26
Chemical components of lignin, waxes and pectins and carbohydrate content is contributing in UV blocking and pretreatment, produced shrinkage it make fabric structure is built more denser so UV rays % transmission is decreased. UPF value is higher in special treatment compare to conventional and enzymatic pretreatment because of cellulase enzyme hydrolysis of cellulose compound so the etching of fabric surface. After etching the surface area also increases so the dye penetration on the fiber increased and UPF value also increases. The dyed sample was finished with aloe vera extract the UPF value increased because of aloe vera extract contain vitamins (A,C,B12), metals, sugars compounds which decreased UV transmission Results & Discussion conti ..........

Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Chemical components of lignin, waxes and pectins and carbohydrate content is contributing in UV blocking and pretreatment, produced shrinkage it make fabric structure is built more denser so UV rays % transmission is decreased.

UPF value is higher in special treatment compare to conventional and enzymatic pretreatment because of cellulase enzyme hydrolysis of cellulose compound so the etching of fabric surface. After etching the surface area also increases so the dye penetration on the fiber increased and UPF value also increases.

The dyed sample was finished with aloe vera extract the UPF value increased because of aloe vera extract contain vitamins (A,C,B12), metals, sugars compounds which decreased UV transmission

Results & Discussion conti..........

Page 2: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

STRUCTURAL ANALYSISSCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS

Results & Discussion conti..........

Grey fabric Conventionally pretreated

Enzymatically pretreated

SEM Image of Various Bamboo Fabric Sample at 100X Magnification

Page 3: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Surface morphology of various samples was compared at same magnification (100X) in SEM image of grey fabric sample indicates accumulation of impurities. SEM image of conventionally pretreated sample reveals the removal of impurities to some extent. Which is well comparable with the SEM image of enzyme pretreated sample. In addition to this SEM image of enzyme pretreated sample is clearer and some cracks and cavities are observed. The cracks and cavities are observed because of cellulase enzyme effects on surface of fibre and bring about hydrolysis of cellulose

Results & Discussion conti..........

Page 4: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Results & Discussion conti..........

Grey fabric Conventionally pretreated

Enzymatically pretreated

SEM Image of Various Bamboo Fabric Sample at 1000 X Magnification

At higher magnification i.e. 1000X the finding become more clear. Similar behavior of finding are observed at 1000X magnifical as that of 100X.

Page 5: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

INFRA-RED ANALYSISWas carried out in the region of 4000 cm-1 to 400

cm-1 and the spectra are shown in figure. These spectra were analyzed based on band assignment and interpretations of these results

Bamboo contains hemicelluloses, pectin, lignin etc. in various compositions along with cellulose. The chemical structure of these components has been given earlier.

The intensities and value of IR peaks at different stages indicate that absence and reduction of these components in the treated bamboo fibre.

Results & Discussion conti..........

Page 6: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Results & Discussion conti..........

400600800100012001400160018002000240028003200360040001/cm

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

%T

(A) IR Spectra of Untreated Bamboo Fibre

Page 7: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Results & Discussion conti..........

400600800100012001400160018002000240028003200360040001/cm

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

%T

(B) IR Spectra of Conventional PretreatedBamboo Fibre

Page 8: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Results & Discussion conti..........

400600800100012001400160018002000240028003200360040001/cm

15

22.5

30

37.5

45

52.5

60

67.5

%T

(C) IR Spectra of Enzymatic Pretreated Bamboo Fibre

Page 9: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

IR Spectra Peaks of Various SamplesResults & Discussion conti..........

Approximate position of bands (cm-1)

Relative intensity of sample no.

