4G TECHNOLOGY

A Paper Presentation on

AbstractThere is a great demand of user needs for accessing more interactive multimedia application like video on demand and seamless connection while moving from one network to another without any disturbance and maintaining the high data rate at lower cost. Current technologies are able to provide the services like multimedia applications but they failed to provide high data rate, transmission cost and seamless connectivity on user mobility from one network to another and at the same time maintaining its Quality of Service (QoS).

Some groups namely; 3GPP, 3GPP2, and WiMAX are working to achieve the key aspects of the 4G technology which has been defined in IMT Advance. The major components of the 4G technology are OFDM modulation, transmission of data using MIMO, use of smart antennas, SDR, IPV6 and IP Mobility. It is expected that the groups (3GPP, 3GPP2, and WiMAX) will achieve key

components and will successfully deploy 4G technology by 2011.

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Evolution of 4G wireless Technology

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2.1 OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation

2.1.1 Advantages of OFDM over CDMA

2.2 Implementation of MIMO (multiple inputs, multiple outputs)

2.3 Smart antenna enhancements.

2.4 SDR (Software-Defined Radio)

2.5 IPv6 and IP mobility

3. Spectral efficiency in 4G

3.1 Spectral efficiency target

3.2 Spectral efficiency objectives

4. Working groups on 4G wireless technology

4.1 3GPP (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project)

4.2 3GPP2 (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project)

4.3 WiMAX

5. Demonstration of 4G wireless technology

5.1 NTT DoCoMo

5.2 T-Mobile and Nortel Networks

5.3 Nokia Siemens Networks

6. Conclusion

Appendix

A. Abbreviations

B. Bibliography

1. Introduction

Voice communication was the major factor for second-generation mobile and it was considerably successfully with the standard Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) using TDM/FDM technology with 200 kHz frequency band. The 2G technology was designed only for the voice communication and internet service for transferring user data were not

available. Since both voice and data communications services including Internet service were needed and the research on 3G systems were on the way. The protocols and standards were developed to allow data transmission over the existing 2G infrastructure. The first is 2.5G (GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA Phase 1) technology that allows data transfer at a better rate than 2G (GSM). Today, data transfer applications like video conferencing, music or video downloads, video, and TV services at high data rate are more in demand that force us to third generation (3G)

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deployment which includes standard UMTS and CDMA 2000.

To increase the speed various new technologies have come into picture. And in the future, lower cost, higher speed data than 3G technology will be important factor to enter forward the fourth generation (4G). Anytime and anywhere service and accessing of application, with a high degree of customization and personalization of user application and users can interact with the other protocol based user devices, will be another factor. The current 3G system works on IP5.0 and 4G systems will work on IP6.0 and the user will be able to receive voice, data and smooth streaming of video transmission at anytime and anywhere at much higher data rates than 3G technologies. The data rate range for 4G will be between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s speeds for both stationary and moving devices with best quality and high level of security.

Broadband applications may be like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) demands high data rate and the quality of service(QoS) but this type of data rate and QoS are not available in 3G technology. 4G wireless technology will be able to provide the seamless services as per the requirements which are set by these applications.

The objectives of the 4G wireless communication is defined by the 4G working group which includes standard a spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site), High

network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell, Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks, Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks, Interoperability with existing wireless standards, an all IP, packet switched network.

Still 4G is not clearly defined or documented anywhere what are the basic requirements to build 4G wireless technology, like 3G is clearly defined in IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000). IMT-Advanced is the closest where some of the 4G requirements can be found. For supporting high data rate and high mobility in fast moving car (60kilometers/hours) or fast moving trains (250 km/hr) and it is predicted that the new potential wireless system will support 100 Mbps on mobility and 1 Gbps approximately on without mobility at lower cost. This potential new wireless system could be developed by 2010. Its characteristics should be like high degree of commonality of design worldwide to provide backward compatibility, compatibility of services within IMT-Advanced and with the fixed networks, high quality, and small terminal suitable for worldwide use, worldwide roaming capability, capability to run high data rate multimedia applications within a wide range of services and terminals.

