Prof. Carlo Angelo Prof. Carlo Angelo SgoifoSgoifo RossiRossiDepartmentDepartment of Food Science and of Food Science and TechnologyTechnology forfor Food Food SafetySafety, , VeterinaryVeterinary SchoolSchool -- University of MilanUniversity of Milan

RESPIRATORY DISEASE DURING IMPORTED BEEF CATTLE RESPIRATORY DISEASE DURING IMPORTED BEEF CATTLE ADAPTATION PHASE: ADAPTATION PHASE:

RISK FACTORS AND ECONOMIC IMPACTRISK FACTORS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT

Merial Symposium Lisbon 2010Current and New Approaches to the use of Antibiotics in the Control of Bovine

Respiratory Disease (BRD). Can we do better?

1.1. TransportTransport

2.2. BRDBRD

3.3. Management Management prepre & & immediatelyimmediately after after transporttransport

4.4. Welfare and managementWelfare and management

5.5. EconomicEconomic impact and production impact and production costcost

SUMMARYSUMMARYRiskRisk factorsfactors forfor bovine bovine respiratoryrespiratorydiseasedisease in new in new receivingreceiving beefbeef cattlecattle::

Live Live beefbeef cattlecattle import in Italy 2009import in Italy 2009

Source: National Source: National BankBank

FRANCE

Tot. ImportTot. Import1.387.0001.387.000

Tot. ImportTot. Import1.100.0831.100.083

Tot. ImportTot. Import1.252.6761.252.676

73%73%

69%69%79%79%

Blue Tongue

1. TRANSPORT: 1. TRANSPORT: beforebefore, , duringduring and afterand after

InfestionInfestion levelslevels of a sample of a sample populationpopulation of of charolaisecharolaise beefbeef cattlecattle (18 stock (18 stock -- 990 990 headsheads) )

78.5

25.48.3 9.5

75.4

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

10 0

S t r ogi l i GI Ne ma t odi r us Tr i c hur i s spp. M oni e z i a spp Coc c i di a

Stress and Stress and itsits mainmain effectseffects

•• ImmunosuppressionImmunosuppression•• ReductionReduction of of ruminalruminal motilitymotility•• ChangesChanges in in nutrientsnutrients absorptionabsorption•• IncreaseIncrease in in nutrientsnutrients

requirementsrequirements•• IncreasedIncreased tracemineralstraceminerals loss loss byby

kidneykidney excretionexcretion

RECEIVING PERIODRECEIVING PERIODA A criticalcritical moment of moment of beefbeef

cattlecattle breedingbreeding

ResultResult::

2. BRD: 2. BRD: IncidenceIncidence duringduring receivingreceiving periodperiod((StudyStudy on 13.230 head on 13.230 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis))

(Sgoifo Rossi et al., 2004)

Season Season effecteffect on on respiratoryrespiratory diseasedisease incidenceincidence

(Ripamonti e Sgoifo Rossi, 2007)

((StudyStudy on 17.696 head on 17.696 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis))

WEIGHTWEIGHT and BRD and BRD duringduring receivingreceiving periodperiod ((cattlecattle withwith live live weightweightlowerlower thanthan 300 kg, 300 kg, betweenbetween 300 and 400 kg and 300 and 400 kg and higherhigher thanthan 340 kg)340 kg)

(Sgoifo Rossi et al., 2004)

((StudyStudy on 13.230 head on 13.230 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis and and fedfed beforebefore transporttransport))

TEMPERAMENT TEMPERAMENT and and immunizationimmunization responseresponse((BrahmanBrahman bull, 189bull, 189±±6 kg)6 kg)

(Olimphin et al., 2006)

CALMCALM NERVOUSNERVOUSInitialInitial antibody antibody responseresponse toto vaccinationvaccination, , daysdays 66 66Peak antibody Peak antibody responseresponse, , daysdays 1313 1313Antibody at booster (d 42Antibody at booster (d 42°°)) -- 74 %74 %Antibody after 34 d Antibody after 34 d toto booster (d 76booster (d 76°°)) + 56 %+ 56 %

CortisolCortisol at at weaningweaning, ng/ml, ng/ml 4.834.83±±1.221.22 9.309.30±±1.951.95

3. MANAGEMENT: 3. MANAGEMENT: prepre and after and after transporttransport

•• MixedMixed or or notnot after after transporttransport

•• Fed or Fed or notnot beforebefore transporttransport

•• NutritionNutrition after after arrivalarrival-- NutritionalNutritional levellevel

-- MineralsMinerals and and vitaminsvitamins

MorbilityMorbility duringduring receivingreceiving periodperiod in in mixedmixed or or notnot beefbeef cattlecattle

Sowell et al., 1999 - mod

((StudyStudy on 1000 head on 1000 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis))