Interpretation

1 2 33200-3600 SB SB MB Hydrogen bonded OH stretching

vibration 2900-3100 SN SN WN -CH stretching vibration 1700-2600 SN MN WN Adsorbed water1282-1319 SN SN MN -CH bending1000-1200 WB SB WB -OH in plane bending895-984 SB MN WN -CO stretching 750-620 WN MN MN -OH out of plane bendingNote: SB:- Strong and broad, SN:- Strong and narrow, MB:- Medium and broad, MN:- Medium and narrow, WB:- Weak and broad, WN:- Weak and narrow

Observation of table it is clearly indicates that the strong broad band around 3200 cm-1 in the spectra is due to bonded OH stretching. As impurities removed successively, this band widener and observed at 3250.4 cm-1 and 3000.0 cm-1 as in spectra of fig.C.This may be due to the reduction in H-bonding capacity due to OH group removal. This indicates some of the OH group containing components is removed by this treatment and these components are hemicelluloses and pectin.

Page 10: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

The strong and narrow band at 2900.0 cm-1 (fig.A), 2904.5 cm-1 (fig.B) indicates CH stretching vibration.

The weak and narrow band at 2900.6 cm-1 (fig.C) attributed to CH2 symmetrical stretching.

The strong and narrow band at 1752.2 cm-1 in the spectra of untreated sample is attributed to adsorbed water molecules that is indicate low water adsorption in spectra of untreated bamboo fibre With removal of hemicelluloses, pectin and removal of non cellulosic impurities band become medium to weak and narrow indicating high water adsorption in spectra of treated bamboo fibre at 1500cm-1, 1800cm-1 as in spectra of fig . B and C.

Results & Discussion conti..........

Page 11: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

The band near 1319 cm-1 attributed to CH bending, at 1200 cm-1 attributed to OH in plane bending, at 1000 cm-1 attributed to CO stretching. 700 cm-1 attributed to OH out of plane bending. These bands becomes weaker with removal of hemicelluloses and other non cellulosic impurities as seen from the spectra of fig no. B and C treated sample.

From this observation of change in intensity and position of various picks in different samples we can say that the change in a pick corresponding to a particular component indicates the change in composition of the particular component. So compare to grey fabric the position of picks in conventionally as well as enzymatically pretreated samples indicates the removal of non cellulosic impurities like hemicelluloses, pectin, lignin, fat and waxes this is in agreement with the chemical composition analysis results of these samples. Thus, IR spectroscopy of untreated and treated sample provide the evidence of change in chemical composition on treatment.

Results & Discussion conti..........

Page 12: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSISX-ray diffraction is a versatile technique that reveals

detailed information about the crystalline and amorphous region in the bamboo fabric. X-ray Diffractometer is the instrument used for analyzing the structure of bamboo fabric from the scattering pattern produced when a beam of X-rays interacts with it.

X- ray diffraction diagram of various samples are shown in figure (D,E,F). In this entire diffraction pattern a peak from 002 planes is observed.

The observation indicates that the position of (002) peak is observed in the region of 22-23 degree (2ᶿ) in all samples. This confirmed that the similar origin of all samples. I.e. Bamboo fiber.

Results & Discussion conti..........

Page 13: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

X-Ray Diffraction Profile of Various SamplesResults & Discussion conti..........

Sample code

Fabric sample description

Height Width Position of 002 peak (2 ᶿ)

Intensity of 002 Peak (%)

G Grey 782.45 3.86 23.0175 25.62

C7 Conventionally pretreated 842.23 3.85 23.03 28.55

E17 Enzymaticallypretreated 738.46 3.89 22.81 29.78

Fig. D X-Ray Diffraction Diagram of Grey Fabric Sample

Page 14: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Results & Discussion conti..........

Fig. E X-Ray Diffraction Diagram of Conventionally Pretreated Fabric Sample

Fig. F X-Ray Diffraction Diagram of Enzymatically Pretreated Fabric Sample

Page 15: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

The redial intensity of this peak increases in the sample from grey to enzymatic pretreated and so on with maximum value 29.78% in fig.F this indicate the progressive removal of some components from grey sample which riches at maximum in fig. F (Enzymatically

Pretreated). This is also confirmed from chemical analysis of these samples.

