1.MODERATOR DR U.S AGARWAL

2. TOPICAL PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY WITH METHYLAMINOLEVULINATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACTINIC KERATOSIS AND REDUCTION OF PHOTODAMAGE IN ORGAN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS: A CASE SERIES OF 16 PATIENTS Ariel Hasson, Cristian Navarrete-dechent and etal Indian journal of dermatology , venereology and leprology 3. INTRODUCTION Cutaneous malignancies are the most common neoplasm among OTR patients. Between 35% - 50% of them will develop one or more skin cancers at the 10 th year from transplantation. Neoplasms have greater morbidity and mortality when compared with general population with an increase in aggressiveness and capacity to metastasize in these patients. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent skin cancer in OTR population. Actinic keratosis (AK) incidence is also increased in OTR patients with an occurrence of 35% after 5 years of immunosuppression. 4. Aggressive and early treatment is essential to preventthe progression of AK to invasive SCC. Many therapies have been validated for the treatment of AK including cryotherapy, topical 5-fluorouracil (5FU), curettage, imiquimod and electrosurgery. Many of these treatments can accomplish a high curerate, but their use is limited by the great number of lesions in OTR and because of esthetic secondary effects like scars. In the last years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an alternative for the treatment of AK in immunocompetent patients. 5. The tumoricidal mechanism of action of PDT isthrough free oxygen radical species, generated by a photosensitizer activated by visible light. Topical photosensitizers like 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and 5-methylaminolevulinate (MAL) are metabolized by cells to protoporphyrin IX a molecule that is capable of causing oxidative damage by itself when activated by visible light. 6. AIM OF STUDY The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of PDT withmethylaminolevulinate (MAL) in the treatment of facial AK in OTR. As a secondary objective, they wanted to evaluate the usefulness of topical PDT in the reduction of photodamage in OTR. 7. Material and methods It was a prospective clinical study. 16 patients were entered the study. They included only AK of the face and scalp, ifpatients had AK in other locations, they were not included in the study. Diagnosis was made clinically when they were evident, and when diagnosis was not clear, samples were sent for histology. 8. Exclusion criteria were porphyria and known allergy to MAL or its components. AK lesions, capable of being treated, were followed up with clinical appreciation before treatment, at 12 weeks and 24 weeks post-treatment. The follow-up was done by the same investigators of the study without blinding. Complete response (CR) was considered when no residual lesions were observed clinically after treatment. A partial response (PR) was considered when < 50% of initial lesions were present after follow-up. failure to response (FR) was considered when there were >50% of initial lesions were present. 9. Cleaning of the skin was done using physiologic solution (0.9% normal saline). In hypertrophic lesions, superficial curettage was done before starting treatment. MAL 160 mg/g was applied. A 1 mm thickness with 5 mm of margin of MAL was applied and incubated with occlusive dressing for 3 hours. Then, the patch was removed, and MAL was cleaned with physiologic solution. The area was then irradiated at a distance of 8cm with a LED coherent light lamp with visible red light, wavelength of 635 nm at 37 J/cm 2 . 10. The number of sessions was decided individually for every patient. If at 12-weeks, AK lesions persisted or were still >50% of basal, a new MAL-PDT session was done. The level of photodamage was evaluated with Skin Care which captures a multispectral image and automatically evaluates photodamage level in a desired area without contrasting with healthy skin. It was evaluated only on the face. Then it was classified as low: 0 - 13 points, moderate: 14 - 27 points, and severe: 28 - 50 points. Photodamage was measured before treatment and at 12- or 24- weeks of follow-up. 11. Adverse events were evaluated objectively and subjectively, including pain and tolerance to illumination. They were registered after the PDT session and after a week of treatment. They also decided to evaluate patient satisfaction subjectively at 12 weeks of follow-up with the simple question. Statistical analysis was made using MINITAB 15 with the t-test for paired samples. They used a confidence level of 95%. 