ACIAR-IFPRI - Agricultural Mechanization in Nepal- Madhusudan Basnyat

7 provinces3 ecological regionMountain, Hill, Terai

➢ Land area 147,181 sq km (EW-885 km, NS-193 km)

➢ Population 28.10 M (2015)

➢ Elevation ranges from 70 m to 8848 m

➢ Climate temperate to sub tropical

➢ Rugged terrain and diversity (in all sense) the typical feature

Source: MoAD

➢Agriculture contributed 34.33% GDP and employmentto about 66 % of population,

➢Dominated by subsistence & small holder,➢Average land holding : < 0.68 ha,➢Labor migration from agril sector to non-agricultural

sector➢Young people unwilling to work in agriculture,➢Dependent on old-age and feminization in agriculture➢Emerging commercialization➢Low investment capacity and lack of infrastructure

and market opportunities forced to use traditional technology

Hence, urgent need of appropriate Agricultural Mechanization in the country

Crops Area (ha.) Production (mt.) Yield (kg/ha)

Paddy 1,425,300 4,789,000 3,359.99

Maize 882,400 2,145,000 2,430.87

Millet 268,000 308,400 1,150.75

Wheat 762,300 1,976,000 2,592.16

Barley 28,000 37,000 1,321.43

Buckwheat 10,800 10,800 1,000.00

Total 3,377,000 9266,200 2,744

It involves the use of powered machinery, implements

and tools that substitutes human labour and improves

the efficiency of production

The primary aims

✓to increase productivity

✓reduce the cost of production

✓optimize product quality

✓ providing timely inputs

✓ protect the environment, and

✓improve the livelihood of the farming

community

It has replaced the animal power that was the primary

means of semi-mechanization in the past.

• 1921 - Agriculture Office established at Charkhal, Kathmandu• 1924 - Beginning of Modern AgrilMech after Mr. Krishna Bdr.

Thapa of Biratnagar 1st. time imported single cylinder tractor.• 1953 - Establishment of Agriculture Engineering Unit under

Ministry of Agriculture Development. Importation of modernfarm equipments started for government agriculture and livestockfarm

• 1959 - Agriculture Equipment Research Unit was established inRanighat, Birgunj of Parsa district for research and promotion ofagricultural equipment for terai region- iron-made plough and ricethresher

• 1964 - Agriculture Tool Factory (ATF), Birgunj was establishedformer USSR- iron-made plough, pedal thresher, corn thresher,wheel barrow, wheat thresher, pump-set and tractor-trailer

• 1970 - Food Technology and Quality Control departmentestablished a fruit processing pilot plant.

• 1971 - Janakpur Agriculture Development Project (JADP) byJapan Government (JICA) to promotion of deep tube-well,power-tiller and modern agriculture equipments.

• 1973-1983 Agriculture Development Bank (ADB/N) started toprioritized the loan on tractors and pump-sets.-Livestock Development Farm, Pokhara -German TechnicalCooperation Agency (GTZ), use of Forage harvester, incubator,hatcher and equipment to prepare silage-Jiri farm, Dolakha -Swiss Government , use of some machineries

• 1991 - Agriculture Engineering Division (AED),NARC-testing anddeveloping different agriculture machines and equipment

• 1996-ATF privatized , now collapsed• 2004 - Directorate of Agriculture Engineering (DoAEngg), DoA-

agricultural mech. extension and training services• 2014 - Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Policy, 2071-

Approved.Mechanization Strategy under Final Approval (Supported by IFPRI) .

Agricultural Sector-

• traditional hand equipment and wooden animal driven plough

• iron plough, tractor, power-tiller, pump set, sprayer, rice/wheat thresher, rice huller/grinder, oil expeller, trailer for transportation , combine harvester, Zero tillage seed drill,

Livestock Sector-

• poultry, hatchery, feed grain production, milk processing, lactometer, cream separator, ice-cream vault, milking machine, chilling vat, liquid nitrogen

Fisheries Sector-

• water quality testing, aerator, harvesting, diseases diagnosis, feeding, transportation and storage

Types of equipments

1991/92 2001/02 2011/12*

Holdings using

equipments (‘000)

No. of items (‘000)

Holdings using

equipments (‘000)


Holdings using

equipments (‘000)


