flag DescriptionGreen with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth; the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District)

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History of BRAZIL

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In 1494, the "Treaty of Tordesillas" between Spain and Portugal settled the dispute about lands yet to be discovered. According to the treaty, territories lying east of an imaginary north-south line located 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands would belong to Portugal, and lands to the west of that imaginary line would be under Spanish control.

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On April 22, 1500, a Portuguese navigator called Pedro Alvares Cabral reached the shores of Brazil. The country took its name from “brazilwood”, a redwood tree commonly found along the Brazilian coastline that was ordinarily used to dye garments back in Europe.

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How did Brazil acquire such a large territory?

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In 1578, the King of Portugal died and left no successor. Seizing this opportunity to claim the throne in Lisbon for himself, the Spanish King Philip II united Spain and Portugal, which remained under his rule from 1580 to 1640.

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In 1640, the Duke of Bragança, later Joao IV, was able to reclaim the Portuguese Crown, with the assistance of England and Holland. The lands that had been occupied west of the original Tordesillas remained in Portuguese hands afterwards.

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In the beginning, Brazil’s economy relied primarily on sugar production and the exploitation of gold and precious stones, along with cattle ranching and other agricultural activities.

The discovery of gold brought migrants from the coastal plantations over to the interior of the country together with new immigrants from Portugal. The boom in gold and diamond mining, like that of sugar, was followed by the rise of another important source of wealth for which Brazil is well known today – coffee growing. Coffee plantations drew even more foreign immigrants to the country.

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How did Brazil become independent from Portugal?

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In the first decade of the 19th century, France's attempt to dominate Europe met with English resistance, and, as consequence, Napoleon tried to prevent other countries from trading with England. Claiming neutrality, Portugal continued to honor previous trade treaties with England. But France and Spain signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau in 1807 and agreed to divide Portugal between them. Soon after that , Napoleon ordered an invasion of Portugal.

Before Napoleon’s troops could reach Portugal, Queen Maria I and her son, Prince João VI (see picture above) left the country and sailed to Brazil.

In 1821 Joao VI returned to Portugal because of political pressures from Portugal, leaving Pedro, the Crown Prince, in Rio as "Regent Viceroy ".

On September 7, 1822, Pedro the Crown Prince declared independence from Portugal and had himself crowned Emperor of Brazil, under the name Pedro I.

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Flag of the Brazilian Empire (1822-1889)

Brazilian Currency during the Monarchy. Pedro II's reign lasted from 1840 to 1889

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When did Brazil become a Republic?Brazil remained a monarchy for almost 70 years, that is, from 1822 to 1889. The transition from Monarchy to Republic took place without bloodshed. The absence of an “independence war” in Brazil is largely credited to the positive influence of the “enlightened” monarch Pedro II, who succeded Pedro I. Brazil became a federal republic in November 15, 1889.

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1960 Brasília is chosen to replace Rio de Janeiro

as Brazil’s capital. 1970s The Trans-Amazonian Highway project

encourages settlement in the Amazon. Native species are put in danger.

1992 More than 100 world leaders meet in Rio de

Janeiro for the first international Earth Summit. They discuss ways to protect the environment.

2006 President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is

reelected. 2010 Dilma Rousseff is elected Brazil’s first

woman President.

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GeographyArea:total: 8,514,877 sq km

country comparison to the world: 5

land: 8,459,417 sq km

water: 55,460 sq km

highest point: 

Pico da Neblina 2,994 m

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Climate:mostly tropical, but temperate in south

Natural resources:bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber

Land use:arable land: 8.45%permanent crops: 0.83%other: 90.72% (2011)

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Median age:total: 30.7 yearsmale: 29.9 yearsfemale: 31.5 years (2014 est.)

Sex ratio:total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 90.4%male: 90.1%female: 90.7% (2010 est.)

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Government

Country Name:conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazilconventional short form: Brazillocal long form: Republica Federativa do Brasillocal short form: Brasil

Type of Government:federal republic

Capital: Brasilia

Independence: September 7, 1822 (from Portugal)

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Administartive Divisions: 26 states (estados, singular - estado and 1 federal district*

Constitution: several previous; latest ratified 5 October 1988; amended many times, last in 2012 (2012)

Suffrage:voluntary between 16 to under 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory 18 to 70 years of age; note - military conscripts by law cannot vote

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Executive Branch

President: Dilma ROUSSEFF (since 1 January 2011);

Vice President: Michel Miguel Elias Temer Lulia (since 1 January 2011)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

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The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces.

Both head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil.

Article 84 of the current constitution, determines that the president has the power to:

~ appoint and dismiss the ministers of state; ~ exercise, with the assistance of the ministers of

state, the higher management of the federal administration;

~ start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in the constitution;

~ sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;

~ veto bills, wholly or in part;

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Legislative BranchName: (bicameral) National

Congress or Congresso Nacional

• Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; 3 members from each state and federal district elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third and two-thirds of members elected every four years, alternately)

• Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms

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Chamber of Deputies & Senate

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Judicial Branchhighest court(s): Supreme Federal Court (consists of 11 justices)judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the president and approved by the Federal Senate; justices appointed to serve until mandatory retirement at age 70subordinate courts: Federal Appeals Court, Superior Court of Justice, Superior Electoral Court, regional federal courts; state court system

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Brazil elects on the national level a head of state– the president – and a legislature. The president is elected to a four-year term by absolute majority vote through a two-round system.

Brazil has a multi-party system, with such numerous parties that often no one party has a chance of gaining power alone, and so they must work with each other to form coalition governments.

Elections in Brazil

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Obrigado E Obrigada