The height and sharpness of (002) peak is increasing from 782, 842 and so on. It reaches maximum value of 842.23 in fig.E (Conventionally pretreated) indicating the degree of crystallinity increases to some extent. No significant change in width of this peak is observed. During the pretreatment of bamboo fabric the impurities are removed of non cellulosic nature.

The x-ray diffraction analysis revels that crystallinity increases. This is in agreement that in non cellulosic impurities are removed from amorphous region. IR spectroscopy discussed in also supports these findings.

Results & Discussion conti..........

Page 16: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

In this dissertation research work has been carried out on wet processing of bamboo textiles keeping in consideration the environment friendly process.

It has been revealed from literature survey that bamboo is emerging as green fibre with various excellent features like anti-bacterial, UV protection, moisture Absorption and Air Permeability, Natural Health Protection. Wet processing of bamboo textiles involves use of hazardous chemicals. This research work emphasized various other possible alternatives for ecofriendly green processing so that its green status is preserved.

Summary & Conclusions

Page 17: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Chemical composition as analyzed in this study revealed that bamboo contain 26.6% non-cellulosic constituent which is in accordant with the reported values in order to convert grey bamboo textiles into applicable textiles a certain level of non-cellulosic constituents are remove in pretreatment process reflecting in weight loss.

Conventionally pretreatment with caustic soda and hydrogen peroxide performed at various parameters resulted in weight loss in the range of 2.80% to 9.76%.

As a results of this pretreatment change in physical properties, termed as pretreatment performances, was analyzed. Based on pretreatment performance the conventional pretreatment was optimized this revolves that at 2 gpl concentration of NaOH and 9 gpl hydrogen peroxide concentration at temperature 90ºC for 1 hour treatment 6.8% weight loss obtained that gives absorbency of 1.11 second with whiteness 55.942 units this was consider as optimum conventional pretreatment.

Summary & Conclusions conti…....

Page 18: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Pretreatment removes the non-cellulosic to certain extent which has been confirmed by chemical analysis.

In optimized conventional pretreatment non-cellulosic reduce from grey 26.6 to 19.41%. In this study conventional pretreatment has been succefully replaced by green pretreatment using enzymes of various activities various combination of enzymes namely BGLU (Hemicellulase), BIO-SOFT (Cellulase), PALCOSCOUR ( pectinase) at different pretreatment conditions resulted in weight loss from 0.822 to 6.84% as a result of removal of non-cellulosic to different extent thus the optimum weight loss as achieved in conventional pretreatment can be obtained in enzymatic pretreatment. Enzymatic pretreatment was optimized with respect to weight loss i.e. 6.86%.

The pretreatment performance in terms of various physical properties of optimized enzymatic pretreatment found to be well comparable with that of conventional pretreatment. Strength of the enzymatic pretreated sample was given better than that of conventional pretreated sample.

Summary & Conclusions conti…....

Page 19: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Optimized samples were specially treated with cellulase and microwave prior to dyeing and dyed with natural dye namely turmeric and henna. Dyeability of these samples as analyzed in terms of k/s value.

The dyability is higher in case of turmeric dye in all optimum samples because of water solubility and fiber- mordent-dye interaction bond is stronger in the turmeric dye compare to henna dye. The higher k/s value obtained in optimum enzyme sample dyed with both natural dyes. I.e.The k/s value is 6.6920 in case of turmeric dye and 6.3111 in case of henna dye.K/S value is higher in the enzymatic pretreated sample because of enzyme treatment decreased the scattering coefficient, thus increasing K/S values of pretreated samples.

In addition, attack on the accessible and amorphous areas as well as crystallite surfaces by the enzymatic action might consequently developed additional accessible regions to dye thereby enhancing the dyeability of the pretreated fabrics. Microwave treatment increases k/s values because of microwave irradiation improve the exhaustion and promoting the adsorption of dye molecule by slightly damaged on surface of bamboo fibre.

Summary & Conclusions conti…....

