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© Project SOUND Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden Gardening with California Native Plants in Western L.A. County Project SOUND 2015 (our 11 th year)

Alice eastwood 2015

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© Project SOUND

Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden

Gardening with California Native Plants in Western L.A. County Project SOUND – 2015 (our 11th year)

© Project SOUND

Alice Eastwood: an unusual California botanist

and her legacy

C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake

CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve

Madrona Marsh Preserve

May 2 & 7, 2015

Important CA plantspersons we have ‘met’

© Project SOUND

Kate Sessions (1857-1940)

Blanche Trask (1865-1916)

Lester Rountree (1879 -1979)

Theodore Payne (1872-1963)

Alice Eastwood (1859-1951)

Alice Eastwood: difficult childhood

Born 1859, Toronto, Canada (eldest of three)

Lived on grounds of mental institution father managed (Toronto Asylum for the Insane)

Age 6 – mother dies

Father’s financial situation becomes dire; sent to live with physician uncle (William Eastwood)

Age 8 - returns to Toronto; becomes a boarder (with her sister) at a Catholic School (Oshawa Convent) outside Toronto

© Project SOUND

http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-PCR-

1213&R=DC-PCR-1213

http://news.ourontario.ca/oshawa/41833/data

Alice Eastwood: difficult childhood

Age 14 (1873) – reunited with father and brother in Denver, CO

Father was just getting started as business owner & in real estate

Responsible for much of the household management

Takes job as nanny for wealthy ranching family until father builds a proper home

Family finances also force her to work as a seamstress

1879 (age 19) graduates as valedictorian from Denver East High School

© Project SOUND

http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=108051991

Early experiences with plants gave focus

Uncle: An avid gardener and amateur botanist

From him she began to learn the scientific names of plants

Catholic School in Toronto: Influenced by a priest (Father Pugh) who

was an amateur botanist

Encouraged her interest in plants, gardening and nature

High School: Job as nanny takes her to nearby Rockies in

summer – first exposure to CO plants

Teacher gives her key books: Gray’s Manual & the Flora of Colorado; encourages collecting plants

© Project SOUND

Teaching and collecting

in Colorado: 1879-89

No funds to attend college – though she would have loved to

High school teacher in Denver

Spent summers collecting, on foot, horseback & by rail

Lived frugally; spent salary on botany books, supplies – made real estate investments with her father

1890 - $10,000 windfall from sale of building; invested wisely in real estate - provided needed income the rest of her life

© Project SOUND

Collecting in

Colorado

‘Though it was considered somewhat improper for a woman to roam about the countryside by herself collecting plants, Eastwood cared little about convention and borrowed a horse, shortened her skirts at the ankles so she might hike hills more easily, and carried a plant press on her back.’

‘Yet she also lived in an age when the American West was still uncharted territory in some places. She was robbed on one occasion, and on another became lost near Colorado's border with Utah and spent the night on a canyon ledge.’

Your Dictionary: Alice Eastwood. http://biography.yourdictionary.com/alice-eastwood

© Project SOUND

Many trips to Mesa Verde & Four

Corners region

http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g60900-d125453-Reviews-

Cliff_Palace-Mesa_Verde_National_Park_Colorado.html

The importance of self-taught botanists:

1850-1920

Fewer people attended college; fewer departments of botany

Closer connection between medicine and plants; many physicians were amateur botanists

Some women had leisure to pursue amateur pursuits – including biology

Increased interest in the natural world during Victorian era

Founding of museums, scientific societies, etc.

© Project SOUND

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_Victorian_era

Eastwood’s impact on Colorado botany

Well-known for knowledge of local botany – guided Alfred Russel Wallace on collecting hike on Gray's Peak.

She maintained her own herbarium and published A Popular Flora of Denver, Colorado in 1893.

First botanist of record to investigate Utah's Great Basin - made of number of collecting expeditions in Colorado and the Four Corners region

The University of Colorado Herbarium claims, "the real beginning of the herbarium [at the University of Colorado] was our acquisition of the early collections of Alice Eastwood, Colorado's first resident botanist." © Project SOUND

The herbarium at CU holds over

1400 specimens from

Eastwood's collections.

A trip to CA in early 1890’s changes her life

1891-2 - Could finally afford to quit teaching

First trip to CA (1890-91):

Visited San Diego and the Santa Cruz and Monterey Peninsula areas

In San Francisco, introduced to T. Brandegee & Katharine Brandegee, the curator of botany at the California Academy of Sciences

After reviewing Eastwood’s herbaria, offered a job as a writer for the Academy's (actually Bradegee’s) botanical magazine, Zoe, and a job in its herbarium

© Project SOUND

http://gpi.myspecies.info/content/brandegee-mk-0

Mary Katherine Brandegee

1844-1920

California Academy of Sciences

Founded 1853 – three years after CA statehood – founders propose to undertake "a thorough systematic survey of every portion of the State and the collection of a cabinet of her rare and rich productions.“

1853 – vote to include women

1860 – first geologic survey

1873 – first museum opens

1891 – grand new museum in downtown San Francisco

1896 – closer relations, University scientists

1903 – first major conservation expedition © Project SOUND

http://expeditionology.com/collecting-evolution/

Museum around 1900

Eastwood joined Academy at an interesting

time Before 1883, curatorship of the Botany

Dept. was yearly, voluntary position

1891 - Alice Eastwood became joint Curator of the Botany Department at the Academy, with Mary Katharine Curran/Brandegee (first paid curator).

Brandegee’s retirement (1894) resulted in Eastwood becoming the sole Curator and Head of the Botany Department (1894-1950)

Eastwood completed many trips in the early years, collecting and discovering a number of plants on the California coast.

Made important friends in botany community world-wide

© Project SOUND

One Hundred and Fifty Years of Botany at the

California Academy of Sciences (1853–2003)

Early years at the Academy were busy

The organization of the Academy’s herbarium was haphazard at the time – and the politics were a bit caustic

Her first task was to organize the Academy's vast collections of specimens, and then to bring in more to fill in the gaps.

Against conventional practices of the time, Eastwood segregated type specimens (e.g. those one which the original description of the species is based) from the main collection.

© Project SOUND

Responsible for managing the

California Botanical Club (until

1952)

Herbarium in 1893

Never to marry…

Twice was close to suitable men – both died before they were married.