FED or NOT FED or NOT beforebefore transporttransport and and healthhealth problemproblem

(Sgoifo Rossi and Ripamonti, 2007)

WEIGHT LOSS Not fed before transport Fed before transport

Number of subjects 515 485

Mean weight, Kg 400 80 393 91

Weight loss, % of B.W. 1.40 0.45 4.58 0.62

Incidence of resp. dis. % 28.54 9.48

“Problematic bovine”, %Resp. disease, %LSD–nut, % *LSD–tra, % *

10.2967.9220.7511.33

5.5666.6622.2211.12

Mortality, % 1.747 0.618

EFFECTS OF FEED AND WATER RESTRICTION DURING TRANSPORTEFFECTS OF FEED AND WATER RESTRICTION DURING TRANSPORT

• Reduction of rumen volume• Reduction of frequency and lenght of ruminal contraction• Reduction of ruminal motility• Reduction of ruminal feed turnover• Alteration of ruminal bacteria population

Digestive Digestive alterationsalterations thatthat happenhappen duringduring trasportationtrasportation can compromise up can compromise up toto 75% and 75% and forfor more more thanthan 3 3 daysdays ruminalruminal fermentative fermentative capabilitiescapabilities ((HuthcensonHuthcenson and cole, 1990)and cole, 1990)

NUTRITION AFTER ARRIVAL NUTRITION AFTER ARRIVAL and and healthhealth problemproblem

CRUDE PROTEIN level in receivingdiets and trial-indexed morbidity rate

Galyean et al., 1999

LofgreenLofgreen etet a., 1983a., 1983

ENERGY LEVEL ENERGY LEVEL in in receivingreceiving dietsdiets and and

morbilitymorbility

25 %25 %

50 %50 %

75 %75 %

+ + MorbilityMorbility+ + SeveritySeverity

ConcentrateConcentrate MorbilityMorbility SickSick dayday

2.52.5

2.72.7

3.33.3

47 %47 %

49 %49 %

57 %57 %

BASE Diet

Corn silage 10.0

Straw 0.7

Wheat bran 1.0

Corn meal 3.5

Soybean 1.3

Mineral‐Vit 0.15

VITAMINS and MINERALS in in typicaltypical receivingreceiving dietdietVit A, UI 48000

Vit D,UI 16000

Vit E, UI 250

Vit. B1, mg 10

Vit. B2, mg 20

Vit. B6, mg 20

Vit. B12, mg 0.03

Mg, g 21

K, g 99

S, g 17

Na, g 20

Cl, g 31

Fe, mg 1281

Zn, mg 730

Cu, mg 118

Mn, mg 742

Se, mg 2.34

Co, mg 3.11

I, mg 10.28

ARRIVAL Diet

BASE  Diet 5.0

Hay 2.0

As fed, kg 16.67

DM, kg 8.95

UFC/kg s.s. 0.98

PG, %s.s. 14.62

FG, % s.s. 13.02

NDF, % s.s. 30.18

peNDF, % s.s. 22.03

NFC, % 47.33

Ca, g 57

P, g 40

As fed, kg 7.00

DM, kg 4.50

UFC/kg s.s. 0.93

PG, %s.s. 13.86

FG, % s.s. 16.97

NDF, % s.s. 42.23

peNDF, % s.s. 37.37

NFC, % 36.05

Ca, g 25

P, g 20

NRC In NRC In stressstress

Vit A, UI 14000 24000

Vit D,UI 5000 2400

Vit E, UI 75 240

Vit. B1 3 ?

Vit. B2 6 ?

Vit. B6 6 ?

Vit. B12 0.009 ?

Mg, g 9 12

K, g 91 62

S, g 9 12

Na, g 7 12

Cl, g 26 10

Fe, mg 1062 7125

Zn, mg 278 4200

Cu, mg 52 600

Mn, mg 357 2600

Se, mg 0.70 7.5

Co, mg 0.93 7.5

I, mg 3.08 22

Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3

Management Excellent Good Poor

Number of cattle 9844 2082 3403

Cattle affected by BRD, % 6.50 14.20 28.40

Cattle with lameness, % 1.85 3.53 6.03

foot pathology,% 0.24 0.88 3.46

articulation pathology,% 1.61 2.65 2.57

4. WELFARE, MANAGEMENT AND SANITARY 4. WELFARE, MANAGEMENT AND SANITARY PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

(Sgoifo Rossi, 2007)

Excellent: Density >4.5 m2/animal, quarantine of at least 30 days in isolated and clean structure, bedding done everyday, good interation man/animal, >5 feeding diets

Good: Densità 3.5-4.5 m2/capo, quarantine of at least 30 days in not always isolated and clean structure, beddingdone every 2 days, good interazione man/animal, 3-5 feeding diets

