A Framework for improving the effectiveness of the Openness in OER Repositories and Open Educational Datasets!

A Framework for improving the effectiveness of the Openness in OER Repositories and Open

Educational Datasets!From OER to Open OER Data!

Open Education Global Conference 2015, !Banff, Alberta, Canada from 22-24 April, 2015!

!Nelson Piedra, Janneth Chicaiza, Jorge López!

Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador!{nopiedra, jachicaiza, jalopez2}@utpl.edu.ec!

!Edmundo Tovar Caro (presenter)!

Universidad Politécnica de [email protected]!

Agenda!

•  OER Practices: A case in Engineering Education!

•  Open data and Open knowledge!

•  OER data requirements!

•  Conclusions!

1. OER Practices: A case in Engineering Education!

!

Motivation!•  It is widely recognized that re-use of educational

resources by both individuals and organizations may have significant creative and economic benefit for educational environment. !

•  One major barrier on the way to a sustainable open educational environment based on open educational resources is an appropriate global - scale interoperable and integrated approach ecosystem. !

•  Goal: Contribute to improvement the discovery and re-use of OER!

This special issue will focus on innovative experiences using OCW/OER to demonstrate the theory and practice of electrical and computer engineering, presenting both scientific and educational studies using OER-based novel educational research techniques such as Social Web, Semantic Web, Linked Data, and the like that are within the scope of interest of the IEEE Transactions on Education.!The target audience will be educators and researchers across the field of electrical and computer engineering, as well as practitioners wanting an insight into the future of OCW and the overall OER value chain.!

Relevant practices in Enginering Education!

•  Production of open content!

•  Reuse of contents!

•  Institutional open web site initiatives!

•  Technological applications!

Generating OER by Recording Lectures!

•  Experience of recording lectures and generating the corresponding videos under an institutional policy of the University, that makes all teaching material generated by its teachers freely available.!

•  Records are made available through the Institutional Learning Management System.!

Experimental Architecture Design of a Series of Aerospace Control

Course !

The VLAB OER Experience!

•  The first two papers in this issue pay special attention to the production of experiments and the skills they engender. Although in both cases the material produced is accessible only to the students enrolled in each course, thus losing the original “open” characteristic!

•  it is a step forward to create awareness among faculty, students, and policy-makers of the importance of creating open content and the need for institutional policies on OER.!

OER Approach for Specific Student Groups in Hardware-!

Based Courses!

2. Open data and open knowledge!

Open Data and Open Content in the Context of

Open Educational Initiatives!

Although, the OER itself has been described as early as 2001, detailed reusable insight into the relationship between OER offers and OER re-utilization has remained scarce. !

The primary permissions or usage rights open content is expressed in the !

“5Rs Framework”!

Source: David Wiley, http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/3221March 5, 2014, CC-BY

1 Retain - the right to make, own, and control copies of the content (e.g., download, duplicate, store, and manage)

2 Reuse - the right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video)

3 Revise - the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., translate the content into another language)

4 Remix - the right to combine the original or revised content with other open content to create something new (e.g., incorporate the content into a mashup)

5 Redistribute - the right to share copies of the original content, your revisions, or your remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of the content to a friend)

Legal Requirements and Restrictions Make Open

Educational Content Less Open, Interoperable and Integrable!

http://opendefinition.org sets out principles that define “openness” in

relation to data and content

Poor Technical Choices!Make Open Educational Content Less Open, Interoperable and

Integrable!



Open definition



ensures interoperability and integration between different pools of OERs

and other open materials

“Open means anyone can freely access, use, modify, and share for any purpose (subject, at most, to requirements that

preserve provenance and openness).”!

Open knowledge means OER and data can be freely used, reused, remixed, adapted and

redistributed by anyone.!

Inte

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rabi

lity

Laye

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on L

inke

d O

ER D

ata!

search social media activity

Personalized offers and content

Location

Data Visualization

Public Domain

Open Educational Resources Providers

API

OER Applications

Our approach (GICAC Group): to contribute to the improvement of discovery and re-use of OER!

Also take the Metadata into account! Towards OER-Open Metadata …as an essential precondition for open, flexible delivery of OER materials and services”.!

3. OER data requirements!

!

OER Data Requirements!•  The following topics could be identified & described on

the basis of a requirement analysis to implement Open Data on OER Repositories: !

•  (a) completeness, (b) primary, (c) timeliness, (d) ease of access to digital resources and metadata, (e) metadata documented, (f) metadata in standard and machine readability formats, (f) universal participation, (g) formats non-proprietaries, (i) ensures interoperability between different collections of OER using open licenses both a human-readable description and computer-readable metadata, and (j) persistence.!