Iron ploughsPower tillersShallow tube wellsDeep tube wellsRower pumpsTractorsThreshersPumping setsAnimal drawn cartSprayersOthers

315.15.6

50.920.1

3.535.285.681.1

204.650.2

296.5

354.51.6

48.215.7

3.85.5

19.941.3

198.123.4

878.4

870.315.6

119.758.622.7

272.9249.5210.4226.4203.0449.0

890.211.8

109.551.521.8

150.6129.1146.1199.1145.9

1072.7

1073.475.7

367.7159.7

79.1844.7803.1548.2335.0574.0290.1

856.310.4

262.082.036.237.451.9

150.3159.9282.3

83.5

(*Source: National Sample Census of Agriculture, CBS, 2012)

(Source: National Sample Census of Agriculture, CBS, 2012)

Machinery/

Equipments used

No of

Households

%

Households

Iron ploughs 1,073,441 28.02

Power tillers 75,671 2.49

Tractor 844,700 27.86

Thresher 803,154 20.96

Pumping sets 548,203 14.31

Sprayers 574,014 14.98

Shallow tubewells 367,744 9.56

Deep tubewells 159,725 4.17

Rower pump (Dhiki) 79,145 2.06

Animal drawn cart 334,978 8.74

Other Equipments 290,084 7.57

Item Unit Quantity Values (NRs 000)

Source Country

PloughsDisc harrowsCultivators/harrowsSeeder/planter/transplantersThreshersTractorsReaper/harvestersFertilizer distributers Combine harvesters Cultivation machineriesMowers Hay making machines Fodder balers Cleaning, sorting and gradingAnimal feed making Grain cleaner/graderMilking machines Milling machineries

Pcs.,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,

41,6103,952

189,9746,408

21,35816,693

3,557 25,827

78 8,063

51 57 27

511 176,232

24,903 207

4,541

8,88436,773

690,67014,872

480,0535,838,984

44,327 2,281

66,521 2,212

609 750

1,415 4,520

323,756 378,556

6,629 529,125

China, IndiaIndia,,India, ChinaIndia, China, USA, JapanChina, India,, ,, ,, ,, China, India, TaiwanIndia India, China, Japan, KoreaChina, India Germany, Netherlands --China, IndiaChina, India,Indonesia,Germ

2014/15: 16693 Nos.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100Animal

Mechanical

Human

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Female Male

Constitution of Nepal 2072:PART 4 . Directive Principles, Policies and Responsibilities of the State

– Article 51. State policies: section (e) Policies regarding agriculture and land reform:

• (1) Introducing scientific land reform by ending dual ownership of landfor the benefit of farmers.

• (2) Increasing produce and productivity through land plotting and bydiscouraging absentee land ownership.

• (3) Protecting and promoting rights and interests of peasants andutilizing the land use policy for increasing production and productivity ofagriculture and for commercialization, industrialization, diversificationand modernization of agriculture;

• (4) Making proper utilization of land through proper regulation andmanagement on the basis of productivity of land, its nature, and also bymaintaining environmental balance.

• (5) Making arrangements for agricultural tools and an access to marketwith appropriate price for the produce.

20 years strategic planning 2015-2035

ADS approved by the Government of Nepal (GoN) onSunday, 26 July, 2015

Officially launched by the Minister of AgriculturalDevelopment on Friday, 20 November, 2015

Vision of ADS

"A self-reliant, sustainable, competitive, andinclusive agricultural sector that driveseconomic growth, and contributes toimproved livelihoods and food and nutritionsecurity leading to food sovereignty."

AgrilMech in Agricultural Development Strategy (ADS)

AgrilMech in Agricultural Development Strategy (ADS)

Agricultural Mechanization➢Article 5.3.10 Activities related to Output 2.10 (Mechanization) on a Range of Mechanization Options accessible to Farmers through the Private SectorSix components to this strategy:

❖Information dissemination❖Improve customer access to finance❖Capacity building of service and maintenance providers❖Enable the business environment for leasing agricultural equip❖Revise regulation and taxes to support mechanization❖Pilot a voucher scheme

➢Article 7.17.2 Decentralized Research System➢establishment of Agriculture Mechanization Centers in the terai (2), mid hills

(1), and high hills (1) within existing research centers

❖ Approved by the GoN on 29th. August 2014

Vision

"To contribute national development through modernization andcommercialization in present agriculture system using agriculturalmechanization ."