Eastwood, perhaps because of the hardships of her early life, had stated on occasion that she feared a romantic attachment might stand in the way of her first love, botany.

© Project SOUND

http://www.cpp.edu/~larryblakely/whoname/eastbyft.jpg

A true passion for botany

© Project SOUND

In between stints at the Academy, Eastwood continued to explore on her own and gather specimens; many of these were "type" specimens-the first sample of a species to be described and named.

She usually did so under the roughest of conditions; once, in a California's San Joaquin Valley, she slept in an abandoned shed for two nights, but discovered a new member of the sunflower family.

Eastwood knew by heart all the stagecoach routes to the counties surrounding the Bay Area and on foot was said to clock a rate of four miles per hour. ©2010 Neal Kramer

Eastwoodia elegans Brandegee

Parallels in the lives of notable CA plantspersons

Theodore Payne

Lester Rowntree

Alice Eastwood

Lost a parent early X X

Difficult childhood; jobs, other household responsibilities

+/- +/- X

Boarding school/time away from family

X +/- X

Move to CA at impressionable age X X X

Financial difficulties X X X

College education

Unconventional; self-motivated X X X

Unmarried for much of life X X

Early love of plants fostered by significant adults

X +/- X

© Project SOUND

Mission of the Academy: document new

species before they disappear

Many common species had already been well-described – were even used in gardens

Eastwood needed to search for rarer species

Focused on places that were:

More remote – less well studied

Had unique geologic, geographic or other characteristics

© Project SOUND Peninsula onion – Allium peninsulare

Alice Eastwood’s Alliums (onions)

Allium cratericola Eastw. – Cascade onion

Allium fimbriatum var. purdyi (Eastw.) Ownbey & Aase - Purdy's fringed onion

Allium hickmanii Eastw. - Hickman's onion

Allium howellii Eastw. – Howell’s onion

Allium lacunosum var. micranthum Eastw. – Pitted onion

Allium yosemitense Eastw. – Yosemite onion

© Project SOUND

Eastwood had a

lifelong interest in bulb

plants in the family

Liliaceae

http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/

BlueAlliums

*Allium howellii - Howell’s onion

var. clokeyi is known only from the Mount Piños region and San Bernardino Mountains

Grows in the granite and serpentine soils of several of the local mountain ranges, hills, and valleys from San Joaquin County to San Bernardino County

© Project SOUND

©1995 John Game

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101365

http://jaysullivan.org/socal/o

nionhw3.htm

Eastwood’s type descriptions were

excellent

© Project SOUND

© Project SOUND

* Purdy's fringed onion – Allium fimbriatum var. purdyi

©2014 Steve Matson

Known only from the vicinity of Clear Lake, Lake & Colusa Counties.

Serpentine clay; 300--600 m

Proposed by A. Eastwood as Allium purdyi

© Project SOUND

* Purdy's fringed onion – Allium fimbriatum var. purdyi

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102148

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2405/2366307291_cac276fd81_m.jpg

Full scientific name: Allium

fimbriatum S. Watson var.

purdyi (Eastw.) Ownbey & Aase

Serpentine soils and California onions

Serpentine soils occur in patches along the Pacific States

Few plants can survive these soils’ heavy metal toxicity

Many Allium species demonstrate an ability to grow on serpentine, some with tolerance and others endemic to serpentine outcrops

This soil type endemism seems to drive speciation in Allium - could be one of the factors contributing to the greater diversity of Allium in California and the West compared to other part of Northern America

© Project SOUND http://freygardens.com/?attachment_id=636

http://www.calalive.org/content/serpentine

Our local Red-skinned onion offers some

interesting clues

Adaptation to serpentine soils is ongoing, as evidenced by species that can survive on both serpentine and non-serpentine soils

Allium haematochiton exhibits a different flower morphology when growing on serpentine. Further work will be necessary to determine if local adaptation in this species has occurred on this specialized substrate.

© Project SOUND

© Project SOUND

Purdy’s onion: similar to other CA onions

Size: 1-2 ft tall

1 ft wide

Growth form: Perennial from true bulb

Erect habit

Dies back to bulb after flowering

Foliage: Pale green

Leaves few; linear or cylindrical

©1999 John Game

© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements

Soils: Texture: well-drained

pH: ?? any local

Light: Full sun to part-shade

Water: Winter: plenty of water; N

CA plant

Summer: dries out as plants flower

Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils

Other: inorganic or no mulch

©2011 Vernon Smith

© Project SOUND

Garden uses for

native onions

Excellent candidates for containers

Do fine on slopes

With their natural allies: native grasses, wildflowers and bulbs

©2011 Vernon Smith

Careful field observation and notes were

essential to Eastwood’s work

© Project SOUND

One Hundred and Fifty Years of Botany at the

California Academy of Sciences (1853–2003)

*Allium cratericola – Cascade onion

Serpentine, volcanic, and granitic soil; 300--1800 m

Populations from S. CA are 2-leaved; those from the north are either 1- or 2-leaved or sometimes a mixture of both forms

© Project SOUND

©2012 Barry Rice

Field observations give clues to

cultivation: The key to cultivation

is that the medium must be well

drained with some organic matter.

It likes being in full sun. Winter

water is necessary, but a dry

summer dormancy is extremely

important

*Allium hickmanii - Hickman’s onion

Rare endemic of the Monterey Peninsula and Arroyo de la Cruz.

Of conservation concern © Project SOUND

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101363

Some things never change: still

threatened by urbanization,

grazing, non-native plants,

trampling, road construction,

and military activities

©1999 John Game

Even from her earliest days, Eastman was collecting &

documenting unusual native plants

© Project SOUND

That’s one of the things that made the California Academy of Sciences unique

Importance of the CA Academy: 1900

The Academy published: Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences

Department of Botany was the center of botanical activity in California from its inception until the early 1900’s.

The Academy’s herbarium was the largest and most important in western North America.

An inventory (mid-1890s) - 74,767 total specimens.

Considering Eastwood’s activities it is reasonable to suppose that by 1906 the herbarium contained at least 100,000 specimens.

© Project SOUND

Important interactions with

academic, horticultural and

other scientific disciplines

One Hundred and Fifty Years of Botany at the

California Academy of Sciences (1853–2003)

April 18, 1906 – 5:12 a.m. : disaster struck

© Project SOUND

http://cdn.calisphere.org/data/13030/bq/hb6v19p2bq/files/hb6v19p2bq-FID4.jpg

Eastwood acts Eastwood dressed and ran to the Academy building on Market Street; struggle to gain access

The herbarium was located on the sixth floor of the badly damaged building, and an adjacent paint plant had erupted in flames.