Poor: Density <3.5 m2/animal, quarantine <30 days in not isolated or clean structure, bedding done every 5days, bad interation man/animal, 3 feeding diets

5. ECONOMIC 5. ECONOMIC IMPACTIMPACT

•• Cost of work 1.6 €/intervention (2 men/5 minutes)• Cost of Yardage + ADG (- 0.18 kg) 70 €/animal• Cost of therapy 26 €/animal• Cost of problematic cattle

Therapy 90 €/animalYardage + ADG 200 €/animal

• MortalityNew arrival 850 €/animalDisposal 80 €/animalGain loss 50 €/animal

COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASECOST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE

((SgoifoSgoifo Rossi Rossi etet al., 2009 al., 2009 –– unpublishedunpublished data )data )

***

* P= 0.0002; ** P<.0001

-- 0.55 kg/d0.55 kg/d -- 0.19 kg/d0.19 kg/d

COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE: COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE: ADGADG300 Limousine Male300 Limousine Male319.34 319.34 ±± 49.33 kg 49.33 kg arrivalarrival live live weightweightArrivedArrived fromfrom decdec 08 08 toto aprapr 0909156 156 daysdays of of studystudy

COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE: COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE: ADGADG277 Limousine 277 Limousine FemaleFemale296.03 296.03 ±± 51.62 kg 51.62 kg arrivalarrival live live weightweightArrivedArrived fromfrom novnov 08 08 toto mar 09mar 09160 160 daysdays of of studystudy

-- 0.25 kg/d0.25 kg/d -- 0.17/d kg0.17/d kg

((SgoifoSgoifo Rossi Rossi etet al., 2009 al., 2009 –– unpublishedunpublished data )data )* P= 0.0002; ** P<.0001

METAPHYLAXISMETAPHYLAXIS

((GalmozziGalmozzi etet al., 2009)al., 2009)

MorbilityMorbility Live Live weightweight

250 Charolaise Male125 metaphylaxis 349.1 ± 24.1 kg125 control 352.3 ± 22.2 kg

Group Morbility Treatmentcost

TherapyCost

Workercost/head

(2 worker x 10€/h)

Increasedweight

Profit at slaughterhouse/head(2.50 €/Kg live weigth)

Zactran 4.8% 13.61 € 1.22 € 0.11€ 54 Kg 135 €

Control 34.4% 0 € 7.44 € 0.72€ 32.4 Kg 81 €

0 - 13.78 € + 6.22 + 0.61 € + 21.6 Kg + 54 €

((GalmozziGalmozzi etet al., 2009)al., 2009)

METAPHYLAXISMETAPHYLAXIS

Production Production costcostThe The ItalianItalian exampleexample

CRPA, 2009

PRODUCTION COST / kg OF MEATPRODUCTION COST / kg OF MEATCOST WITH OR WITHOUT PAC (COST WITH OR WITHOUT PAC (nearlynearly 0,65 0,65 €€/kg)/kg)

Profit without PAC

No profi even with PAC

Prize of beef cattle

Cost without PACCost without PAC

Cost with PAC

Cost with PAC

COSTO DI PRODUZIONE PER GIORNO 2009COSTO DI PRODUZIONE PER GIORNO 2009Cost, €/animal/d €/animal/d %

Feeding 1.70 58.0

Work 0.38 13.0

Energy, bedding, maintenance, etc. 0.39 13.3

Financial interests, money anticipations, etc 0.19 6.5

Amortization machines and buildings 0.15 5.1

Veterinary 0.12 4.1

Total cost (without the cost of the animal) 2.93

CRPA and Personal Elaboration, 2009

PurchasePurchase averageaverage weightweight: 380 kg: 380 kgSellingSelling averageaverage weightweight: 665 kg: 665 kgFatteningFattening periodperiod: 213 d: 213 d

PurchasePurchase averageaverage costcost: 2.61: 2.61€€/kg/kgSellingSelling averageaverage prizeprize: 2.31: 2.31€€/kg/kgADG: 1.36 kg/dADG: 1.36 kg/d

DifferenceDifference betweenbetween purchasepurchase and and sellingselling costcost: 114 : 114 €€AmortizationAmortization betweenbetween purchasepurchase and and sellingselling costcost in 213 d: 0.53 in 213 d: 0.53 €€/d/d

PRODUCTION COST / DAYPRODUCTION COST / DAY

SANITARY PROPHYLAXISSANITARY PROPHYLAXIS, , MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT and and NUTRITION NUTRITION are the MAIN ASPECTS are the MAIN ASPECTS toto OVERCOME OVERCOME

OBSTACLES in new OBSTACLES in new receivingreceiving beefbeef cattlecattle

€/

kg

2009

BREAKBREAK--EVEN POINTEVEN POINT