allophone & allomorph and sound pattern of language

Sudarmono 157835053

S2 Pend Bhs Ing

Points to discuss

• 1. introduction• 2. allomorph• 3. sound pattern of language• 4. allophone

Introduction

Study about the word must be related to • The form• The sound• The meaning • The structureStudy about form of word is called as Morphology

Introduction

A glance of morphology• Morphemes can be taught of as the minimal

units of Morphology, they are not merely the smallest units of grammatical structure but also the smallest meaningful units. (Crastairs,2002)

• For example:Helpfulness = help + ful + ness

Discussion

• It has three morphemes- Help- Helpful- HelpfulnessOther examples:Readable HearingPerformance

Allomorph

• In fact many morphemes have two or more different pronunciations, called Allomorphs, (McCathy, 2002)

• The plurals of EnglishA noun formed plural is added by –sCat – Cats Dog – Dogs Horse – Horses

Discussion

• This –s suffix has three allomorphs in plural forms

[s] as in cats or lamps, caps, cuffs, faiths[z] as in dogs or days, boys, bags, calls[iz] or [ez] as in horses or judges, buses, garages, matches

Discussion

• Allomorph occurs unconsciously related to phonological process.

• When we have to decide which allomorph to use, the decision is to think itself. it can be called Allomorphy.

• Allomorphy is a study about the choice of allomorph

Discussion

• Even It depend so much on phonology, not morphology at all.

Example: Lie – Lies The plural form comes with allomorph [z]If ‘Lies’ sounded with [s] or [iz], the word will break some rule of English Phonology.

Discussion

Actual word ‘Lies’ sounds with [s], that would be word of ‘Lice or Louse (plural)’Replacing with (ez) it at least the plural of noun ‘lia’ and is an actual word (liars)Liar is pronounced without an r-sound

Discussion

• In some cases the voiceless consonantWife – the plural is not ‘Wifes’ but ‘Wives’Loaf – the plural is not ‘Loafs’ but ‘Loaves’For some reason to do with grammar or with the structure of the language.

Discussion

• Identifying morphemes of independently meaning.

• Contributing meaning “again”Ex: rewrite, reread, repaint, revisit• The same prefix occurs in verbs, such as

revive, return, restore, revise.• It may seem [ri] and [re] as allomorphs of the

same morpheme.So, prefix plus root is called monomorphemic

Phonology

• Phonology is the sound patterns of language• The study of how speech sounds form

patterns.• g is silent in word ‘sign’ but is pronounced in

word ‘signature’. Autumn and Autumnal. Bomb and Bombard.

• the slippery n in autumn and autumnal, or b in bomb and bombard.

Discussion

• English has nasalized vowels but only in syllables with nasal consonants.

• Like in word ‘song’ – the velar nasal – [ŋ]• It cannot begin in English but it can in

Vietnamese such as ‘Nguyen’• French or Spanish put nasal vowels anywhere.Such as pan [pæn] become [pæŋ]Check this video…

Video

Phonology

• The sounds form different patterns in different languages.

• The word phonology refers both to the linguistic knowledge that speakers have about the sound patterns of their language and to the description of that knowledge that linguists try to produce. (Rodhman, 2011)

Allophone

• In Phonology, there is the phonological units of language called phonemes.

• Phonemes are what we have been calling the basic form of a sound and are sensed in your mind rather than spoken or heard. (Hyams, 2011)

Discussion

• Each phoneme has associated with it one or more sounds, called Allophones, which represent the actual sound corresponding to the phoneme in various environments. (Fromkin, 2011)

• Example:[i] in bead and [æ] in badThey are sounds from different phonemes.

Discussion

• In English, each vowel phoneme has both an oral and a nasalized allophone.

• To distinguish between a phoneme and its allophones, use slashes / / for phoneme and use square brackets [ ] for allophones.

• For example[i] and [ĩ] are allophones of the phoneme /i/[I] and [ĩ] are allophones of the phoneme /I/

Allophone of /t/

• Tick [tʰɪk] • Stick [stɪk] • Hits [hɪts] • Bitter [bɪɾər]A phoneme /t/ has three allophones [tʰ] [t] and [ɾ]

REFERENCES

Fromkin, V., Rodhman., Hyams, N. 2011. An Introduction to Language. (9th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth, Cenage Learning. Carstairs-McCarthy, A. 2002. An Introduction to English Morphology Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh University Press.

Thank You