Eastwood & her assistant (Robert Porter), literally alone, retrieved as many specimens as possible.

In all, 1,497 plant specimens (the important type specimens) rescued.

Her own personal collection, which Eastwood began assembling in her teens, was lost along with most of the Academy’s library, records & specimens.

© Project SOUND

http://www.terrastories.com/bearings/cal-academy-sciences

The rescue: in her own words

© Project SOUND

"[N]obody seemed to be complaining or sorrowful. The sound of trunks being dragged along I can never forget. This seemed the only groan the city made… ."

As for the Academy itself, "I did not feel the loss to be mine," she wrote, "but it is a great loss to the scientific world and an irreparable loss to California. My own destroyed work I do not lament, for it was a joy to me while I did it, and I can still have the same joy in starting it again… .“

Letter to Science; cited in Carol Green Wilson's Alice

Eastwood's Wonderland: The Adventures of a Botanist

Preparing for the future:

1906-1912

Before the Academy constructed a new building, Alice Eastwood traveled and studied throughout Europe and the United States.

Studied in leading herbaria including the Gray Herbarium (Harvard), the New York Botanical Garden, the British Museum, and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew.

Established friendships and increased her knowledge

In 1912, with completion of the new Academy facilities at Golden Gate Park, Eastwood was offered a job.

She returned as Curator of the Botany Department in 1912.

© Project SOUND

http://botlib.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/Grayarc.htm

Gray Herbarium, Harvard

Re-establishing the herbarium: 1912-1942

Eastwood dedicated herself to rebuilding the collection.

Her expeditions were numerous, including collecting trips to Alaska, Arizona, Baja California, British Columbia, Utah, and all throughout California.

Many of the expeditions were financed personally by Eastwood

By 1942, the collection numbered over 300,000 plant specimens, nearly three times the number destroyed in 1906 earthquake and fire

© Project SOUND

http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt4n39s1p5/

Building up the herbarium from scratch

Eastwood herself contributed "thousands of sheets to the Academy's herbarium, personally accounting for its growth in size and representation of western flora".

© Project SOUND

By keeping the first set of each collection for the Academy and exchanging the duplicates with other institutions Eastwood was able to build the collection

Example: 3113 specimens

to Harvard Herbarium

http://cdn.calisphere.org/data/13030/qk/kt8c6040qk/files/kt8c6040qk-FID215.jpg

Warner Hot Springs, San Diego County, 1913

The concept of the ecological niche

Many definitions – concept has evolved over time

Definition: Place or function of an organism within its ecosystem

Definition: that set of environmental factors (both abiotic and biotic) which permits populations to persist.

A niche is a very specific segment of ecospace occupied by a single species

© Project SOUND http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/ecology/Lecture/LecComEcol/LecComEcolCom

p/LecCommEcolComp.html

Unusual conditions = unusual niches

California has a number of unique habitats:

Deserts

High and low elevations

Seaside conditions

Rain forests

Unique soil types

Etc.

© Project SOUND

Much of Eastwood’s personal collecting would focus on the

unique plants that evolved under unusual conditions and

constraints

The need to document/collect species before they

disappeared was always in Eastwood’s mind

Alice Eastwood focused her collecting on:

Areas that were unique

Areas that had not been fully studied

Areas that were in danger of disappearing

© Project SOUND

http://www.sitesatlas.com/Flash/USCan/static/CAFF.htm

Unfortunately, many of the

interesting species she studied are

not currently available to the home

gardener – for a variety of reasons

© Project SOUND

*Bolander’s lily – Lilium bolanderi

©2008 Gary A. Monroe

Klamath Range & SW Oregon

UNCOMMON. Serpentine soil in chaparral, conifer forest, generally with Xerophyllum 150–1600 m

Difficult to grow

© Project SOUND

*Bolander’s lily – Lilium bolanderi

http://www.efloras.org/f

lorataxon.aspx?flora_id

=1&taxon_id=2421017

27

http://www.jonsgardenblog.com/uploads/2/2/5/6/22563064/3759431_orig.jpg ©2008 Keir Morse

© Project SOUND

*Coast lily – Lilium maritimum

©2013 Vernon Smith

From below San Francisco to about Westport in Mendocino County, within a few miles of the ocean.

Coastal prairies, N. coastal scrub, sundew (Drosera spp.) bogs, gaps in closed-cone pine forests < 150 m

Luther Burbank 1888 catalog: a “wild species of lily” (Lilium maritimum) described as “California bog lily, dwarf, reddish orange, spotted.”

© Project SOUND

*Coast lily – Lilium maritimum

©2012 Aaron Arthur ©2008 Halleh Paymard

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&t

axon_id=242101736

© Project SOUND

Coast lily: in many ways a typical lily

Size: 2-4 ft tall

1-3 ft wide

Growth form: Perennial from a bulb

Dies back to bulb after booming

Upright habit

Foliage: Larger leaves mainly in basal

rosette

Whorls of lance-shaped leaves on flower stalk

Bulb: rhizomatous; irregular, 1-3 inches

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lilium_maritimum#/media

/File:Lilium_maritimum_(lit).jpg

© Project SOUND

Flowers: small, bright, showy

Blooms: late spring/early summer – May-July

Flowers: Small for lily – 1-2 inches

Typical trumpet shape, but tepals roll back

Red or red-orange with maroon blotches circling the throat

Seeds:

©2006 Steven Thorsted

©2012 Aaron Arthur

http://flowersreview.blogspot.com/2012/01/lilium-maritimum-flower.html

Growing native lilies from seed

Requires patience, good drainage, disease and weed control and common sense

4-5 month cold/moist treatment for most western lily seeds; plant when just beginning to germinate

Need light, airy potting mix which retains moisture but allows good drainage – potting soil + perlite

Keep moist but not too wet

Be patient – may take a while to see any growth

© Project SOUND

©2010 Zoya Akulova

© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: well-drained, sandy

soils are best

pH: slightly acidic (5.5-7.5)

