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ABILITY & LEARNING
Presented By:-Gautam Singh
Intellectual
Abilities
• The abilities needed to perform mental activities
• General Mental Ability (GMA) is a measure of overall intelligence
Physical Abilities
• The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics
ABILITY : An individual’s capacity to perform various tasks in a job
Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
Intellectual Ability
Number Aptitude
Verbal Comprehe
nsion
Perceptual Speed
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Spatial Visualizati
on
Memory
ADVANTAGES
Can identify physically able people without harming their wellbeing and the job
Decreases cost related to disability, medical insurance, and other financial compensation
Decreases absenteeism
DISADVANTAGE
Costly to administer
Requirements should be confirmed through job analysis
May contain age related bias
ABILITY
Components of learning
LEARNING - Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience
Involves Change
Is Relatively Permanent
Is Acquired Through
Experience
Classical conditioning theory Operant conditioning theory
Cognitive learning theory Social learning theory
Theories of Learning
Classical conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
First described by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), Russian physiologist, in 1903, and studied in infants by John B. Watson (1878-1958)
Classical conditioning
Key Concepts:
◦ Unconditioned stimulus (Food) A naturally occurring phenomenon
◦ Unconditioned response (Salivation) The naturally occurring response to a natural stimulus
◦ Conditioned stimulus (Bell) An artificial stimulus introduced into the situation
◦ Conditioned response (Salivation with bell) The response to the artificial stimulus
Classical Conditioning
Reflex – Involuntary response to a stimulus
Conditioned reflex- learned reflex
Unconditioned reflex – spontaneous reflexes (Tears, sweating etc)
Acquisition - Formation of a learned response to a conditioned stimulus through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
Extinction – Elimination of cond response by removal of Ucs
Spontaneous recovery - Re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
Elements and processes of classical conditioning
Generalization - The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus
Discrimination - The ability to distinguish between different stimuli, tendency for a response to be elicited by one stimulus and not another (sometimes similar) stimulus
Elements and processes of classical conditioning
Greater number of pairing of Ucs ans Cs
Consistent pairing Strength of Ucs Lesser gap between Ucs and Cs
Factors influencing classical conditioning
Human beings are more complex than dogs
Human brain can override simple conditioning
Organizational set up is too complex is utilize the concepts of classical conditioning
LIMITATIONS
Operant conditioning investigates the influence of consequences on subsequent behavior.
Operant conditioning investigates the learning of voluntary responses
B.F Skinner introduced the concepts of operant conditioning
Operant Conditioning
It is the consequence that follows the response
that influences whether the response is likely or unlikely to occur again
The three-term model of operant conditioning (S--> R -->S) incorporates the concept that responses cannot occur without an environmental event (e.g., an antecedent stimulus) preceding it
There are two types of consequences, positive and negative
Basic Concepts of Operant Conditioning
Shaping - Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response
Key Concepts
• Reinforcement is required to change behavior
• Some rewards are more effective than others
• The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Positive reinforcement◦ Providing a reward for a desired behavior
(Promotion) Negative reinforcement
◦ Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs (Removing extra work load)
Punishment◦ Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an
undesirable behavior ( Warning letter) Extinction
◦ Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation (Holding increments)
Types of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement - A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated
Intermittent Reinforcement - A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated
Fixed-Interval Schedule - Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals
Variable Interval – Rewards given at different time
Fixed Ratio - Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses
Variable Ratio – Rewards given at variable amount of output
Schedules of Reinforcement
Learning is an active process of filtering, selecting, organizing, and integrating information (Mayer)
Learning takes place when new associations are formed and they are added to the existing information base
Learning may not be manifested through behaviour
Cognitive theories of learning
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling
It explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences
Social theories of learning
Attention – The model should be attended
Retention – Remembering the model when she / he is not available
Reproduction — Reproducing the image and practicing the newly learned behaviour
Self-efficacy - Learner has to identify his or her ability to perform
Motivation - Having a good reason to imitate, presence of positive consequences is important
Necessary conditions for effective modeling
Effective video clippings during training program can bring desired behaviour in the employees
Team leader can act as a role model and influence the members
Desired behaviours might be reinforced to delay extinction
Application of social cognitive theory in organization
Even the wisest mind has something yet to learn