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800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Archaic Classical Hellenistic Greek History The Persian Wars

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Archaic Classical Hellenistic

Greek HistoryThe Persian Wars

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Archaic Classical Hellenistic

Greek History1. The Serpent Column: After 479 BC

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Greek History

The Second Inscription:•The following fought the war:•Lacedaemonians, Athenians, Corinthians,• Tegeans, Sicyonians, Aeginetans, •Megarians,Epidaurians, Orchomenians,•Phliasians, Troezenians,Hermionians, •Tirynthians, Plataeans, Thespians, •Mycenaeans, Keans, Melians, Tenians,•Naxians, Eretrians, Chalcidians, •Styrians, Eleans, Potidaeans, •Leucadians,Anactorians, Cythnians, Siphnians,•Ambraciots, Lepreans

(GHI 27 = Fornara #59)

1. The Serpent Column

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Greek History

The First Inscription: ‘when the Greeks dedicated the tripod at Delphi as a tithe of the booty taken from the Persians, [Pausanias] saw fit to engrave the following epigram on it:

‘Of the Greeks their leader, Pausanias, dedicated this memorial to Phoibus | when he had destroyed the army of the Persians. ‘

The Spartans immediately erased this epigram from the tripod and instead had engraved by name the poleis who dedicated it, after having dealt with the barbarian together.’

Thucydides 1.132

1. The Serpent Column

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The Second Inscription:•The following fought the war:•Lacedaemonians, Athenians, Corinthians,• Tegeans, Sicyonians, Aeginetans, •Megarians,Epidaurians, Orchomenians,•Phliasians, Troezenians,Hermionians, •Tirynthians, Plataeans, Thespians, •Mycenaeans, Keans, Melians, Tenians,•Naxians, Eretrians, Chalcidians, •Styrians, Eleans, Potidaeans, •Leucadians,Anactorians, Cythnians, Siphnians,•Ambraciots, Lepreans

(GHI 27 = Fornara #59)

1. The Serpent Column

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1. 499-494 BC – Ionian Revolt (Athens and Eretria try to help the Ionians of Asia Minor revolt from the Persian Empire – the revolt is crushed)

2. 490 BC – Battle of Marathon (Darius, the Persian King, sends an expedition by sea to punish Athens and Eretria – Athenians victorious)

3. 480 BC – Persian Invasion under King Xerxes:1. 480 BC – Battle of Thermopylae (Spartan 300 defeated); Athens Sacked2. 480 BC – Sea Battle of Salamis (Greek Navy victorious); Xerxes leaves army

and returns to Empire3. 479 BC – Battle of Plataea (victory of Greek forces over remaining Persian

expedition); end of invasion

Persian Wars – Key Events

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Greek History

1. 31 Poleis on the Serpent Column

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Greek History1. (Some of) the Greek Poleis

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Greek History

1. Introduction: The Serpent Column2. The Persian Empire: Extent, History, Structure3. The Origins of the Persian Wars: Ionian Revolt and

Marathon4. The Persian Wars

Structure

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Greek History3. The Persian Empire

8 million km2

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Greek HistoryWho were Cyrus and these Persians?

• Cyrus overthrew his grandfather Astyages, king of Media 549 B.C.

• Cyrus then conquered Lydia, Babylonia, Assyria, Syria, and Palestine and died ca. 530 BC

• Cyrus was succeeded by his son Cambyses who quietly (allegedly) eliminated his brother Smerdis after which he conquered Egypt in 525 B.C.

• When Cambyses died in Egypt he was replaced by an alleged ‘false’ Smerdis, who was overthrown by Darius I a distant relative of Cyrus’ family.

The Tomb of Cyrus the Great

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Greek HistoryDarius I (521-486 BC): Bisitun Inscription

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Greek HistoryDarius: the Great-King of Asia

King Darius says: By the favour of Ahuramazda these are the countries which I seized outside of Persia; I ruled over them; they bore tribute to me; they did what was said to them by me; they held my law firmly; Media, Elam, Parthia, Aria, Bactria, Sogdia, Chorasmia, Drangiana, Arachosia, Sattagydia, Gandara, India, the haoma-drinking Scythians, the Scythians with pointed caps, Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, Armenia, Cappadocia, Lydia, the Greeks, the Scythians across the sea, Thrace, the sun hat-wearing Greeks, the Libyans, the Nubians, the men of Maka and the Carians.

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Greek HistoryPersepolis: The Palace of Darius

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Greek HistoryDarius’ subjects – The Eastern Stairway

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Greek HistoryDarius’ subjects - Babylonians

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Greek HistoryDarius’ Subjects - Syrians

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Greek HistoryDarius’ subjects - Lydians

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Greek HistoryDarius’ subjects - Bactrians

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Greek HistoryDarius’ subjects – Scythians

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Greek HistoryDarius’ subjects – Guess who?

