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Welcome to KINE 426!

Exercise Biomechanics

KINE 426Dr. John Lawler - lecture instructorClay Duval, Kumar Joshi: laboratory assistantsJohn Lawler - support

Exercise Biomechanics

Traditional class name: Kinesiology

KINE 426Exercise Biomechanics

Usain Bolt

KINE 426Bee Prepared!

Read presentations and lab materials ahead. Take Notes during class Study Nightly

Kinesiology – The Science of Movement

Kinein – to move

Logos – to discourse or study in a scientific manner

Exercise BiomechanicsRepresents the human body as a mechanical system or machine

Involves the application of physics and engineering principles during analysis of locomotion (walking, running, etc.), exercise, athletic activities, and rehabilitation (PT, OT, cardiac rehab.)

Young discipline --> TechnologyComputer-equipment interface, cell & molecular biology

Exercise BiomechanicsYoung discipline --> TechnologyComputer-equipment interface, cell & molecular

biology Digital Video

Exercise BiomechanicsYoung discipline --> Technology: hands-on

Course Content and DesignBased on a description and set of standards proposed by the American Alliance of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD) in 1991

Course Description: “An integrative, mechanistic study of the biomechanics human motion during physical activity and exercise: biology and mechanical properties of the human movement system including bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skeletal muscle, joints, and other whole body mechanisms are investigated.”

The Human Mechanical System(Human Movement System)

Skeletal muscle - driving force & power

Connective tissueBonesTendonsLigamentsCartilageFascia - skeletal muscle Guidance system - receptors (ex. muscle spindles)

Processors (brain, spinal cord, motorneurons)

Using Exercise Biomechanics

*Optimizing performance, health benefits of exerciseMinimizing chronic disease risk, physical

fitness, brain development/preservationDoing our best in athletic events

Playing safePre-hab: preparing connective tissues, muscleRe-hab: promoting recovery after injury

Integration of Disciplines --> --> Exercise Biomechanics

Anatomy – the study of body structure and functionGross (whole body) anatomyCellular anatomy

Physiology – study of the integrated function of cells, tissues, and organ systems

Mechanics – branch of physics which studies forces and their effects on mechanical structures

Integration of Disciplines --> --> Exercise Biomechanics

Statics - branch of mechanics dealing with systems in a constant state of motion

Dynamics - branch of mechanics dealing with systems subject to acceleration

Biomechanics: “Application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms and their function”

ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY MECHANICS

BIOMECHANICS

EXERCISE BIOMECHANICS

SPORTS

MEDICINE

Integrative, problem solving approach to Exercise Biomechanics

“Your mind should be a place

where you work things out,

not store a bunch of stuff.”

- Albert Einstein

Get on Board!

Get on Board!

Things move fast in the Summer!

Let’s Jump into Biomechanics!

It’s all about You

diligence

Exercise BiomechanicsCourse Structure

A. Whole Body BiomechanicsModeling mechanics - exercise

Exercise ApplicationsPerformance techniquesInjury prevention, RehabilitationUse, design of exercise, sports equipment

Applications to daily livingDesign of furnitureWorkplace design (Ergonomics)


B. Tissue Biomechanics - componentsBonesTendons LigamentsCartilage

Injury prevention, Rehabilitation


C. Skeletal Muscle & Joint BiomechanicsGeneration of force, velocity, power

TORQUE @ jointsRunningBack injuries Weight training machines

Applications (what’s in it for me?) – Teacher Certification

Understanding the capabilities and limitations of students

Developing age-appropriate activities

Developing activities which are fun, safe, and of benefit to student health

Applications – Wellness/Sports Management

Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in:Adult fitness

Qualified personnel (ACSM certification)

National Strength and Conditioning Association, KINE degree)

Applications – Applied & Basic Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning

Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in:

Athletic trainingTriage of sports injuriesRehabConditioning



Cardiac Rehabilitation



Physical TherapyRehab after surgery

– Orthopedic injury



Occupational TherapyRelearning tasks of daily living



MedicineDiagnosing sprain severityACL graft surgeryProstheticsArthritis



* NursingRecovery from Orthopedic surgery


*Graduate SchoolResearch

AgingOsteoporosisParkinson’sExerciseSedentary lifestyleDiabetesCardiovascular diseaseObesityMuscular dystrophySpaceflight

http://hlknweb.tamu.eduhttp://redox.tamu.edu

•KINE 485

•Internships

•Work Study

Applications – Outdoor Education/Recreation

Knowing the physical limitations of human performance in outdoor recreation

Understanding the technical aspects of equipment use and design

Complexity of Human Movement

In order to understand the basics, we will use the underlying principle of the human body as a mechanical machine.