Light: dappled sun; part-shade

Water: Winter: needs plenty of water

– tolerates flooding

Summer: taper off after blooming; takes some summer water

Fertilizer: likes a thin organic mulch – pine needle mulch is great

Other: remove foliage when it withers after flowering/seed-set

©2012 Aaron Arthur

© Project SOUND

Woodsy wild lily

Good choice for shady containers – can give it the right conditions

Dampish, shady areas of the garden – under tall trees

Mix with other N. coast grasses, bulbs, wildflowers

©2008 Halleh Paymard

©2014 John Doyen

©2008 Halleh Paymard

Gardening with native lilies in S. California

May be easy or quite difficult depending on requirements

Many native lilies available only as seed

Many are good candidates for containers

Often require:

Excellent drainage

Moist soils, even into summer (when many bloom)

A little richer soil than our native soils provide

Some shade in S. CA

© Project SOUND

http://www.chanticleergarden.org/6_24.html

http://www.thelilygarden.com/pages_lilies

/oriental_2.html

Eastwood’s botanical interests were

broad and general

Her over 300 published

works include:

technical botanical treatises

floristic studies

horticultural notes

ethnobotanical reports

historical accounts of botanical exploration

book reviews

popular articles for a lay audience.

© Project SOUND http://www.mtgothictomes.com/colorado_page_3.htm

Eastwood wrote in a clear style,

understandable to a diverse audiance

“It is not easy to place the boundary between trees and shrubs, especially in California where some species are either trees or shrubs. In general a tree differs from a shrub in having a distinct trunk not less than fifteen feet high. Where the species is only rarely a tree and generally a shrub, it has not been included, so that many species of Ceanothus, many of the manzanitas, the sumachs and many others have been omitted.”

A. Eastwood – A Handbook of

the Trees of California

© Project SOUND

Modest despite her accomplishments

“Throughout the work the aim has always been brevity and clearness – the desire to help rather than to shine.”

A. Eastwood – A Handbook of the Trees of California

© Project SOUND

http://www.alibris.com/A-Handbook-of-the-Trees-

of-California-Alice-Eastwood/book/18536043

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Linn_Jepson

Willis Linn Jepson

‘Forceful, energetic, and outgoing, Alice Eastwood not only provided professional botanists with critical specimens but also stimulated fuchsia fanciers to grow novelties, instructed travelers in the best methods of plant collecting, and helped to arouse the public to save native species, from the endemic lowly salt marsh sanicle to the giant redwoods’

B. Sicherman: Notable American Women: The Modern Period

1980; Harvard Press © Project SOUND

‘To popularize botany she maintained changing exhibits of freshly gathered flowers in the Academy’s foyer. She was the ‘gardener’s botanist’ to west coast horticulturalists [including Kate Sessions of San Diego].

Recognition and honors came from garden clubs as well as from the Seventh International Botanical Conference in Stockholm in 1950, which elected her honorary president.’

B. Sicherman: Notable American

Women: The Modern Period. 1980; Harvard Press

© Project SOUND

Eastwood’s passion was plants – and

introducing CA natives to the public

Bringing interesting

plants to the public

Immediately outside of the new herbarium, she helped develop Golden Gate Park into a horticultural wonderland, where today some 8,000 species from nearly all regions of the planet are cultivated, mostly out-of-doors, on land that was previously sand dunes.

To help ensure the success of the diverse plantings in Golden Gate Park, she taught classes in the evening for the Park’s gardeners.

© Project SOUND

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Park

Alice Eastwood did have her favorites

Although she published articles on mushrooms, ferns, gymnosperms, monocots and dicots, she worked extensively with manzanitas (Arctostaphylos), lupines (Lupinus), Indian paint brushes (Castilleja), and numerous plants occurring on Mt. Tamalpais in Marin County

She was also interested in fuchsias

© Project SOUND http://www.fuchsiasinthecity.com/about-fuchsias/dictionary/files/the-fuchsia-book-

afs.jpg

Taxonomy & Systematics: grouping & naming

Taxonomy: science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants

Three goals:

Identification : identifying an unknown plant by comparison with previously collected

Classification: placing known plants into groups or categories to show some relationship.

Description : formal description of a new species, usually in the form of a scientific paper

Systematics: the science of relationships between plants and their evolution, especially at the higher levels

Classical (morphological) systematics – based on similarities in plant physical characteristics (how plant looks; chemical similarities; etc.)

Molecular systematics – based on similarities in genetic material

© Project SOUND

The two are highly interrelated – both aim to better understand and

reflect the true relationships between different plants

© Project SOUND

What is a species?

Some definitions of species

Biological Species Concept - they cannot interbreed & produce viable offspring; interbreeding studies

Morphospecies Concept - they are different morphologically and do not come in contact for interbreeding

Genetic Species Concept – still working on this – how similar must they be to constitute a species?

Practical definition - Practically, biologists define species as populations of organisms that have a high level of genetic similarity.

The field of taxonomy is changing with our increasingly sophisticated tools

Lyonothamnus floribundus

ssp. aspleniifolius

Lyonothamnus floribundus

ssp. floribundus

Classic taxonomy: difficult decisions

based on morphology, range

What constitutes a separate species?

© Project SOUND

https://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/sets/72157624452564246/

The case of the ‘Kotolo milkweed’

Eastwood argues for species status

based on range and morphology

© Project SOUND

Eastwood showed great sensitivity in

proposing names

© Project SOUND

The final verdict on ‘Kotolo milkweed’?

© Project SOUND

Indian Milkweed - Asclepias eriocarpa

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias_eriocarpa

Milkweeds

Milkweeds are found in many areas of CA

In S. CA, Indian Milkweed found primarily in Santa Monica & San Gabriel Mountains.

Sites are typically

Dry at least part of summer; good winter/spring water

Sunny

Barren soil (bare areas in chaparral/Oak woodlands; streambeds; alluvial areas)

Narrow-leaf Milkweed

Indian Milkweed

Milkweeds: widespread & easy

For butterfly/pollinator gardens

For showy white-pink flowers in summer

Along paths and walkways

In mid-beds – would look nice with brighter pinks and purple flowers

Eastwood was a talented taxonomist

Proposed over 600 species, subspecies & varieties from CA, OR and the Rockies

Overall, ~30% acceptance rate (even today)

That’s pretty amazing!