A."Completeness!•  The repositories, resources and datasets released

by OER Initiatives should be as complete as possible, reflecting the entirety of what is shared about a particular subject. !

•  Metadata that defines and explains the raw data should be included as well, along with practices and explanations for how derived data are calculated. Doing so we will permit users to understand the scope of information available and examine each OER at the greatest possible level of detail.!

Unlocking knowledge!

Public Domain

Open Educational Resources Providers

API

Metadata!

Educational Resources!

Metadata Document!

+!

+!

Scattered or Closed Metadata: OER providers should organize the scattered Metadata in structured repositories, catalogues or libraries and provide open access to the collected OERs.!

Where are the metadata for this course?!!

Open Metadata for Humans & Open Re- useable Metadata: Public administrations should provide services to query, browse and export their

Metadata in a machine-readable and preferably non-proprietary format (e.g. CSV, XML).!

Data Open Education Consortium This is experimental Open Data API to Courses that are currently tracked by OpenCourseWare Consortium. http://data.oeconsortium.org

Scattered or Closed Metadata: OER providers should organize the scattered Metadata in

structured repositories,catalogues or libraries and provide open access to the collected OERs.!

All raw information from a repository or a specific OER should be released to the public. !

B."Primary!•  Repositories released by the OER initiatives should

be primary source digital resources and data, with the highest possible level of granularity and detailed way that is practicable. !

original information that describe the OER details on:!!!!!!!

i. how the digital resource was created!

ii. how it can be used, modified or adapted for others to build their own materials.!

C."Timeliness!•  Both, digital resource released by an OER Initiative,

and their metadata should be available to the teachers, students, and self-learning’s in a timely fashion.!

•  If OER creator adds the OER dataset to a catalog, such as the Data Hub, creator should make sure that he indicates the license under which the dataset is available within that catalog. !

D."Ease of access to digital resources and metadata.!

•  The repositories and resources released by OER Initiatives should be as accessible as possible in convenient, modifiable, and open formats that can be retrieved, re-used, re-mixed, adapted, downloaded, indexed, and searched.!

•  An aspect of this is "findability," which is the ability to easily locate and download content (digital resources and metadata).!

E."Metadata documented!

•  Because the purpose of OER is reuse, user needs that resources and metadata be as well documented and standardized as possible. What those terms mean depends very much upon the data and potential uses. This challenge is often framed in terms of properly identifying what to collect, or perhaps as a challenge in filtering the great mass of content from which one must carefully select. !

Where are the metadata document of the course?!

Metadata Ignorance: OER providers should become aware of the importance of Metadata in OER repositories and resources and the need

for coherent relevant management policies.!

◦ There are a number of ways you can add documentation to your data: Embedded documentation Information about a OER or repository can be included within the data or document itself. For digital data sets, this means that the documentation can sit in separate files (for example text files) or be integrated into the data file(s), as a header or at specified locations in the file.

◦ Supporting documentation This is information in separate files that accompanies data in order to provide context, explanation, or instructions on confidentiality and data use or reuse. Examples

◦ Catalogue metadata

This is structured information which can be used to identify and locate the data that meet the user's requirements via a web navigator or web based catalogue. Examples of catalogue data are: Title; Description; Abstract; Creator; Geographic location; Keywords

F."Metadata in Standard and Machine readability Formats !

•  Formats of open-OER-data should be machine-readable (i.e, data are reasonably structured to allow automated processing). Metadata should be in standard formats to ease processing, for pattern recognition, mining, integration, interoperability, simulation, longitudinal studies, and so forth.!

OER Interoperability

Open Standard and Open Licensing

=!

Semantic web and linked data technologies

+!

OER providers should consider applying linked metadata policies, including use of

RDF to document their Metadata, persistent design, use and maintenance of URIs, linking to external vocabularies/schemata, harmonize their resources to third parties resources etc. !

Ontologies to improve collaboration and Global discovery of library resources!•  RDA Ontology!•  Dublin Core Ontology!•  Bibliographic Ontology (BIBO)!•  Citation (CITO)!•  Vivo Core Ontology (VIVO)!•  Provenance Ontology (PROV-O)!•  MODS/MADS!•  FRBR!•  Holding Ontology!•  LOCWD & LOERD (Linked OER

Data vocabularies)!

G. Universal Participation!

•  Everyone (teachers, students, self-learners), must be able to use, reuse and redistribute — there should be no discrimination against fields of endeavor or against persons or groups. !

H."Formats non-proprietaries!

•  Open OER Data do not discriminate against any person or group of persons and should be made available to the widest range of users for the widest range of purposes, often by providing the data in multiple formats for consumption. !