Mission

"To contribute to sustainable economic development through theagricultural mechanization and agribusiness modernization."

Goal

"To research, develop, adopt, extend, and promote of agriculturalmachines & equipments to increase agricultural productivity andmake it sustainable and competitive."

Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Policy, 2071

Clause 9. Objective:4 main point to achieving AgrilMech

1. To make agricultural business sustainable, competitive and commercial byincreasing productivity through suitable agricultural mechanization accordingto national geographic and socio-economic conditions.

2. To enhance access of farmers/agricultural entrepreneurs on agriculturalmachines and equipments through increasing agricultural mechanizationrelated service and business with collaboration among government,cooperatives and private sectors.

3. To identify and promote women & environment friendly agriculturalmachines & equipments.

4. To develop institutional structure for agricultural mechanization for qualitystandardization, regulation, monitoring and promotion of agriculturalmachines & equipments.

Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Policy, 2071

Government of Nepal approved the law

Combine Harvester along with baler or Straw Chopper has to be imported for straw mgmt

• Agricultural Mechanization Research: crop, horticulture, livestock , andfisheries sectors,

• Development of appropriate technologies (open drum thresher, improvedplough, plastic ponds etc) for hill agri. mechanization,

• Validation and up scaling of AED technologies,

• Conservation tillage up scaling in Terai and valley,

• Soil and water resource engg (drip, micro irrigation cum fertigation)

• Post harvest engg Research

• Survey on terai and hill mechanization

Agricultural Engineering Division (AED) under NARCMain mandate : Research, Testing, Developing and Recommend

• Recommending Technologies like:❖Zero tillage❖ improved iron plough❖Rice weeder❖Pedal paddy thresher❖Coffee pulper❖Jabs planter❖ low cost solar dryer

Agricultural Engineering Division (AED) under NARC

❖Direct seeded rice ❖Pedal rice-wheat thresher ❖Corn sheller ❖seed drill❖fertigation system❖low cost drip irrigations

Purbanchal Campus, Dharan under Institute of Engineering (IOE), TU

▪ 48 Agricultural Engineering graduates pass

out each year

▪ Around 400 undergraduate Agril Engineers

graduate till date.

Human Resource Development (HRD) for agricultural engineer/technician –Short term training

Directorate of Agricultural Engineering (DoAEngg)under DoA of MoAD : Establish in 2004

Main mandate : Extension of agricultural engineering technology, short term training, demonstration of agril.machineries, resource center development, develop custom hiring centers, post harvest centers and so on

Agricultural Mechanization Program for Rural Livelihood

• Basic Training for Black Smiths

• Special Training for Black Smiths

• Resource Center for Black Smiths

• Basic Training for Power Tiller Operator:

• Special Training for Power Tiller Repair and Maintenance

• Resource Center for Power Tiller Repair and Maintenance

DoAEngg

Demonstration :

i. Minimum Tillage Technology:

ii. Harvesting Technology:

iii. Mini Tiller Technology:

iv. Mobile Demonstration:

DoAEngg

AgrilMech Exhibition :First National Agricultural Mechanization Exhition-2014 at Chitwan

▪ February 21-24, 2014

▪ 35 thousand visitor from 52 districts farmers, group, cooperative, policy maker, educationist, researchers, students, NGO/INGO entrepreneurs etc

▪ 72 exhibitors, exhibiting more than 500 agri. machineries, tools, equipments etc from 16 countries

▪ Total translation was NRs. 50 millions

▪ Ad hoc committee of Nepal Agricultural Machinery Entrepreneurs Association (NAMEA)had formed now its registered

DoAEngg

AgrilMech Exhibition :Second National Agricultural Mechanization Exhition-2016 at Kohalpur, Banke in asso with

Nepal Agricultural Machinery Entrepreneurs Association (NAMEA)

▪ March 6-10, 2016


▪ 100 exhibitors, exhibiting more than 1000 agri. machineries, tools, equipments etc from 12 countries

▪ Total translation was NRs. 60 millions

DoAEngg

Nepal AgrilTech 2017 :First International Agricultural Mechanization Exhition-2017 at Bhrikuti Mandab in asso with Nepal

Agricultural Machinery Entrepreneurs Association (NAMEA) and M&S Solution Pvt. Ltd.