The parameter outlined by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) which required in order to meet the targeted data rate and QoS (Quality of service) as already discussed above in the main objective of 4G wireless technology are going to be based on OFDMA (Orthogonal

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Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation with MIMO (multiple inputs, multiple outputs) and other smart antenna enhancements. 4G is also called network of networks like low network latency, integration of mobile broadband heterogeneous network, smooth sharing of networks, seamless connection during handoff from one cell to another cell, providing mobile subscriber with always-best-connected, and high QoS broadband experience.

2. Evolution of 4G wireless Technology

In order to make smooth transition from 3G to 4G the mobile communication companies are promoting Super 3G/LTE. The companies are upgrading 3G Technology by initializing the introduction of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) service, which increases the downlink data rate of packet services, and by finalizing specifications for High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), which enhances uplink speed. HSDPA and HSUPA cover area by 3-4 times relative to W-CDMA and by providing the high transmission rate with low cost per bit transmission. The main objective of the Super 3G is to construct simple, low cost system by removing the complexity from wireless network and mobile handsets. The 3G provides packet and voice services separately where as Super 3G is based on ALL-IP network covering both packet and voice services. As from diagram we can infer that by the 2010 we would be able to achieve the 1 Gbps in motion at low speed and 100 Mbps at high speed. On December 25, 2006, NTT DOCOMO became the first

in the world to achieve a packet signal speed of 5 Gbps in an outdoor test in a low-speed environment (10 km/h). The test was undertaken to demonstrate the expected maximum transmission speed in an actual cell environment, taking into account interference from peripheral cells.

We are steadily approaching towards 4G wireless technologies by upgrading the current 3G technology by increasing the data rate speed and by reducing the cost of transmission which is the main objective of 4G wireless technology.

There are some key components for the successful deployment of the 4G wireless technology.

2.1 OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation

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2.2 Implementation of MIMO (multiple inputs, multiple outputs)

2.3 Smart antenna enhancements

2.4 SDR (Software-Defined Radio)

2.5 IPv6 and IP mobility

2.1 OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation

Multipath phenomena in CDMA can tolerate long delay but it does not capture the entire energy, only fraction of the energy of the multipath signal because of limited no. of capability of taking the signal. In OFDM as from the below figure it can be understand the long guard band interval is long enough to absorb all inter-symbols-interference.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity.

In OFDM, a data stream is split into Nc parallel lower data streams (a few kHz) that are modulated on separate subcarriers. The split the signal is called orthogonal subcarriers and these subcarriers are modulated by Inverse Discrete Fourier Transformation (IDFT) and hence it does not affect the signals on multipath effects. The long guard band is inserted between each OFDM symbol to absorb all inter signal symbols interference. This significantly improves the physical layer performance. The OFDM signal is also compatible with other enhancement technologies like smart antennas and MIMO.

Multiple access technology (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access; OFDMA) can also be used for modulation of OFDM. In this case, each OFDM signal symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of subcarriers (subchannels). This not only provides additional flexibility for resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables cross-layer optimization of radio link usage.

2.1.1 Advantages of OFDM over CDMA

CDMA OFDM1.

CDMA can tolerate long delay but it does not capture the entire energy, only fraction of the energy of the multipath signal because of limited no. of

It captures entire energy because of capability to absorb high no. of OFDM signal subcarriers. In OFDM, as long as guard interval is long enough, all inter-symbol-

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capability of taking the signal.

interference is absorbed

2.

Multipath self-interference affects CDMA.

Multipath self-interference does not affect OFDM.

3.

CDMA the interference affects all symbols.

Only a few tones are affected or lost in OFDM

4.

CDMA several symbols may be lost because of impulse noise.

OFDM spreads the impulse noise over a burst reducing its effect

5.

CDMA is very sensitive to timing and requires fast acquisition

This results in complex algorithms and overhead unlike OFDM.

6.

CDMA rake receiver is more complex than OFDM digital front end (FFT).

Implementation of equalization, interference cancellation, and adaptive antenna array algorithms is simpler in OFDM.