12. RESULTS Mean age in the study was 49 years (20 - 72 years). Phototype was evaluated according to Fitzpatrick phototyping scale. 2 patients were type II phototype, 7 patients were type III, and 7 patients were type IV phototype. A total of 16 patients were treated with MAL-PDT 6 patients (37.5%) needed a second session to obtain CR because at 12-week follow-up, there were still AK lesions. Photodamage was measured at a basal level and at 12 and 24 weeks . 13 patients had moderate photodamage and 3 patients had severe photodamage at the beginning of the study. 13. Pre-treatment mean was 26 8.1 points. Post-treatment (combined at 24 weeks), the mean was22 11.9 points. These differences were not statistically significant Pvalue = 0.21 Differences in photodamage were also evaluated separately according to skin phototype: Patients with phototype IV (7 patients) and patients with phototype III or less (9 patients) also had no statistically significant improvement (P = 0.21 and P = 0.349, respectively). 3 patients were not measured because they were lost at follow-up, 14. As an immediate adverse reaction, all the patientsreported mild erythema, which resolved spontaneously. 2 patients reported moderate burning sensation, which resolves after an administration of 500 mg of acetaminophen. Late reaction was defined if it occurred after the first week of treatment; all the patients had mild erythema, thus not needing treatment. 15. Results of topical photodynamic therapy in the studied patients 16. DISCUSSION AK and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are one of the most frequent complications of long term immunosuppression in OTR. Most relevant risk factors are UV radiation and the degree and duration of immunosuppressive treatment. In OTR patients, the progression of AK to SCC could be even faster than in immunocompetent individuals. In this study, they tested the utility of MAL-PDT in the treatment of AK in OTR. Their results show a complete response in all the treated patients. 17. These results are consistent with those published byothers who showed a 71% - 90% response rate with MAL-PDT for AK in renal transplant recipients with a similar PDT protocol. MAL-PDT has also been compared to conventionaltherapies, like topical 5-FU with a complete response of 89% in the MAL-PDT group and no complete response in any patient in the 5-FU group at 1 month follow-up. At 3 months of follow-up, complete responses were conserved in the PDT group. 18. Their study also described the change in cutaneous photodamage, measured by a multispectral image method at a basal, 12 and 24 weeks after topical MAL PDT. An improvement was observed in 62.5% of patients, but these results were not statistically significant (P = 0.12). Differences were also non-significant when evaluated separately according to skin phototype. They did not have any severe adverse event or esthetic consequences in there series. All patients showed mild erythema that persisted in all of them at 1 week follow-up. 19. All of them also referred pain, but most of the patientscharacterized it as a mild pain, and it seems that it diminished at the second session. It seems that PDT is a safe therapy in this group of patients. All patients were satisfied in this study. Topical PDT appears to be effective for treating AK in transplanted patients and emerges as an option. PDT could also reduce photodamage in OTR patients as supported by this study and could become a preventive opportunity in this group of patients. 20. CONCLUSION Topical MAL-PDT is an effective and well-toleratedtreatment alternative for AK in OTR, with only mild adverse events. It also seems effective as a preventive measure by reducing the level of photodamage in these patients. More studies are required to establish efficacy, security and a protocol scheme in OTR patients. 21. AGE REVERSING MODALITIES: AN OVERVIEW DEEPTHI KONDA,DEVINDER MOHAN THAPPA Indian journal of dermatology , venereology and leprology 22. INTRODUCTION Aging is an inevitable biological process and not adisease. A component of beauty may also include a retainedyouthfulness despite advancing age, by the appearance of smooth, even skin complexion and the absence of rhytides, volume loss, and skin laxity. Medical and procedural interventions are nowavailable to improve the aging skin. 23. MEDICAL TREATMENTS SUNSCREENS One of the most important measures to preventphotoaging is through adequate protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight. Sunscreens are broadly defined as the agents that protect the skin against UV damage, sunburn, wrinkles, and pigmentary changes. Sunscreens may be physical or chemical. Physical sunscreens act by blocking or reflecting UV light. Examples include zinc oxide and titanium oxide. 