Greeks!

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Greek HistoryConflicts between Greeks and Persians

Ionian Revolt: 499 – 494 BC (Athens and Eretria help the Ionians)

Darius sends Mardonius by sea to attack Greece: 492 BC

Darius sends an expedition to attack Athens and Eretria: 490 BC

Xerxes invades Greece 480 BC

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Greek HistoryDarius attacks Eretria and Athens

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Greek HistoryMiltiades and Marathon

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Greek HistoryMarathon 490 B.C.

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Greek HistoryThe Soros

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Greek HistoryConflicts between Greeks and Persians

Ionian Revolt: 499 – 494 BC (Athens and Eretria help the Ionians)

Darius sends Mardonius by sea to attack Greece: 492 BC

Darius sends an expedition to attack Athens and Eretria: 490 BC

Xerxes invades Greece 480 BC – With army of 3,000,000 (?)

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Greek HistoryDarius’ subjects – Scythians

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Archaic Classical Hellenistic

Greek HistoryXerxes I: ruled 486-465 BC

• Darius’ son Xerxes tried to succeed where his father had failed.• He put together a

massive army and navy to invade Greece.• According to Herodotus

Xerxes had 1,000 warships and 5,000,000 men!

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The Oath of the Hellenic LeagueThose who paid that tribute (to the Persians) were the Thessalians, Dolopes, Enienes, Perrhaebians, Locrians, Magnesians, Melians, Achaeans of Phthia, Thebans, and all the Boeotians except the men of Thespiae and Plataea. Against all of these the Greeks who declared war with the foreigner entered into a sworn agreement, which was this: that if they should be victorious, they would dedicate to the god of Delphi the tenth part of the possessions of all Greeks who had of free will surrendered themselves to the Persians. Such was the agreement sworn by the Greeks. (Hdt. 7.132)

Greek Unity?

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A Thessalian offer to the Phocians ‘Now that we have sided with the Persians, we have so much influence that we could have robbed you of your land and reduced you to slavery as well. We could do anything we liked with you, but we do not hold the wrongs you have done us in the past against you, except that they will now cost you fifty talents of silver, and then we will guarantee to divert the approaching invasion from your country.’ The context of the offer from the Thessalians was that the Phocians were the only people in that part of the country who were not collaborating with the Persians – and the conclusion I have come to is that this was simply because of their feud with the Thessalians. In other words, if the Thessalians had supported the Greek cause, the Phocians would, I am sure, have collaborated with the Persians.’ (Hdt. 8. 29-30)

Greek Unity?

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Greek HistoryWe shall fight them at the narrows…

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Greek History“We will fight them in the shade”

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Greek HistoryThemistocles and Triremes

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We think that it is an ignoble thing to be afraid, especially since we know the Athenian temper to be such that there is nowhere on earth such store of gold or such territory of surpassing fairness and excellence that the gift of it should win us [the Athenians] to take the Persian part and enslave Hellas. For there are many great reasons why we should not do this, even if we so desired; first and foremost, the burning and destruction of the adornments and temples of our gods, whom we are constrained to avenge to the utmost rather than make pacts with the perpetrator of these things, and next the shared elements of our Greek identity (ton hellenikon) – kinship, language, the shrines of gods and the sacrifices that we have in common, and the likeness of our customs – to all of which it would not befit the Athenians to be false. Know this now, if you knew it not before, that as long as one Athenian is left alive we will make no agreement with Xerxes (Hdt. 8.144)

Greek Values

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Greek HistorySalamis 480 B.C.

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Greek HistoryPlataea 479 B.C.

• The Greeks met Mardonius in battle at Plataea in central Greece

• According to Herodotus there were 300,000 Persians and 38,700 Greek hoplites

• Modern estimates are closer to 100,000 Persians

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• Experience of massive significance for formation of ‘Greek’ identity• Greek identity nonetheless remained complex and layered, second

to local city state identity• The Persian wars, and subsequent decline of Persian power, and

increase of Athenian prestige and naval power defined the subsequent century

Conclusions

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Kagan, D. 2003. The Peloponnesian War : Athens and Sparta in savage conflict, 431-404 BC. London.

* Lewis, D.M. 1992. ‘The Archidamian War’, in D. M. Lewis, John Boardman, J. K. Davies and M. Ostwald (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 5, Cambridge, 370-432.

* Park, Dabney Jr. 1972. ‘History's Catch-22: The Peloponnesian War’, The History Teacher 5, 23-27.

Rhodes, P.J. 1987. ‘Thucydides on the Causes of the Peloponnesian War ’, Hermes 115, 154-165.

Todd, S. 1996. Athens and Sparta. London.

Week 7 – Athens vs. Sparta