7.

CDMA requires fast and precise power control as it is very sensitive to received power fluctuations

Which is not in the case of OFDM.

8.

CDMA technology is less sensitive to capacity enhancement by using smart antenna techniques than OFDM technology because of CDMA intra-cell interference behavior.

Which is not in the case of OFDM.

2.2 Implementation of MIMO (multiple inputs, multiple outputs).

In order to improve the communication performance between sender and receiver, the multiple antennas are used at both transmitter and receiver end. MIMO multiplex the signals from the multiple transmitting antennas as it is suitable for OFDM because time symbols can be processed independently after OFDM waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This aspects of OFDM reduces the complexity while transmission and makes processing simple. The signal transmitted by m antennas and signal received by n antennas and the processing of the received signal may produce significant performance improvement such as range, quality of received signal and spectrum efficiency. Hence MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path signals are received. The gain in spectrum efficiency is directly related to the minimum number of antennas in the link. The MIMO enables significant increase in the data throughput and link range with additional bandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency more bits per second per hertz of bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading). Because of these properties MIMO has become current theme of wireless research.

2.3 Smart antenna enhancements.

The main purpose of the radio communication depends on the advancements of the antennas which refer to smart or intelligent antennas. In early 90s, in order to meet growing data rate needs of the data communication, many transmission techniques were proposed such as spatial

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multiplexing which increases the bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing provides the multiple deployment of antennas at the transmitting and receiving end and then independent streams of data can be transmitted as requested by the user can be transmitted simultaneously from the all transmitting antennas. Thus increasing the throughput into multiple folds with minimum number of the transmitting and receiving antennas.

There are two types of smart antennas which are switched beam smart antennas and adaptive array smart antennas. Switched beam systems have several available fixed beam patterns which help in making decisions as to which beam to access at any given point of time based on the requirements of the system. While adaptive arrays allow the antenna to steer the beam to any direction of interest while simultaneously nulling interfering signals.

The reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity

and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the time of transmitting the signals. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies which use the channel knowledge at the transmitter.

2.4 SDR (Software-Defined Radio)

A basic SDR produces a radio that is capable of receiving and transmitting a different form of radio protocol (sometimes referred to as a waveform) as per the needs just by running different software. A SDR will allow to increase network capacity at specific time (e.g. during a sports event) and the operator can reconfigure its network by adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR will allow reconfigure network structure as per the needs. At the present SDR implementation is done by the infrastructure which develops multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals. SDR can be a powerful aid for manufacturer by providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with reduced development effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel processing. Software radios have significant utility for the military and cell phone services, both of which must serve a wide variety of changing radio protocols in real time. In the long term, software-defined radio is expected by its proponents to become the dominant technology in radio communications.

2.5 IPv6 and IP mobility

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4G wireless technology will be using mobile IPv6 which allows assigning more number of addresses than IPv4. In IPv6 each device have own IP address. User can keep their IP address even if user changes the access point. Presently translate IP with each change because there are not enough IP addresses. The following diagram shows that each IPv6 packet can have multiple source addresses and multiple destination

addresses.

Mobile IP techniques allow network roaming, a device can move from one network to other network. IP Mobility is often termed ‘macro-mobility’ since it will be global, and independent of mechanisms (such as routing protocols, link-layers technologies and security architectures) of different administrative IP-domains. These methods are applicable to data and probably also voice. During handover in IP Mobility the OFDM, MIMO allows ‘macro-diversity’ processing with performance gains. However, the implementation of macro-diversity implies that MIMO processing is centralized and transmissions are synchronous. In high mobility a device is capable to cope with more than 10 handovers per minute. In contrast, a host performing less

than 10 handovers is considered to have low mobility.

3. Spectral efficiency in 4GThe 4G wireless technology bandwidth efficiency will be measured in terms of spectral efficiency. Spectrum efficiency describes that the amount of information that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific communication system. It is a measure of how efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is utilized by the physical layer protocol, and sometimes by the media access control (the channel access protocol). Clearly the bit rate should be associated with an amount of spectrum. For mobile use, a good target is a network performance of 5 bit/s/Hz, rising to 8 bit/s/Hz in nomadic use.