24. Advantages of physical sunscreens are:a) block both UVA and UVB. b)They are chemically inert i.e., do not cause phototoxic or allergic reactions. Chemical sunscreens initially conferred protectionagainst only UVB but the recent generation products protect against both UVA and UVB. Examples of UVA blockers are avobenzone and oxybenzone. 25. ANTIOXIDANTS Topical NAC 20% when applied under occlusion tohuman skin increases the quantity of reduced glutathione, the form of glutathione with potent antioxidant potential. It also prevents UV induced extracellular signalregulated protein kinase (ERK) activation and subsequent up regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)s which prevent collagen breakdown. Topically applied vitamin C stimulates the collagen producing activity of the dermis and leads to clinical improvement in photoaged skin 26. Idebenone, a synthetic analog of coenzyme Q10 withpotent antioxidant activity, reduces the skin roughness, increases hydration, reduces fine lines and causes overall improvement in photoaged skin. 27. HORMONES Estrogen exerts its actions on skin especially in thepost menopausal, through estrogen receptors present on both the epidermis and the dermis. In the epidermis, it is associated with increased thickness, hydration and an increase in surface lipid content . In the dermis, it causes increased hydration through an increase in glycosaminoglycan content as well as through increased collagen. Estrogen based treatments are believed to be beneficial for improving the appearance of photoaged skin, but the scientific evidence is scanty. 28. VITAMIN A DERIVATIVES Retinol, a vitamin A derivative increases collagen production, glycosaminoglycan expression, procollagen I immunostaining and inhibits UV induction of collagen degrading enzymes in photoaged skin. Retinol derivatives such as retinyl acetate, retinyl propionate and retinyl palmitate are widely used in over the counter anti aging treatments. Tretinoin and tazarotene are the only two retinoids which are FDA approved as antiaging drugs. Tretinoin induces the synthesis of collagen 1 and decreases the quantity of abnormal elastin. Tazarotene, another retinoid which is metabolized to tazarotenic acid was found to significantly improve mottled hyperpigmentation and fine wrinkles at week 24 in a prospective, multicenter, randomized study. 29. PEPTIDES Peptides, which age fragments of aminoacid chains,stimulate collagen synthesis and thus are used as one of the antiaging medications. Examples are Pal-KTTS and tripeptide coppercomplex-GHK-copper peptide. 30. 5-FLOUROURACIL 5- flourouracil (5-FU) when applied topically is shownto increase the levels of type1 procollagen mRNA and protein, thus increasing the collagen synthesis. For patients unwilling to undergo costly laserresurfacing procedures and for those with actinic keratoses, topical 5-FU can be considered part of the antiaging treatment. 31. IMIQUIMOD Topical application of 5% imiquimod, an immunemodulator led to wrinkle reduction and improvement in dyspigmentation. The epidermal changes characteristic of aging skin likeatrophy and atypia were diminished after therapy, however dermal changes were not noticed. 32. ORGANIC,NATURAL COMPOUNDS There are many natural organic compounds which arebeing used as a medium to combat aging process. Most commonly used compounds with their mode of action is mentioned below (1) Tea plant camellia sinensis, grape seed extract polyphenolic compounds - antioxidant, and anti inflammatory action (2) Lemon oil and lavender oil - increase resistance to oxidative stress 33. (3) Rosemary phenolic extract, N-furfuryladenine (plant cytokin) - anti oxidant (4) Chlorella, an aquatic plant extract- regulates vascular endothelial growth factor/thrombospondin levels. (5) Gingko biloba, aloe vera, cucumber extract, wheat protein, and algae extract are among the home made remedies used for improving the cosmetic appearance. 34. PROCEDURAL TREATMENTS ENDERMALOGIE It is a noninvasive, mechanical procedure in which theskin with excess and abnormal fat deposition or the cellulite is sucked in between the rollers and held in position for about 30-45 minutes. This leads to flattening of the affected area but theeffect is temporary. 