Page 20: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

In order to complete the green processing, the finishing was also carried out using natural aloe vera. The satisfactory results were obtained in this era.

Bamboo is known for its Antimicrobial and UV protection properties. The antimicrobial assessed in terms of zone of inhibition for gram positive and gram negative organisms increased from 5 to 9.20mm in case of conventionally processed bamboo fabric where as this value reaches 9.60mm for enzymatically treated fabric.

The samples dyed with turmeric dye found to have drastically antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial property is higher in all dyed sample against the gram positive bacteria Staphylococcusaurues (SA). This means the special feature antimicrobial properties of bamboo fibre not only retain but increased during green processing. Similarly ultraviolet protection factor also improve during this green processing.

Summary & Conclusions conti…....

Page 21: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

UPF rating of conventionally pretreated fabric was found to be 18 corresponding to good protection category where as in case of green processed sample this value drastically increased to 45 correspond to excellent protection category, thus, UV protection factor also found to improve during this green processing.

Changes take place at micro level as a result of conventional as well as green processing were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. The removals of non-cellulosic in conventional as well as a green processed sample were confirmed in SEM and IR spectra of these samples. The change in position of 002 peak in x-ray diffraction diagram of grey, conventionally pretreated and enzymatically pretreated samples indicates the progressive removal of some components from grey bamboo. Which is in agreement with the chemical analysis of corresponding samples.

Thus, the object of this work has been successfully achieved by green processing of bamboo fabric as well as fibre and found to be well comparable or even better than that of conventional processing.

Summary & Conclusions conti....

Page 22: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

G. Buschle Diller, T.R.J., May 1994 64,270.

Hafiz A. Sis-F-EI, Ame.Dye.Rep.1991;80:37.

ASTM Standards on Textile Materials, ASTM, Philadelphia (1994).

J. E. Booth “Principles of Textile Testing” 1 st Edn. (1996) 353.

D Saravanan,S N Sree Lakshmi,K Senthil Raja & N S Vasanthi.ʽʽBiopolishing of cotton fabric with fungal cellulase & it’s effect on the morphology of cotton fibers”. Indian journal of fiber & textile research. June 2013;38:156-160.

References

Page 23: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Kalia Susheel, Kumar Sunil and Kaith BS.ʽʽEffect of microwave radiations induced grafting on crystalline structure of flax cellulose”.Malaysian polymer journal.2009;4:46-51.

Zhao xue, and He jin-xin.ʽʽImprovement in dyeability of wool fabric by microwave treatment”. Indian journal of fiber & textile research.March-2011;36:58-62.

Patel BH, ʽʽNatural dyes”. Wood head publishing limited.2011;395-421.

E.R trotment,ʽʽCellulosic fibers dyeing method”.pp.56.

HAGHZ.AK,ʽʽApplication of microwave techniques in textile chemistry”.Asian journal of chemistry.2005;17:639-659.

References cont…..

Page 24: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

I wish to express my sincere thanks to,My guide, Dr. J.N.SHAH , under whose guidance I have

carried out this work. His insight & critical evaluation have been of great help throughout the work.

Mrs. Laxmi Mehra & Dhirendra Patel in Q.C department of Arvind mills ltd. Naroda, Ahmedabad; for giving permission for Work in their QA and R&D lab

Head, Textile Engg. Dept.; Head, Head, Pharmacy Dept.; Head, Applied Chemistry Dept; Head, Metallurgical and Materials Engi. Dept; Head, Chemical Engg. Dept.; for Testing of various samples.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Page 25: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5

Prof. (Dr.) D. P. Chattopadhyay, Head, Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Tech. & Engg. for his co-operation during this work. I express my special thanks to the staff of Textile Chemistry Department for their co-operation during the entire work.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to, Gmk Exim Pvt Ltd, Rossari Biotech, Maps India Ltd. for providing materials for this work.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT conti..

Page 26: Bio-Processing of Green Bamboo Textile Part 5