•  To the extent permitted by law, these formats should be non-proprietary, publicly available, and no restrictions should be placed upon their use. !

I."Open Licenses!•  Ensures interoperability between different

collections of OER using open licenses both a human-readable description and computer-readable metadata. !

•  The human-readable descriptions and marks that creator should use are spelled out on the Creative Commons and Open Data Commons websites: (a) Creative Commons license chooser; (b) Open Data Commons licenses!

http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?id=255293600!

•  OER creator should indicate the license for content or data that make available using both a human-readable description and computer-readable metadata. !

•  According to the above Open Definition, there are only two kinds of restrictions that an open license can place: (a) That users must give attribution to the source of the content or data. (b) That users must publish any derived content or data under the same license (this is called share-alike)!

<— “free”: human-readable description Is this enough?!

machine-readable metadata insufficient!

http://www.openculture.com/audio_books_fiction!

<— “free”: human-readable description !

Appropriate license images from licensebuttons.net!

https://licensebuttons.net/l/!

Creating, using and displaying license metadata!

<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/"> !<img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width: 0" src="creativecommons.png"/></a> !<br/>This work is licensed under a !<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/"> !Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence</a>. !

<html xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" ! xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#"> !<body> !<h1 property="dc:title">History as commemoration</h1> !<h2 property="dc:creator dc:contributor">The Open University</h2> !!<p property="dc:description"> !Commemoration - remembering and marking your past - makes an !important contribution to our sense of community. Written texts, !memorials, letters and photographs can all serve to commemorate !events, people and values we wise to remember from our past. !</p> !!<p>Available languages: <span property="dc:language" content="en-gb"> !English (Great Britain)</span></p> !<p>Subjects: <span property="dc:subject">Arts and History</span></p> !<p>Licensed under a ! <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/" rel="license"> ! Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence</a>. ! Original copyright <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/" rel="dc:publisher">The Open University</a>. ! Attribute use to <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/" rel="cc:attributionURL" !property="cc:attributionName">The Open University</a>.</p> !</body> !</html> !

RDFa (including rel="license")

Note that including rel="license" marks the link as the license for crawlers and other software.

Embedding RDF in your OER pages

<link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" href="Your RDF url here"/> !

RDF in an external file

<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" !xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> ! <Work rdf:about=""> ! <dc:contributor>The Open University</dc:contributor> ! <dc:creator>The Open University</dc:creator> ! <dc:date>2008-01-23T09:09:21Z</dc:date> ! <dc:description>Commemoration - remembering and marking your past - makes an important contribution to our sense of community. Written texts, memorials, letters and photographs can all serve to commemorate events, people and values we wise to remember from our past.</dc:description> ! <dc:format>text/html</dc:format> !! <dc:language>en-gb</dc:language> ! <dc:publisher>The Open University</dc:publisher> ! <dc:rights>Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence - see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ - Original copyright The Open University</dc:rights> ! <dc:subject>Arts and History</dc:subject> ! <dc:title>History as commemoration</dc:title> ! <dc:type>Course</dc:type> !! </Work> !

Recommendations from http://www.oeconsortium.org/resources/toolkits/metadata/!

J. Persistence!

•  When OER is made available on the Web, it is important for the integrity of the Web, and the society based upon it, that the digital resources, metadata and specially the URIs used to reference information be used well into the future, and that the information persist as identified.!

http://ocw2.ua.es/es/ciencias-sociales-y-juridicas/aprendizaje-y-desarrollo-motor-2006.html

a. Page not found!

b. OER page have been updated!

http://cursos.puc.cl/unimit_teo_011-1/!

The OER initiative will ensure that persistent resources continue to be available throughout the life of the organization. Where a persistent resource is modified, a change history will be archived though the archive will not necessarily be available publicly.!

c. OER page is no longer available!

http://ocw.vu.edu.pk/CourseDetails.aspx?cat=Management&course=MGT601!

The intent is reduce the failure of links due to uncoordinated management or inadequate commitment to information persistence, and to provide a stable reference base of information about Open Educational Resources as a service to the community.!

d. OER page URI could not be stable!

4. Conclusions!

No more silo in OER

Repositories!

Elena Berriolo, Drawing for The Silo, 2010; courtesy Raphael Rubinstein"

Conclusions!•  We have put forward different criteria for improving the

openness of OER collections available in the Web.!

•  It’s still needed an extension about the Openess concept discussion in all the educational community!

•  Linked Open Data is considered as one of the most effective alternatives for creating global shared information spaces, it has become an interesting approach for discovering and enriching open educational resources data, as well as achieving semantic interoperability and re-use between multiple OER repositories.!

Thanks!!Edmundo Tovar [email protected] Nelson Piedra [email protected]