For example, a transmission technique using one kilohertz of bandwidth to transmit 1000 bits per second has a spectral efficiency of 1 (bit/s)/Hz. Also, a V.92 modem for the telephone network can transfer 56,000 bit/s downstream and 48,000 bit/s upstream over an analog telephone network. Due to filtering in the telephone exchange, the frequency range is limited to between 300 hertz and 3,400 hertz, corresponding to a bandwidth of 3400 − 300 = 3100 hertz. The spectral efficiency is 56,000/3,100 = 18.1 (bit/s)/Hz downstream, and 48,000/3,100 = 15.5 (bit/s)/Hz upstream.

3.1 Spectral efficiency targetA simple calculation illustrates the order of magnitude. The design target in terms of radio performance is to achieve a scalable capacity from 50 to 500 bit/s/Hz/km2 (including capacity for indoor use). The expected

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best performance of 3G is around 10 bit/s/Hz/km2 using High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), etc. No current technology is capable of such performance.

3.2 Spectral efficiency objectivesAs per the various traffic analyses by analyzing the transmission and receiving the data from various mode of communication, the Wireless World Initiative (WWI) has issued target air interface performance figures. A consensus has been reached around peak rates of 100 Mbit/s in mobile situations and 1 Gbit/s in nomadic and pedestrian situations, at least as targets. So far, in a 10 MHz spectrum, a carrier rate of 20 Mbit/s has been achieved when the user is moving at high speed and 40 Mbit/s in nomadic use. These values will double after introduction of MIMO. Clearly, the bit rate should be associated with an amount of spectrum. For mobile use, a good target is a network performance of 5 bit/s/Hz, rising to 8 bit/s/Hz in nomadic use.

4. Working groups on 4G wireless technologyThere are many groups who work together for the enhancement of the cellular technology. There are 3 groups who are working for deployment of 4G wireless technology.

4.1 3GPP (The Third Generation Partnership Project)

4.2 3GPP2 (The Third Generation Partnership Project 2)4.3 WiMAX

4.1 3GPP (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project)The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is body which is formed by collaborating the groups of the telecommunications associations to develop upcoming a globally applicable third generation (3G) mobile phone specification within the scope of International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 project of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 3GPP standardization major focus is on Radio, Core Network and Service architecture. 3GPP is working to upgrade the mobile communication by increasing the data rate and reducing the cost. As from the figure above it states that 3GPP focus on mobile communication since 2007 and 3GPP is working in that direction which will lead to enter in the 4G technology by the 2011.

4.2 3GPP2 (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project)Again there is another working group on mobile communication is called the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) is formed by collaborating third

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generation (3G) telecommunications specifications-setting project comprising North American and Asian interests developing global specifications for ANSI/TIA/EIA-41. Cellular Radio telecommunication Intersystem Operations network evolution to 3G and global specifications for the radio transmission technologies (RTTs) supported by ANSI/TIA/EIA-41. 3GPP2 is the standardization group focuses on CDMA 2000 which includes the set of 3G standard based on earlier 2G CDMA technology.

4.3 WiMAXAs we can see in the above figure that WiMAX is using the some of the major key component of 4G technology which is defined in IMT-Advance. WiMAX is using the OFDM modulation technique for transmission of the signals but other features of the 4G technology such as MIMO, smart antennas capabilities and IP mobility which are not available in the WiMAX. As it is shown in figure in the WiMAX section in 2008 Mobile WiMAX is using SISO and 60-65% of SIMO with frequency spectrum of the10MHz. And in 2009 WiMAX will be using SIMO/MIMO and data rate of 23/46 Mbps in downlink and data rate of 12 Mbps in uplink with frequency spectrum of 10 MHz In 2011 WiMAX will be able to achieve the 100 Mbps with high mobility which is defined in the IMT Advance. In 2011 WiMAX will fully enter into 4G technology because it is expected that the WiMAX will using all the major key component of the 4G technology. At present WiMAX is one of the potential candidate for the 4G technology. WiMAX has served as a catalyst for 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership

Project) and 3GPP2 to accelerate their next round of innovation, adopting OFDM modulation and implementing MIMO and other smart antenna technologies with high mobility. Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 camps have clearly defined their paths toward 4G.