© Project SOUND

http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt9n39s2r7/

© Project SOUND

Plant Systematics: the interrelationship

between ‘natural’ taxonomy, evolution and

phylogeny

http://www.anbg.gov.au/asbs/newsletter/book-review-74a-a.gif

http://www.alonnissos.org/page9/files/taxonomy%20tree.jpg

How to define a species – still an issue

While best known for her work with N. CA species,

Eastwood named several local species

Astragalus tener var. titi (Eastw.) Barneby

Brodiaea jolonensis Eastw.

Ceanothus megacarpus var. insularis (Eastw.) Munz - island ceanothus

Cercocarpus traskiae Eastw. - Catalina Island mountain-mahogany

Ribes indecorum Eastw. – Whiteflower currant

© Project SOUND

© Project SOUND

White-flowered Currant - Ribes indecorum

Correctly identified as separate species: Proc. Calif. Acad.

Sci., ser. 3. 2: 243, plate 23, fig. 3a, b. 1902

Eastwood’s connection to S. CA reflected

her curatorial & personal interests

Developed friendships with local botanists/ hortculturalists

Blanche Trask (1865-1916) – many of her herbarium specimens among those lost in 1906

Leroy Abrams (1874-1956 ) - Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity

Kate Sessions (1857-1940) – nursery woman – designed Balboa Park

Lester Rountree (1879 -1979)

Many others

Eastwood spent six days on Santa Catalina Island July 20-25, 1917; specimens are located in the California Academy of Sciences.

© Project SOUND

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/archon/?p=digi

tallibrary/digitalcontent&id=466

Botanizing on the Channel Islands

“…Miss Eastwood, on behalf of the Academy, very completely botanized Santa Cruz and Catalina islands. On all her exploring trips over these islands, she was accompanied by Mrs. Miller, herself an enthusiastic botanist, and when the two ladies left the sailing party to return home by rail from San Diego a short time ago, they took with then a comprehensive exhibit of the flora of the islands mentioned…”

© Project SOUND

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bath_House_and_hotels_in_

Avalon,_on_Santa_Catalina_Island,_after_1908_(CHS-838).jpg

Even then, the Channel Island species

were thought to be unique – and in

need of protection!

“There are two species of Lyonothamnus, one on Santa Catalina Island and the other on San Clemente Island – beautiful and peculiar trees belonging to the Rose family. On Santa Catalina there is also a mountain mahogany (named in honor of its discoverer, Mrs. Blanche Trask) more lovely than any of its relatives in any other part of the world. It is found only in a few cañons so remote that until lately they had never been seen.”

-A. Eastwood – A Handbook of

the Trees of California

© Project SOUND

© Project SOUND

Catalina Island Mountain Mahogony – Cercocarpus traskiae

http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/CPC_ProfileImage.asp?FN=872b

“That any one should have found a new tree on an island that so many botanists have visited is surprising; but it is due to the great enthusiasm, the wonderful power of exploration, and the intense love for Santa Catalina Island and its flowers which Mrs. Trask possesses. It is with pleasure that I give her name to this tree."

The quote is from 1898 for the discovery of Trask Mahogany (Cercocarpus traskiae) on Catalina Island.

© Project SOUND

Catalina Island Mountain Mahogony – Cercocarpus traskiae

http://pics.davesgarden.com/pics/2009/03/13/palmbob/1c3474.jpg

© Project SOUND

Catalina Mountain Mahogany -

Size: 10-15 ft tall

8-12+ ft wide

Growth form: Large evergreen shrub or

small tree

Branches erect to spreading

Long-lived

Foliage: Leaves leathery, shiny above

and wooly beneath

Very prominent lateral veins beneath – very different from Island Mountain Mahogany C. betuloides

© 1993 Dean Wm. Taylor

http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/CPC_ProfileImage.asp?FN=872b

© Project SOUND

Threats to endemic Channel Island plant species

Large introduced herbivores have historically altered the flora and the landscape of Santa Catalina, San Clemente & other Channel Islands.

Goats, pigs, bison, and deer were noted at the time of listing of C. traskiae as a threatened species. The small size of the current C. traskiae population is attributed to the historical presence of goats, deer, and pigs

Invasive non-native plants pose perhaps a greater threat now – increase fire threat

Threat of hybridization – ‘genetic assimilation’

Threat of limited genetic diversity – sometimes a small population becomes too inbred to be able to survive

© Project SOUND

What makes a species susceptible to

genetic assimilation?

Small number of individuals compared to other local species

Ability to hybridize with local species – and close geographic proximity to those

Low genetic diversity – may limit reproduction within the species

Low geographic diversity/lack of space – common problem for Channel Island species

Invasion by species with hybridization potential

© Project SOUND

The problem of

hybridization on islands

Cercocarpus traskiae has hybridized locally with C. betuloides var. blancheae, which also occurs on the island.

The hybrids have been characterized morphologically as well as by enzyme (allozyme) and DNA differences.

Morphological assessments of hybridization have not always agreed with the genetic results

Bottom line: only six genetically “pure” Cercocarpus traskiae trees in existance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cercocarpustraskiae.JPG

http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplan

ts/islandmountainmahogany.html

Island populations don’t always occur on

physical islands

© Project SOUND http://hosho.ees.hokudai.ac.jp/~tsuyu/top/dct/island.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_croceus

Lupinus croceus Eastw., endemic to

the northernmost mountains of

California

Eastwood’s contribution to genus Lupinus

70 citations – 32 new species [1/4 currently still accepted]

Currently accepted Lupinus angustiflorus Eastw. - narrowflower lupine

Lupinus antoninus Eastw. – Anthony Peak lupine

Lupinus caudatus ssp. cutleri (Eastw.) L.W. Hess & D.B. Dunn - Cutler's spurred lupine

Lupinus croceus Eastw. – Mt. Eddy lupine

Lupinus dalesiae Eastw. – Quincy lupine

Lupinus duranii Eastw. - Mono Lake lupine

Lupinus kuschei Eastw. – Yukon lupine [AK species]

Lupinus nipomensis Eastw. – Nipomo Mesa lupine

Lupinus sublanatus Eastw. – Mono lupine

Lupinus tracyi Eastw. – Tracy’s lupine

© Project SOUND

*Lupinus antoninus – Anthony Peak lupine

Most herbaria specimens from Eastwood, John Thomas Howell, in early 1940’s

Threats

Narrow range: known from just four sites in the Inner North Coast Ranges of California.