35. CHEMICAL PEELS Chemical peeling, if used properly, can be an effectivemeans of treating the signs of skin aging, particularly photodamage . Peeling agents, when applied to the skin create a superficial wound by exfoliating the epidermis or dermis, which subsequently re-epithelizes along with remodelling of underlying collagen leading to improvement in dyschromia, photodamage, and rhytides. Different agents used as peeling agents are: 36. a) superficial peels - alpha hydroxy acids (glycolic acid,lactic acid, pyruvic acid), beta hydroxy acid (salicylic acid, lipo hydroxyl acid) b) medium depth peels - trichloroacetic acid 35%, Jessners solution. c) deep peels - trichloroacetic acid >50%, phenol. 37. Common side effects include dyspigmentation,erythema, burning sensation, reactivation of herpes simplex virus, superficial desquamation, vesiculation, hypertrophic scarring and keloid formation. Postpeel erythema is almost always transient but may require treatment with topical corticosteroids to minimize the development of post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). It can also be prevented by starting at lower peel concentrations and titrating up, or by less-frequent intervals between peels (2-4 weeks). 38. MICRODERMABRASION Microdermabrasion (MDA) also called "bodypolishing" is a noninvasive, nonsurgical procedure for revitalizing and rejuvenating the skin. It is a closed-loop process, which uses the abrasive qualities of chemically inert crystals, most common being aluminium oxide to achieve partial skin ablation. It is mainly used to improve or correct photodamage, hyperpigmentation, superficial rhytides, stretch marks, tattoo removal, scar revision, and acne scarring. 39. In MDA, a flow of inert crystals is projected onto theskin through a controlled graduated vacuum pump or a compressed air source. The crystals transfer their kinetic energy to the cells of the top layers of epidermis, leading to detachment of sebum concretions and corneocytes. A variable depth of ablation can be achieved by altering vacuum pressure, speed of crystals, particle size. Sodium chloride crystals, diamond tipped devices can also be used in the place of aluminium oxide. 40. Contraindications MDA is not recommended for those who have rosacea,fragile capillaries, vascular lesions, warts, erosions, and ulcers. It should not be used in patients who have takenisotretinon in the past 6 months . Side effects ocular complications like eye irritation and adherence of aluminium oxide crystals to the cornea are a potential hazard if safety goggles are not used 41. Petechiae or purpura may occur especially when the ablation is slow or more vacuum pressure is used but they usually resolve in one to three days. Rarely, acne or recurrent herpes simplex Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and foreignbody granuloma formation 42. ABLATIVE LASER RESURFACING Ablative laser resurfacing refers to removal of skin in acontrolled manner, leading to better wound healing and re-epithelisation . There are two types of Ablative lasers (1)erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er: YAG) (2) carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) lasers The continuous wave carbon dioxide laser was the firstablative resurfacing device and continues to be the gold standard. 43. The CO 2 laser emits a 10,500nm wavelength whosechromophore is water. It generates heat which results in immediatetightening of the skin due to shrinkage and denaturation of type I collagen. CO 2 laser is also known to increase the levels of interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF), along with an increase in type I and III procollagen mRNA and this effect was seen to last for at least six months. 44. lasers have been the mainstay of treatment forphotodamage specially fine facial rhytides in peri oral and peri ocular region, in lighter skin phototypes. Side effects Dyschromia , scarring ,erythema, reactivation of herpes virus and other bacteria. 45. NON ABLATIVE LASERS Nonablative lasers induce dermal neocollagenesiswithout epidermal disruption, thereby limiting adverse effects. However, the results are less dramatic when compared to ablative modalities. Most nonablative laser systems emit light within the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (1000-1500nm). At these wavelengths, absorption by superficial water containing tissue is relatively weak, thereby allowing deeper tissue penetration. 