Mobile WiMAX was being commercialized in 2007 and It had been expected that the WiMAX will have several advantages, including throughput, cost, time-to-market. It does seem to have a time-to-market advantage over LTE (Long Term Evolution) and UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband). However, the first generation of mobile WiMAX technologies without MIMO enhancements will not be able to deliver significantly higher throughput as compare to 3.5G technologies such as HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access), which has already been deployed commercially. WiMAX vendor had predicted the cost advantages of the WiMAX. Mobile company sprint claims that Mobile WiMAX will deliver a cost-per-bit performance of 10 times EVDO (Evolution-Data Optimized). The spectral efficiency of WiMAX is better but the coverage area of the WiMAX is smaller, possibly at only half to one-quarter the cell radius of an equivalent HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access) cell.

Over period of time WiMAX will improve by increasing throughput and lower cost, but 3GPP and 3GPP2 technologies are also evolving to support higher throughput, lower latency and better economics by leveraging MIMO and other smart antenna technologies, wider spectrum bands and eventually OFDM

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modulation. 3GPP and 3GPP2 are still getting stronger support from technology companies, and they are already being integrated into laptops and other embedded devices.

5. Demonstration of 4G wireless technologyThere are companies who have successfully tested and implemented the 4G technology. The companies are NTT DoCoMo, Mobile and Nortel Networks, and Nokia Siemens Networks.

5.1 NTT DoCoMoNTT DoCoMo after successful experimentation in February 2007 announced the completion of a 4G trial where they achieved a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5Gbps in the downlink using 100MHz frequency bandwidth to a mobile station moving at 10km/h. Fourth generation (4G) technology implementation is in the laboratory now and also in the field trials in certain areas of the world. Some people define the 4G goal as increasing data transfer rates to 100Mb/sec. Recently, NTT DoCoMo, the Japanese telecommunications giant and Japan's largest wireless carrier, has claimed to achieve a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5Gb/sec in a downlink transmission. The transmission used a 100MHz channel bandwidth and the target receiving device was a mobile device moving at 10km/hour. Since the maximum transmission rates closest to commercialization today are approaching 10Mb/sec.

5.2 T-Mobile and Nortel NetworksMobile operator T-Mobile and Nortel Networks after

successfully testing a new high-speed wireless technology, designed to make mobile connections as fast as fixed fiber links. A connection was maintained while driving in a car in range of three cell sites on a highway in Bonn, Germany at an average speed of 67 kmph. The experiment achieved data rates of up to 170 Mbit/s for downloads and up to 50 Mbit/s for uploads, the operator said, about three times faster than the new high-speed broadband technology VDSL it is currently rolling out across the country. If the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology proved promising in more everyday situations, the Bonn-based company would consider upgrading its network with it, said Philipp Humm, head of T-Mobile Germany. A decision would be made within six months. There is increasing urgency for fourth-generation (4G) wireless networks, where growing demand for mobile data is driven by such tools as smart phones and embedded laptops.

Canada’s Nortel Networks has said it sees LTE as the most likely upgrade path for about 80 percent of the world’s existing mobile phone providers, with others going for WiMAX.

5.3 Nokia Siemens NetworksNokia Siemens Network announced after testing that achieved theoretical data rates of up to 173 megabits per second, LTE is in something of a race to market with mobile WiMAX, which only promises around 70Mbps but has a significant head start. The fastest currently available mobile broadband, HSDPA, offers around 7.2Mbps.

Both LTE and mobile WiMAX use the OFDM

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modulation scheme and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, which is based on the use of multiple antennae. Mobile WiMAX’s recent inclusion to the 3GPP family of standards has raised the possibility of both technologies becoming part of what will be known as 4G.