Hybridization with Lupinus albifrons var. collinus.

© Project SOUND http://eol.org/data_objects/20029071

There is currently enormous interest in

documenting species’ ranges

© Project SOUND

IUCN Red Data Book

Classifies organisms based on their threat of extinction

Classification based on Potential range

Current actual range

Historical decline in numbers

Habitat fragmentation

The relationship between population numbers and risk of extinction is well documented for many species. Why use range?

Because the data is more available

© Project SOUND

http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/images/covers/Gl

obal/1978_RDB_Plants.jpg

Why worry about geographic range?

Species vulnerability

Limited geographic populations are particularly vulnerable to:

Human encroachment

Disease & predation

Climate change/variability

Limited geographic populations are also vulnerable to genetic factors

Reproductive ‘fitness’

Enough genetic variability to insure survival under changing conditions

Hybridization/’gene swamping’

© Project SOUND

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_croceus

Range dynamics: what we know

For at least some species, range size increases rapidly just after speciation; after that, slow decrease in range size

Lag phase; rapid increase in range size; slow decrease

In general, species with larger range appear less vulnerable to extinction

Data are difficult to come by (paleontology) and may be biased

In part due to fact that species with wider range also have greater numbers

Great variability

Just because a species has a ‘large’ range doesn’t guarantee it won’t become extinct (particularly through human actions – direct or indirect)

© Project SOUND

Eastwood understood the conservation

implications of her work

We must carefully document California’s biotic resources (as completely as possible)

We must work to conserve habitat in situ

Other possibilities not envisioned by Eastwood:

Save germplasm (seed/DNA banks)

Grow plants in alternative sites (natural; gardens)

© Project SOUND

http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt9n39s2r7/

Eastwood was an avid conservationist.

She succeeded in getting most of Mount Tamalpais declared a state park.

She also helped form the “Save the Redwoods” League.

Worked to save a redwood grove in Humboldt County (which was named Alice Eastwood Memorial Grove).

© Project SOUND

http://islapedia.com/index.php?title=EASTWOOD,_Alice

*Eastwood’s manzanita - Arctostaphylos

glandulosa ssp. glandulosa

© Project SOUND

©2004 Doreen L. Smith

Genus Arctostaphylos – the Manzanitas

26 proposed species; 16 still currently accepted

Accepted species: Arctostaphylos auriculata Eastw. - Mount Diablo manzanita

Arctostaphylos australis Eastw. – Australian m.

Arctostaphylos bakeri Eastw. – Baker’s m.

Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw. – Hoary m.

Arctostaphylos confertiflora Eastw. - Santa Rosa Island m.

Arctostaphylos crustacea Eastw. – Brittleleaf m.

Arctostaphylos franciscana Eastw. - San Francisco m.

Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. – Eastwood’s m.

Arctostaphylos imbricata Eastw. - San Bruno Mountain m.

Arctostaphylos montana Eastw. - Mt. Tamalpais m.

Arctostaphylos obispoensis Eastw. – Bishop manzanita

Arctostaphylos pallida Eastw. – Alameda m.

© Project SOUND

Genus Arctostaphylos – the Manzanitas

Accepted species (cont.): Arctostaphylos pechoensis (Abrams) Dudley ex Eastw. –

Pacheco manzanita

Arctostaphylos regismontana Eastw. – King’s Mountain m.

Arctostaphylos virgata Eastw. – Bolinas m.

Arctostaphylos viridissima (Eastw.) McMinn – Whitehair m.

© Project SOUND

Alice Eastwood was a pretty good ‘splitter’

Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. -- accepted -- Eastwood's manzanita

Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. cushingiana (Eastw.) J.E. Keeley, M.C. Vasey & V.T. Parker -- accepted -- Cushing manzanita

Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. glandulosa Eastw. -- accepted -- Eastwood's manzanita Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. howellii (Eastw.) P.V. Wells -- not accepted

Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. zacaensis (Eastw.) P.V. Wells -- not accepted -- Zaca's manzanita

Arctostaphylos glandulosa var. campbelliae (Eastw.) J.E. Adams ex McMinn -- not accepted

Arctostaphylos glandulosa var. cushingiana (Eastw.) J.E. Adams ex McMinn -- not accepted

Arctostaphylos glandulosa var. howellii (Eastw.) J.E. Adams ex McMinn -- not accepted

Arctostaphylos glandulosa var. virgata (Eastw.) Jeps. -- not accepted

Arctostaphylos glandulosa var. zacaensis (Eastw.) J.E. Adams ex McMinn -- not accepted

© Project SOUND

© Project SOUND

http://www.worldbotanical.com/arctostaphylos.htm

* Del mar Manzanita – Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia

Endemic to the south-central coast of San Diego County south into extreme northwestern Baja California

On coastal sandstone bluffs within the rare and threatened maritime chaparral plant community

Some of the best populations exist and are protected at Torrey Pines State Reserve

© Project SOUND

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3449,3454,3470,3472

http://www.plantscomprehensive.com/sandiegonatives-blog?page=3

* Del mar Manzanita – Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia

A. glandulosa ssp. mollis – SMM & San Gabriels

© Project SOUND

http://www.researchlearningcenter.com/bloom/species/Arc

tostaphylos_glandulosa_mollis.htm

© Project SOUND

Del mar Manzanita: gray-green to blue-green

Size: 3-6 ft tall; usually 3-5 ft

4-6 ft wide

Growth form: Small to medium sized

evergreen shrub w/ red bark

Rounded, upright to rambling form

Slow growing

Foliage: Gray-green to blue-green

Neat/tidy looking

Roots: re-sprouts from basal burl

© 2007 Charles E. Jones

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/arctostaphylos-glandulosa-ssp-crassifolia

© Project SOUND

Flowers contrast

beautifully with foliage

Blooms: winter to early spring – may be earlier or later

Flowers: Pale pink

Typical shape of the genus

Sweet scent

http://www.cnpssd.org/plantlistpdfs/arctostaphylosglandulosacras.pdf http://www.cnpssd.org/plantlistpdfs/arctostaphylosglandulosacras.pdf

© Project SOUND

Use Del Mar Manzanita

As a tall groundcover

Under pines

As an informal hedge

With its usual associated species Comarostaphylis, Xylococcus, Quercus and Salvia species.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_glandulosa

http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/m-Htm9oK65QX_9Kx7zPcDw

Population density extremes: not good

Too many

Too few Decreased mating partners –

may ↓ reproduction

Increased inbreeding

Possible extinction of the

population (Allee effect)