▪ February 17-19, 2017


▪ 200 Plus exhibitors, exhibiting more than 10,000 agri. machineries, tools, equipments etc from 12 countries

▪ Total translation was more NRs. 100 millions

DoAEngg

Community Post Harvest Service Center:

Jhapa , Sunsari, Kavre, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Rupandehi, Dang, Bardiya & Kanchanpur

Custom Hiring Center: Community Agril. Machinery and Implement Service Center for Custom Hiring, Bara , Morang, Bardiya & Kanchanpur

Guildline of Custom Hiring Service Center Final State (Supported by IFPRI)

Interest Subsidy:

✓ Infrastructure Development for Community Post Harvest Center: Chitwan, Rautahat & Dhangadhi.

✓ Agril. Machinery for Community Post Harvest Center: Chitwan & Rupandehi.

✓ Small Agril. Machinery like PT, MT financed by Co-operatives, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kavre, Kathmandu

✓ Establishment of Cold Store- 7 recommanded, 22 under process.

DoAEngg

Focus Program to Subsidies AgrilMech:

FY 2013/14- 29 districts out of 75▪ 25 % -75% subsidy ▪ 448 PT, 236 MT and 344 attachments

FY 2014/15- 35 districts out of 75▪ 25 %-Terai, 30% -Hill & 35 % Mountain subsidy▪ 1299 PT, 1008 MT and 1288 attachments

FY 2015/16- 50 % subsidy in specialized machine for 15 Rice mission, 20 Fish mission districts and 24 Earth Quake highly affected districts 453 PT, 514 MT and 610 attachments

FY 2016/17- 50 % subsidy in agricultural machine demand from 54 districts 17.12 Cores

DoAEngg

1. Project for Agriculture Commercialization and Trade (PACT)

2. High Value Agriculture Project (HVAP)

3. Kishankolagi Unnat Biu-Bijan Karyakaram (KUBK-ISFP)

4. Agriculture and Food Security Project (AFSP)

5. Agricultural Development Project, Janakpur (ADP,J)

6. Irrigation and Water Resources Management Project (IWRMP)

7. Raising Incomes of Small and Medium Farmers Project (RISMFP)

8. Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project (CMIASP)

9. High Mountain Agri-business and Livelihood Improvement (HIMALI) Project

10. Earth Quake Rehabilitation Program

11. Prime Minister Agricultural Modenization Project (PMAMP)

Government Project

1. Samarth - Nepal Market Development Programme (NMDP)

➢ Managed by Adam Smith International (ASI), is a UK aid

➢ One of the component is AgrilMech in mid-hills and terai

➢ Working to stimulate private sector investment

➢ Conducted number of training in different mid-hill districts in operation and maintenance of mini tiller and small business management

➢ In Collabration with DoAEngg, importers and suppliers for betteravailability of repair and maintenance services mechanics trainingfor Motorcycle and pump sets in PT & MT

Development Organization in AgrilMech

2. Feed the Future(FtF)➢ Implemented by International Maize and Wheat Improvement

Centre (CIMMYT Intl) under Cereal System Initiative for South Asia in Nepal (CSISA-NP) of USAID

➢ Working in Mid and Far West region of Nepal

➢ For small holder farmer for income generation through agriculture, conservation agriculture and AgrilMech

➢ Mandated to demonstrate and training in AgrilMech users.

➢ Planning to establish Training and Testing Center for DoAEngg and AED supported by USAID- INDIA through CSISA-upscaling

➢ Medium-term Earth Quake Recovery work to eight affected districts


CIMMYT Intl/CSISA-NP/USAID-Nepal

Medium-term Earth Quake Recovery work➢ 25 April, 2015, EG of 7.8 magnitude

➢ 12 May, 2015, aftershock of 7.3 mag

➢ 8,857 dead and 21,952 injured

➢ Distributing grain storage materials and Agril Machine eight affected districts 400 mini tillers and attachments in 90% subsidy for individual farmers and 95% subsidy for farmer group /cooperatives

➢ Training package for basic operations.