46. Nonablative skin resurfacing is ideally used for thepatient with mild-to-moderate photodamage and signs of skin ageing including lentigenes, mild rhytides and mild to moderate poikiloderma. Nonablative skin resurfacing technology can be categorized into five different general modalities: (1) Radiofrequency systems (2) mid-infrared lasers which include 1320 nm Nd:YAG, 1450 nm diode, 1540 nm Er:glass lasers (3) intense pulsed light systems (IPL) (4) vascular lasers (585 nm pulsed dye laser) (5) light emitting diodes (LED). 47. Radiofrequency energy is conducted electrically todermal tissue and the generated heat produces subtle damage to collagen, which along with the subsequent inflammatory cascade induced by heating, produces the tightening effect. Pulsed dye laser targets the chromophore oxyhemoglobin to create a thermal insult to the dermal microvasculature, thereby inducing production of inflammatory cytokines, which in turn stimulate fibroblast activity leading to dermal collagen production. 1550 nm erbium doped fiber laser is a non ablative fractional laser (NAFL) which emits a mid-infrared wavelength. 48. which creates non-contiguous columns of microscopicthermal zones (MTZ) in the dermis. These MTZs produce localized epidermal necrosis andcollagen denaturation and the surrounding normal epidermal and dermal cells migrate into the zone of damage to produce rapid healing. 49. LIPOTRANSFER Recently the lipotransfer technique has been studiedextensively regarding the mode of fat harvest, preparation, storage, and use in facial contouring. It was shown that lipotransfer covers not only mature adipocytes but adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) and preadipocytes. Excisional harvest is better than blunt or needle harvest. 50. BOTULINUM TOXIN Dynamic wrinkles resulting from overactivemovements of underlying muscles are the main indication for using botulinum toxin A. Two types of botulinum toxin A are approved by FDA: onabotulinum toxin (botox) and abobotulinum toxin (dysport). The toxin acts on the presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals, preventing the fusion of vesicles with the membrane and thus the release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine. 51. The injections are used for the dynamic rhytides ofglabella (procerus and corrugators), forehead commonly known as frown lines (frontalis), lateral periorbital region commonly known as crow's feet (orbicularis oculi). The effect of the toxin lasts for about 4 months. The usual dosage is about 20 U Botox or Xeomin or 5 U Dysport 52. The most significant adverse effect of botulinum toxin when used in brow lifting is lid ptosis with an incidence of up to 1%. This effect is temporary, lasting about 2-3 weeks. It can be treated by apraclonidine eye drops that contract Mueller's muscle to raise the lid about 1 mm. Brow ptosis is commonly seen after overdose of botulinum toxin. Ectropium or diplopia are much less common possible adverse effects and bruising is more common when botulinum is used to correct crow's feet. 53. SOFT TISSUE AUGMENTATION Dermal fillers improve the appearance of the skin withrespect to wrinkles and certain types of scars by "filling in" areas that have experienced loss of collagen and structure. Typically, they are injected into the lower two thirds of the face, the most common site being nasolabial creases. Other commonly injected sites are infra orbital, zygomatic, chin, "marionette lines" or lines between the angles of mouth. 54. The procedure of soft tissue augmentation typicallyinvolves a topical anesthetic or regional nerve block followed by injection of the agents either in serial puncture technique or linear fanning technique. Dermal fillers can be categorised as temporary, semipermanent, permanent. (1) Temporary fillers include bovine collagen, porcine collagen, human collagen and cross linked hyaluronic acid (HA). (2) Semi permanent fillers include poly L lactic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite. (3) Permanent fillers include liquid silicone and polymethylmethacrylate suspended in collagen 55. HA fillers are the most popular. Side effects usually encountered with fillers are edema,ecchymosis, temporary pain, and some tissue soreness in the first few days following injection. Granulomatous reaction pattern to the injected material is another important side effect . 56. CONCLUSION The persistent desire of human to achieve a more-vibrant, youthful appearance is more easily attainable in the present era as the field of aesthetic dermatology is expanding, with new developments and advances in the safety and efficacy of cosmetic procedures. 57. THANKS