Minimal Viable Population

(MVP) - the smallest population size that can avoid extinction

© Project SOUND

© 2006 Steve Matson

Mount Diablo Manzanita – Arctostaphylos auriculata

© Project SOUND

* Mount Diablo Manzanita – Arctostaphylos auriculata

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_auriculata

© Project SOUND

* Mount Diablo Manzanita – Arctostaphylos auriculata

© 2006 Steve Matson

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3449,3454,3456

Endemic to the area surrounding Mount Diablo, in Contra Costa County (e San Francisco Bay Area)

occurs primarily in chamise or manzanita chaparral. It can also be found as an understory shrub in coast live oak woodland, 400'-2000' elevation

© Project SOUND

Mount Diablo Manzanita: beautiful foliage

Size: 3-12 ft tall; usually 4-6 ft

5-10 ft wide

Growth form: Evergreen woody shrub

Erect to mounded

Twigs hairy; older bark red

Foliage: Gray-green; may be very

fuzzy

Rounded, over-lapping leaves clasp the branches

Very unusual and lovely appearance

© 2006 Steve Matson

© Project SOUND

Flowers are pink!

Blooms: winter to early spring

Flowers: Usually pink – sometimes

white

Usually hairy

Many flower clusters per plant – plant covered with flowers

Otherwise, fairly typical flowers for the genus

Fruits: small & hairy until mature.

© 2006 Steve Matson

© Project SOUND

A. auriculata can take a

little more water Soils:

Texture: well-drained

pH: slightly acidic best

Light: Full sun on coast

Morning sun/dappled shade in hot gardens

Water: Winter: adequate

Summer: best with a little summer water (Zone 1-2 up to 2); rinse off occasionally in summer (be ‘the fog’)

Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils

Other: organic mulch (including oak and pine needles

© 2006 Steve Matson

© Project SOUND

Mt. Diablo Manzanita for a silvery touch

As a dramatic accent plant in dry shrub beds, along walkways

In a chaparral garden

In a hummingbird garden

Sprawling over a fence or wall

https://picasaweb.google.com/theforestprimeval/PinusCoulteriAndArctostaphylo

sAuriculataBlackDiamondMinePreserve#5512180876178895842

© Project SOUND

What genetic resources should we

conserve (and how)?

Based on aesthetic or other potential?

Broadly - because we don’t know all the ‘services’ provided by individual species (medicines; habitat value; etc)

Broadly - because more diversity means more likely that at least species will survive changing conditions – in the near future

Based on species uniquely adapted to certain conditions – we may need those genes sometime

????????

http://www.hazmac.biz/090218/090218Cercocarp

usTraskiae.html

© Project SOUND

Management strategies for conserving

rare species: key issue today

Remove species that may hybridize with the desired species

Remove other pressures to reproduction – e.g. herbivores that eat seedlings, other stressors – protect the remaining individuals as source plants

+/- Remove hybrid plants/seedlings

Vegetative propagation to create more individuals

Plant out in appropriate sites: Local area Otherwise appropriate conditions No potential hybridizing species

© Project SOUND

* Glossyleaf Manzanita – Arctostaphylos nummularia

http://www.baynatives.com/plants/Arctostaphylos-nummularia/

North Coast, Outer North Coast Ranges, w San Francisco Bay Area (Mount Tamalpais, Santa Cruz Mtns)

Rocky sites, woodland, coniferous forest, < 1500 ft

AKA ‘Fort Bragg Manzanita’

© Project SOUND

* Glossyleaf Manzanita – Arctostaphylos nummularia

http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/park-sites/mount-tamalpais.html http://www.thevoiceofalliant.com/FunSun.html

© Project SOUND

Glossyleaf Manzanita: variable habit

Size: 2-6 ft tall; usually 2-3 in nature

4-6 ft wide

Growth form: Dense evergreen shrub

Habit varies from low and spreading (rocky, exposed sites), mounded to larger upright shrub (forest sites)

Red bark

Foliage: Leaves rounded, tidy looking

Dark shiny green above; lighter beneath

Roots: no burl – don’t coppice!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctostaphylos_nummularia_1.jpg

© 2006 Steve Matson

© Project SOUND

Manzanita flowers

Blooms: In winter; usually Dec-Feb

locally, tho’ may be a few blooms at other times

Flowers: Small, urn-shaped flowers

typical of the genus

Pale pink; sweetly scented

Flower clusters slightly more open and other species

Flowers pollinated by large bees – ‘buzz pollination’

Fruits: Edible ‘apples’ in summer/fall

© 2006 Steve Matson

http://www.baynatives.com/plants/Arctostaphylos-nummularia/

© Project SOUND

Grows under range of

conditions

Soils: Texture: well-drained – sandy or

rocky best

pH: slightly acidic; may want to amend with peat moss

Light: Best with afternoon shade

Good choice for under trees (pines; oaks)

Water: Winter: gets a lot in its native

habitat – supplement if needed

Summer: gets summer rain and fog – Zone 2-3 and wash-downs

Fertilizer: light applications of acid fertilizer

Other: best near the coast

© 2004 Aaron Schusteff

© Project SOUND

Garden uses for Glossyleaf Manzanita

Mounded groundcover under pines and similar tall trees

Along coast, with other species for a north coast themed garden: Allium unifolium, Diplicus aurantiacus, Baccharis pilularis, Pinus attenuata, Fragaria vesca, Satureja douglasii

© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College

© 2004 Aaron Schusteff

Arctostaphylos nummularia

‘Small Change’

Selected for its small leaves which are bronze when young.

2-3' H x 3-4' W; mounding or spreading

Coast: full sun; Inland: part shade

Well-draining, acidic soils - good choice for planting under pines.

Provide afternoon sun and extra water in inland gardens.

© Project SOUND http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Arctostaphylos_nummularia_'Small_Change'

Versatile ‘Emerald Carpet’

hybrid is garden friendly

and low

Hybrid between Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and A. nummularia – best traits of both parents

groundcover to very low hedge

© Project SOUND

http://www.pasadena.watersavingplants.com/eplant.php?plantnum=243&return=l8_aK

The quandary of ‘garden cultivars’

The pros Help conserve species/sub-

types in danger from loss of habitat

Spread the resources to multiple geographic areas – perhaps less vulnerable to disease, climate change, etc.