Human-made MachineWears out with useMust replace damaged

parts with new onesDesigned for a limited

number of purposes IBM Deep Blue vs

Garry Kasparov (1997)

2-1-3

Human MachineMay improve with useCan repair itself

(within limits)Torn ligamentsDamaged cartilageCompound fracture

Capable of learning (diversity of purposes)

Critical Thinking in Biomechanics: Asking how…?

How do forces produced by muscles create movement at the joints?

How are running shoes designed to reduce injury and improve running performance?

How does joint cartilage act as a shock absorber?

How does genetics play a role in muscle power?

How do we design of prosthetics (artificial knee) to optimize function?

Critical Thinking in Biomechanics: Asking How…?

How?

Critical Thinking in Biomechanics: Asking why, how …?

How do muscle forces create torque at jointsThe ability to produce rotation

Fm

joint

torque

Critical Thinking in Biomechanics: Asking why, how …?

Why are rotator cuff injuries common in swimming and in baseball/softball?

Why does a curve ball curve?

Why do joint sprains often take so long to heal?

Why are bone fractures common in the elderly?

Critical thinking is an important part of biomechanical analysis

Historical Timeline

Aristotle (382 – 322 BC)Student of PlatoFounded own school (lyceum)Wrote extensively on philosophy, politics,

logic, natural sciences, and physicsMuch of his complete works were lostPictured the human body as a machine:

muscles cause an action which moves the bones at the joints

Historical Timeline

Leonardo DaVinci (1452 – 1519) Artist

Mona Lisa, Last Supper

ScientistAnatomist (one of the first scientists to make

a detailed record of human dissections)Detailed descriptions of design of skeletonIllustrated muscle origins and insertions

Historical Timeline

Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)Developed basic Laws of MotionInvented calculusDeveloped the theory of gravity which was

held until updated by Einstein’s theoriesFounder of the Royal Academy of SciencesDespite his contributions to science,

Newton’s primary investigations were into Biblical text

Historical TimelineThomas Alva Edison (from Menlo Park, NJ)

1093 inventions including:

the electric light bulb, voice transmitter (amplifier), answering machine, and phonograph

Invented motion pictures in 1888 He used a roll of film called a kinetoscope

Quote from Edison: “Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.”

Historical TimelineComputers transistor (1940s - common by ‘60s) microcomputers

1960s: NASA1970s: research1980s: public - Apple, IBM, Compaq, Dell, etc.

Historical TimelineDigital Video 1990s Equipment

DV camerasDVRsEasy to interface with computer, video

Historical TimelineExercise Biomechanics is only reaching maturity as a science Principles - many are quite old and applied by

Engineers for machines - Engineering approach to mechanics of the human body

TechnologyFilm analysis; Digital video analysisInterfacing with computersTools of cellular and molecular biology

Historical TimelineExercise Biomechanics is only reaching maturity as a science

http://www.datlof.com/8Axamal/docs/Marketing/jhu/JE/index.htmGait analysis

Biomaterials

Current Applications of Biomechanics

Orthopedic Surgeons and Engineers EXAMPLES:http://www.nisss.org/publications.htmlDesign of artificial hips and knees

(prosthetics)Design of support devices (knee braces, etc.)Synthetic and natural replacements for

structural tissues (cartilage replacement)


Physiologists and EngineersEXAMPLES:• Response of bone and connective tissue

(ligaments, tendons) to exercise training


Space Scientists (NASA)EXAMPLES: Adaptation to low gravity environments

Bone lossAtrophy of skeletal muscleLoss of blood volume, CV function

– Orthostatic intolerance (fainting)


Exercise Biomechanists and EngineersEXAMPLES:Design of running shoesDesign of exercise equipment (Nautilus and

Cybex equipment, etc.)Design of competitive sportswear, protective

gearFootball pads and helmetsLow friction swimming, cycling, and running wear


Giants of Whole Body Biomechanics Peter Cavanagh -

Penn State University (1970s -• Today - Cleveland Clinic

• NSBRI

• Biomechanics of athletic and orthopedic shoewear• > worked with Nike in the 70s, 80s• > Runner’s World articles• > concepts of cushioning (shock absorption)• > elastic recoil (bounce) in shoes


Early Giants of Tissue Biomechanics Charlie Tipton - Exercise Physiologist (1960s - 90s)

University of Iowa

Effect of Exercise on bone and connective tissue biomechanics and chemistry


Early Giants of Tissue BiomechanicsSavio Woo - Biomedical Engineer (1970s - 80s)UCSD, UPitt

Effect of exercise (increased forces/mechanical stress) and immobilization (decreased mechanical. stress) on connective tissue

Revolutionized Sports Injury Therapeutics!Lifetime Achievement - ACSM

Principles learned in Exercise Biomechanics will aid in:

Learning and teaching motor skillsAthleticsRehabilitation

Perfecting, repairing and keeping in good condition that incomparable machine – the human body.

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