In its announcement, Nokia Siemens Networks said it had completed the world’s first multiuser field trial of LTE in an urban environment. The trial, which was in Berlin, utilized 20MHz of bandwidth in the 2.6GHz spectrum, which is set for a hotly contested auction in the U.K. next year. The trial confirmed that LTE performance requirements can be met using 3GPP standardized technologies and it realized data rates of more than 100Mbps over distances of several hundred meters, while maintaining excellent throughput at the edge of typical urban mobile radio cells, the company’s statement read. Calling the trial an important initial proof of concept for LTE, Nokia Siemens Networks’ chief technology officer, Stephan Scholz, said that LTE would further the company’s goal of connecting 5 billion users by 2015, due to LTE’s efficient use of spectrum.

6. ConclusionThere has been constant development in the cellular as we have seen in 2G technology to 3G technology which includes GSM, GPRS, EDGE, CDMA, CDMA200, HSPDA, WiMAX etc. 2G only supports the voice communicate and 2.5G supports voice and data communication and 3G supports voice and data communication but at higher rate as compare to the 2.5G. But today there is high demand

of multimedia applications like online video, video conferencing. And there is need of better quality of service (QoS) and device mobility from one network to network at high speed. There is strong need of technology better than 3G.

A 4G technology which is an upgraded version of 3G technology, will be introduced in the market by 2011 which will meet the needs which were not found in the 3G technology while maintaining its backward compatibility. As we have seen in the working group of 4G technology namely 3GGP, 3GGP2 and WiMAX technologies will continue to evolve and enhance its capability, with a clear roadmap of reaching 1 Gbps in motion at low speed and 100 Mbps at high speed at lower cost. The successful demonstration of the 4G technology has been done by the companies such as NTT DoCoMo, Mobile and Nortel Networks, and Nokia Siemens Networks.

A. Abbreviations

(Alphabetically Arranged)

3GGP: The Third Generation

Partnership Project

3GGP2: The Third

Generation Partnership Project2

EVDO: Evolution-Data

Optimized

HSPA: High-Speed Packet

Access

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IMT: International Mobile

Telecommunications

ITU: International

Telecommunication Union

LTE: Long Term Evolution

MIMO: Multiple Input

Multiple Output

OFDM: Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiplexing

SDR: Software Defined

Radio

UMB: Ultra Mobile Broad

Band

WiMAX: Worldwide

Interoperability for Microwave Access

B.Bibliography

WebsitesTech News World: Who Will Win the 4G Race? Date: 10/10/2008http://www.technewsworld.com/story/58256.html

Frequently Asked Questions on 4G By Zahid Ghadialy Date: 10/10/2008http://www.3g4g.co.uk/4G/faq.html

Research And Market: The Impact of 3G & 4G Wireless Technology On Carriers' Network Development StrategiesDate: 10/13/2008http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/328269/the_impact_of_3g_and_4g_wireless_technology_on

Docomo: Towards 4G TechnologyDate: 10/13/2008http://www.nttdocomo.com/technologies/future/toward/index.html

Alcatel-Lucent Telecom Review: 4G MobileDate: 10/15/2008http://www1.alcatel-lucent.com/doctypes/articlepaperlibrary/html/ATR2005Q2/ATR2005Q2A15_EN.jhtml?_DARGS=/common/atr/include/sidebar_TOC.jhtml_A&_DAV=/com/en/appxml/articlepaperlibrary/4gmobiletcm172262211635.jhtml#

geek.com: NTT DoCoMo 4G transmits 20 Mbps up, 100 Mbps downDate: 10/15/2008http://www.geek.com/articles/mobile/ntt-docomo-4g-transmits-20-mbps-up-100-mbps-down-20021010/

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: 4GDate: 10/15/2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

White Papers/Technical Papers

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Telenor: Mobility Aspects in 4G Networks -White PaperDate: 10/18/2008http://www.telenor.com/rd/pub/not02/N_43_2002.pdf

University of Cambridge: Seamless mobility in 4G systemsDate: 10/20/2008http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-656.pdf

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