Removable MediaRemovable Media

Removable MediaRemovable Media

Any type of mass storage device that you may use in one system and then physically remove from that system and use in another

Removable media are broken down into these groups:– Floppy drives - The traditional floppy drive– Flash memory - From flash memory cards to USB

thumb drives– Optical media - Any shiny disc technology from

CD-ROMs to DVDs– External drives - Any hard drive or optical drive

that connects to a PC via anexternal cable

How Floppy Drives How Floppy Drives WorkWork How data is physically stored on a How data is physically stored on a

floppy diskfloppy disk

How the OS logically views that How the OS logically views that datadata

Floppy Drive Floppy Drive SubsystemSubsystem

How Data Is Physically How Data Is Physically Stored on a Floppy Stored on a Floppy DiskDisk

In concentric circles (Tracks or In concentric circles (Tracks or Cylinders)Cylinders)

– Each track is divided into sectorsEach track is divided into sectors

– Each sector holds 512 bytes of dataEach sector holds 512 bytes of data

How Data Is Physically How Data Is Physically Stored on a Floppy Stored on a Floppy DiskDisk

Standard PC Diskettes Standard PC Diskettes ConfigurationConfiguration

Diskette sizeDiskette size NameName Tracks Tracks per per sideside

Number Number of of sectors sectors per per trackstracks

CapacityCapacity

5.25" Single side5.25" Single side SD8SD8 4040 88 40 X 8 X 512 bytes = 160 KB40 X 8 X 512 bytes = 160 KB

5.25" Double side5.25" Double side DD9DD9 4040 99 2 X 40 X 9 X 512 bytes = 360 KB2 X 40 X 9 X 512 bytes = 360 KB

5.25" Double side 5.25" Double side High DensityHigh Density

DQ15DQ15 8080 1515 2 X 80 X 15 X 512 bytes = 1.2 MB2 X 80 X 15 X 512 bytes = 1.2 MB

3.5" DD3.5" DD DQ9DQ9 8080 99 2 X 80 X 9 X 512 bytes = 720 KB2 X 80 X 9 X 512 bytes = 720 KB

3.5" HD3.5" HD DQ18DQ18 8080 1818 2 X 80 X 18 X 512 bytes = 1.44 MB2 X 80 X 18 X 512 bytes = 1.44 MB

3.5" XD ( IBM only)3.5" XD ( IBM only) DG36DG36 8080 3636 2 X 80 X 36 X 512 bytes = 2.88 MB2 X 80 X 36 X 512 bytes = 2.88 MBSource: http://www.karbosguide.com/

How Floppy Disks VaryHow Floppy Disks Vary

Organization of tracks and sectorsOrganization of tracks and sectors

Density at which data can be Density at which data can be storedstored

Intensity of magnetic spots on Intensity of magnetic spots on magnetized plastic surface of the magnetized plastic surface of the diskdisk

Inside a Floppy Disk Inside a Floppy Disk DriveDrive

How Data Is Logically How Data Is Logically Stored on a Floppy Stored on a Floppy DiskDisk ClusterCluster

– Smallest logical unit of space allocated to a fileSmallest logical unit of space allocated to a file

– On a 3½-inch high-density floppy disk, one On a 3½-inch high-density floppy disk, one cluster = one sector (512 bytes) cluster = one sector (512 bytes)

How Data Is Logically How Data Is Logically Stored on a Floppy Stored on a Floppy DiskDisk

Ways to Format a Ways to Format a Floppy DiskFloppy Disk Format command from a Format command from a

command promptcommand prompt

Windows Explorer, right-click the Windows Explorer, right-click the 3½ Floppy (A:) icon and select 3½ Floppy (A:) icon and select Format on shortcut menuFormat on shortcut menu

Formatting Process for Formatting Process for a Floppya Floppy Creates tracks and sectorsCreates tracks and sectors

Creates boot recordCreates boot record

Creates two copies of file Creates two copies of file allocation table (FAT)allocation table (FAT)

Creates root directoryCreates root directory

Replacing a Floppy Replacing a Floppy DriveDrive

1.1. Check that computer and other Check that computer and other peripherals are workingperipherals are working

2.2. Turn off computer and remove coverTurn off computer and remove cover

3.3. Unplug data cable and power cable from Unplug data cable and power cable from old drive; unscrew and dismount the driveold drive; unscrew and dismount the drive

4.4. Slide new drive into the bay; reconnect Slide new drive into the bay; reconnect data cable and power cabledata cable and power cable

5.5. Turn on computer; check setup; test the Turn on computer; check setup; test the drive; turn off computer and replace the drive; turn off computer and replace the covercover

Removing the Power Removing the Power CableCable

The Data CableThe Data Cable

Reconnecting the Data Reconnecting the Data CableCable

RequirementsRequirementsfor Adding a New Drivefor Adding a New Drive

Empty bayEmpty bay

Extra power cable (or “Y” splitter)Extra power cable (or “Y” splitter)

Extra connection on floppy drive Extra connection on floppy drive data cabledata cable

Adding a New DriveAdding a New Drive

Slide the drive into the bay; screw Slide the drive into the bay; screw it downit down

Connect the cable and power Connect the cable and power cablecable

Change setupChange setup

Flash Memory

Same flash memory that replaced CMOS technology for your system BIOS, found another home in PCs in the form of removable mass storage devices.

