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Voluntary Motor Control

05b motor system upper motor neuron

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Page 1: 05b motor system upper motor neuron

Voluntary Motor Control

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Motor Cortex

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Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex

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The major inputs to the motor cortex in monkeys

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Corticospinal Tract

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Convergence of Motor Control on the Anterior Motor Neuron

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Experimental apparatus developed to record the activity of single neurons in awake primates trained to perform specific movements : Ed Evarts 1960

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Direct corticospinal control of motor neurons is necessary for fine control of the digits

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Activity in Individual Neurons of the Primary Motor Cortex Is Related to Muscle Force and Direction of Movement

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Spike Triggered Averaging 1970

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Motor Cortical Cell Firing with Force Generated

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Directional tuning of an upper motor neuron in the primary motor cortex

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Corticomotoneuronal (CM) cell is active depends on the motor task

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Different areas of cortex are activated during simple, complex, and imagined sequences of finger movements (Xenon PET)

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Cell activity in the motor cortex depends on whether a sequence of movements is guided by visual cues or by prior training

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A set-related neuron in the dorsal premotor area becomes active while the monkey prepares to make a movement to the left

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The visuomotor transformations required for reaching and grasping involve two different pathways

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Individual neurons in the ventral premotor area fire during specific hand actions only

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An individual cell in the ventral premotor area is active whether the monkey performs a task or observes someone else perform the task

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The Somatotopic Organization of the Motor Cortex Is Plastic

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As a movement becomes more practiced, it is represented more extensively in primary motor cortex

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Summary

Primary Motor Cortex:– Codes force and direction of movement– Spinal motor neuron are directly under control for precise

movement.Dorsal Premotor Cortex

– Movement related neuron encodes sensorimotortransformation for visual and sensory cue

– Fire before movementVentral Premotor Cortex

– Encodes learned motor act fire before movement

All cortical neurons are adaptable and plastic

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Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia

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Motor components of the human basal ganglia

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Anatomical Organization of Basal Ganglia Input

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Output of Basal Ganglia

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The somatotopic organization of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuit

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Disinhibition

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Organization of Cerebellum

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Functional organization of cerebellum

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Input of Cerebellum

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Cerebellar Output

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Vestibulocerebellum

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Neocerebellum

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The spinocerebellum contains two somatotopic neural maps of the body

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Cerebellar Pathway

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