➢ Training mechanics in local level for repair and maintenance

➢ Brief operation manual of mini tiller developed with DoAEngg & AED


3. Policy Reform Initiative Project (PRIP)

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) funded of USAID

Support for DoAEngg, AED and private sector NAMEA in AgrilMecha) Training cum study visit to India for custom hiring practices

➢ At Zamindara Farm Solutions Pvt. Ltd.(ZFS), Fazilka district, Punjab

➢ 9 participant: 9th-19th August, 2015

b) Organize Workshops related to AgrilMech

➢ Interaction program on Costume and Duty in

Agricultural Machinery


3. Policy Reform Initiative Project (PRIP)Capacity Building

c) Training for Trainers (ToT)

India. Central Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute (CFMT&TI) Budni (M.P)

➢ Tractor and attached equipment for four wheel tractors

➢ 6 participant: DoAEngg, AED and private sector, 6-12 Dec, 2015

China. 8 Participant of DoAEngg, AED and private sector at

Nanjing Research Institute for

Agricultural Mechanization, Ministry

of Agriculture (NRIAM) Testing

Training on Testing of Two Wheel

tractors and attached equipment

8-16 August, 2016


3. Policy Reform Initiative Project (PRIP)Capacity Building

d) Exposure visit

India. To Learn Custom Hiring Business

» 5 participant

» MP, Hariyana, Punjab


Past policies ignored mechanization due to fear of labour displacement. Agriculture Policy, 2004 have not mention AgrilMech

Past policies such Land Act (1964), National Civil Code (1853;1962) have encouraged land fragmentation with the provisions of land inheritance & land ceiling resulting in disincentives for mechanizations

Subsistence farming, small farm size, fragmented land holding and physical constraints of rugged and steep topography, narrow terraces in Hills and Mountains discouraged use of machineries.

Infrastructure, institutional capacity and capital constraint.

• Acute labour scarcity at peak season and high cost

of production

• Wage rate in agriculture has doubled in the last 10

years

• Increased attraction of returned youth migrant in

commercial agriculture and use of modern

machinery

• Increasing road connectivity in rural areas

resulting in use of tractors and machinery

• Very liberal import policy with tax exemption for

Agricultural Machinery

• Spill over effect from neighboring countries

– Government as facilitator should create enabling environment

– Custom hiring service provider should be well recognized

– Create database and monitoring

– R & D on appropriate machinery

– Easy access to credit and subsidy in bank interest

– Insurance in agricultural machines/ operators

– Mid-level AgrilMech manpower production like in other faculty civil, electrical, mechanical

– Career development opportunity to retain mid-level technician as other faculty working under MoAD.

– Adequate annual budget to organize more number of skill training and establish resource center

– Establish training institute/vocational colleague by private sector

– Assurance of employment opportunities to trained human resources by govt/private sectors

– Develop adequate repair and maintenance service center – Encourage local manufacturing of Agril Machineries– Due realization of planners and policy makers– Coodination among Development and Govt. Organization – Coordination among the organization/institute involve in

AgrilMech in the SAARC regions – Establish Training and Testing Center in all provinces– Establish Directorate of Agricultural Engineering in all 7

Provinces

Small Scale Drip Irrigation Solar Lift Irrigation

(Renewable World)

Thai Jar for MUS

▪Papa Pump (Hydraulic Ram)

▪Barsha Pump (Spiral)

Developed by aQysta

and promoted and

implemented by

Practical Action and

distributed by NAFSeeds

• No-Tillage

• Minimum Tillage

• Residue Management

• Direct Seeded Rice

• Biogas (CDM), Bio briquet and renewable energy

• Solar Pumping

• Papa & Barsha Pump

• Gravity Goods Rope Ways

• Cable Ways (Tow-in)

Seed Pocessing

Combine Harvestor

Automatic Rice Milling

Rotavator in operation

Walk Behind Rice Transplanter

Straw Collector/Streaper

Rice Threshing

Field Puddling

Minimum Tillage

Big Tractor Operated Minimum Tillage

Walking Tractor Operated

Thank YouEr. Madhusudan Singh BasnyatEmail: [email protected]

Cell: 977-9851022899

Education

ACIAR-IFPRI - Agricultural Mechanization in Nepal- Madhusudan Basnyat