Flash memory comes in two different families: – USB thumb drives and memory cards.

USB thumb drives – Are flash devices that contain a standard USB

connection. Memory cards

– Is a generic term for a number of different tiny cards that are used in cameras, PDAs, and other devices

USB Thumb Drives

Are hot-swappable in Windows 2000/XP/Vista

Don’t need an external power source

Latest systems enable you to boot to a thumb drive

Flash Cards

The way people store data on small appliances– Every digital camera,– Virtually every PDA, and many – Cell phones come

Memory cards come in a number of different incompatible formats

CompactFlash

The oldest, most complex, and physically largest of all removable flash media cards – Roughly one inch wide– CF cards use a simplified PCMCIA bus

CF cards come in two sizes: – CF I (3.3 mm thick) and – CF II (5 mm thick)

CF II cards are too thick to fit into CF I slots

MicroDriveMicroDrive

Manufacturers have repurposed the CF form factor to create the microdrive

Microdrives are – True hard drives, using platters and

read/write heads that fit into the tiny CF form factor

– Microdrives are slower and use more power than flash drives

– Cost much less than an equivalent CF flash card

SmartMedia

Competitor to CF cards and for a few years was quite popular in digital cameras

Secure Digital

SD comes in two types: – The original SD and SDIO

SDcards store only data Advanced SDIO

– The “IO” denoting input/output rather than storage cards

Support devices such as GPS and cameras To use an SDIO device,

– You must have an SDIO slot There is no way to tell an SD slot from an

SDIO slot, so read the technical specs for your device!

Memory Stick

Own something from Sony and it uses flash memory, you’ll need a Memory Stick

Sony always likes to use proprietary formats

xD Picture Card

About half the size of an SD card They’re almost exclusively used in

digital cameras – Although Olympus (the developer of the

xD technology) produces a USB housing so you can use an xD Picture Card like any other USB flash memory drive

– xD Picture Cards come in three flavors: original, Standard (Type M), and Hi-Speed (Type

H)

Card Readers

Flash Memory – PC must have a card reader in order

to access the data on the card directly

Optical Drives

CD-R CD-RW Music CDs DVD-Media

– Single-Sided (SS) – Dual-Sided (DS) formats

As the name implies, – A DS disc holds twice the data of an SS

disc – Requires you to flip the disc to read the

other side

How a CD Drive Can How a CD Drive Can Interface with the Interface with the MotherboardMotherboard

EIDE interface (most common)EIDE interface (most common)

SCSI interface with SCSI host SCSI interface with SCSI host adapteradapter

Portable drive; plug into external Portable drive; plug into external port on PCport on PC

Installing a CD DriveInstalling a CD Drive

DVD DriveDVD Drive

DVD DevicesDVD Devices

Installing a DVD DriveInstalling a DVD Drive

Installing a DVD Drive Installing a DVD Drive ((continuedcontinued))

Installing a DVD Drive Installing a DVD Drive ((continuedcontinued) )

Installing a DVD Drive Installing a DVD Drive ((continuedcontinued))

Installing a DVD Drive Installing a DVD Drive ((continuedcontinued))

Installing a DVD Drive Installing a DVD Drive ((continuedcontinued))

Auto Insert Notification Enables Windows to detect automatically the

presence of audio or data CD-ROMs when they are placed in the drive

To turn it off is to edit the registry– REGEDT32, access this subkey:– HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\

Services\Cdrom– Change Autorun 0 x 1 to 0 x 0

Most techs will use Group Policy to make the change because it gives you much more control in multiple CD and DVD drive situations

Troubleshooting Removable Media Repairing Floppy Drives

– When a floppy drive stops working, follow these steps to resolve the problem:

1. Check for a bad floppy disk2. Check for data errors on the disk3. Check the CMOS settings4. Blame the floppy controller5. Check the cable6. Replace the floppy drive

Common Error Common Error MessagesMessages Non-system disk or disk error. Non-system disk or disk error.

Replace and strike any key when Replace and strike any key when ready.ready.No operating system found.No operating system found.

Bad or missing COMMAND.COMBad or missing COMMAND.COMError in Config.sys line xxError in Config.sys line xxHimem.sys not loadedHimem.sys not loadedMissing or corrupt Himem.sysMissing or corrupt Himem.sys

Common Error Common Error MessagesMessages

Invalid Drive SpecificationInvalid Drive Specification

Not ready reading drive A:, Abort, Retry, Not ready reading drive A:, Abort, Retry, Fail?Fail?

General failure reading drive A:, Abort, General failure reading drive A:, Abort, Retry, Fail?Retry, Fail?

Track 0 bad, disk not usableTrack 0 bad, disk not usable

Write-protect error writing drive A:Write-protect error writing drive A:

Troubleshooting Optical Drives and Discs

Installation Issues Drive does not see a disc

– Try cleaning the drive– Most modern optical drives have

built-in cleaning mechanisms, but from time to time, you need to use a commercial optical-drive cleaning kit

Burning Issues