The cons Evolution in the garden/

nursery setting – essentially creating multiple islands

Threat of hybridization [example: Prunus ilicifolia]

© Project SOUND

Note: these same issues are

being grappled with in zoos &

animal sanctuaries

The quandary of plants reproduced

vegetatively

All essentially identical (except for mutations that occur later)

Essentially a mono-culture (not much different from agricultural monocultures)

Vulnerabilities

Threat to local native populations by ‘gene swamping’

© Project SOUND

Why worry about loss of plant biodiversity?

Ethical/moral reasons: we should be good co-species or stewards, especially if we’re the cause of the loss

Aesthetic/historic reasons: They make our surroundings a nice place to live

They are literally our link with the past

Selfish reasons: They are our food (and other useful resources)

They are potential sources of medicines and other useful products yet to be discovered

They perform ecosystem services – some of which we don’t even know about.

Eastwood: active and engaged to age 90

© Project SOUND

1942 Elected Honorary member of California Academy of Sciences

1949 Retires as Botany curator

1950 Serves as Honorary President of the VIIth International Botanical Congress in Sweden

1953 Dies in San Francisco

http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-

bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=108051991

Long-term association with

John Thomas Howell, who

succeeded her as CAS

Botany curator in 1949

One Hundred and Fifty Years of Botany at the

California Academy of Sciences (1853–2003)

Alice Eastwood’s legacy

Credited with building the botanical collection at the California Academy of Sciences

published over 310 scientific articles, several books and edited several important botanical journals of her day.

Seventeen currently recognized species named for her, as well as the genera Eastwoodia and Aliciella.

Campground on Mt Tampais named in her honor of her conservation efforts there.

© Project SOUND

Books by Alice Eastwood

Eastwood's Channel Islands Flora.

A Popular Flora of the Pacific Coast (1897)

A Popular Flora of the Rockey Mountain Region (1900)

A flora of the South Fork of Kings River : from Millwood to the head waters of Bubbs Creek (Sierra Club, 1902)

A Handbook of the Trees of California (1905)

A key to the common families of flowering plants in California, and A guide for the analysis and description of flowering plants. Prepared for and published by the California Botanical Club, California Academy of Sciences. (San Francisco, 1934)

© Project SOUND

Eastwood as journal editor

editor of Zoe - 1893-189? - An ‘alternative outlet’ to the CA Acad. of Science Bulletin – allowed more active debate and criticism

assistant editor for Erythea : A Journal of Botany, West American and General [with Jepson] before the 1906 earthquake

Founded Leaflets of Western Botany (1932–1949), with John Thomas Howell [continued until 1966 under Howell alone]

© Project SOUND

http://www.alibris.com/Leaflets-of-Western-Botany-Alice-

Eastwood/book/18559081

Much of this material is being digitized and is now available

on the internet

Honors and achievements

A member of the California Academy of Sciences since 1892; unanimously elected an honorary member of the Academy in 1942.

In 1903 she was one of only two of the few women listed in American Men of Science to be denoted, by a star, as being considered to be among the top 25% of professionals in their discipline.

In 1949, in recognition of her achievements, the American Fuchsia Society awarded her with its Medal of Achievement.

Served as Honorary President of the VIIth International Botanical Congress in Sweden

© Project SOUND

Alice Eastwood: her continuing legacy

Better understanding of plants from some remote (and unusual) areas of CA

Shedding light on the continuing controversy of what constitutes a ‘species’

Promoting an appreciation for rare species – and their conservation

Serves as an inspiration for all women – including those whose lives include challenges

An inspiration to those of us proud to be called ‘elders’ – half of her publications after the age of 50!

© Project SOUND

We hope you’ll want to get to know Miss Eastwood better

Eastwood gave a lecture at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History in 1929

As reported in the April Leaflet: “Miss Eastwood is not only an admirable scientist, but a rare human being as well. A simple, kindly woman stood before her audience and told with utter lack of self-consciousness of experiences which not one woman in a thousand would care to undergo.”

© Project SOUND

Resources on Alice Eastman

Alice Eastman Archives (CA Acad. of Sci) - contains her memoirs, diaries, field notes, and correspondence, among other items.

Ladies in the Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800-1900 - Mary R. S. Creese

Ross, Michael E. and Caple, Laurie A. 1997. Flower Watching with Alice Eastwood. Carolrhoda Books, Inc. Minneapolis. - a charming young person's book with many photos of Eastwood

© Project SOUND

More books/articles about Alice Eastwood

Dakin, Susanna Bryant. 1954. The Perennial Adventure; A Tribute to Alice Eastwood. Cal. Acad. Sci.

Wilson, Carol Green. 1955. Alice Eastwood's Wonderland; the Adventures of A Botanist. Cal. Acad. Sci.

Bonta, Marcia Myers. 1991. Women in the Field; America's Pioneering Women Naturalists. Texas A & M Univ. Press. Includes bios of Kate Brandegee and Alice Eastwood.

Daniel, Thomas F. 2008. One Hundred and Fifty Years of Botany at the California Academy of Sciences (1853–2003) - http://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/history_botany_at_cas_pcas_v59apr08_daniel_pp_215-305lr.pdf

Moore, Patricia Ann. 1996. Cultivating Science in the Field: Alice Eastwood, Ynés Mexia and California Botany, 1890-1940. PhD Dissertation, UCLA; UMI 9640244.

© Project SOUND

Tributes to Alice Eastwood

Abrams, Leroy. "Alice Eastwood--Western Botanist." Pacific Discovery. 2(1):14-17, 1949.

Howell, John Thomas. "Alice Eastwood: 1859-1953." Taxon. 3(4): 98-100, 1953.

Howell, John Thomas. "I Remember, When I Think..." Leaflets of Western Botany. 7: 153-176, 1954.

MacFarland, F. M., with R. C. Miller and John Thomas Howell. "Biographical Sketch of Alice Eastwood." Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series, 25: ix-xiv, bibliography xv-xxiv.

© Project SOUND

Garden Party & Ice cream Social Madrona Native Plant Garden

May 9th – 2:00-4:00

South Bay Water-wise Garden Tour May 17th

Tickets still available – see website

© Project SOUND

Go out and enjoy Miss Eastman’s

California this month

© Project SOUND