Smoking and Smoking-Smoking and Smoking-related Diseasesrelated Diseases

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Tar (a mixture of Tar (a mixture of aromatic aromatic compounds)compounds): : settles on the lining settles on the lining of the airways in of the airways in the lungs and the lungs and stimulates a series stimulates a series of changes that of changes that may lead to may lead to obstructive lung obstructive lung diseases and lung diseases and lung cancercancer

Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide::*Diffuses across the *Diffuses across the walls of the alveoli walls of the alveoli and into the blood and into the blood in the lungs. It in the lungs. It diffuses into red diffuses into red blood cells where it blood cells where it combines with combines with haemoglobin to haemoglobin to form the stable form the stable compound compound carboxyhaemoglobicarboxyhaemoglobin.n.

*Also damages the *Also damages the lining of the lining of the arteries. arteries.

NicotineNicotine: : *drug in tobacco that is absorbed very readily by the *drug in tobacco that is absorbed very readily by the blood and travels to the brain within seconds. blood and travels to the brain within seconds. Stimulates nervous system to reduce diameter of the Stimulates nervous system to reduce diameter of the arterioles and to release the hormone adrenaline from arterioles and to release the hormone adrenaline from the adrenal glands.the adrenal glands.

*also increases ‘stickiness’ of blood platelets (risk of *also increases ‘stickiness’ of blood platelets (risk of blood clotting) blood clotting)

There are There are 69 identified carcinogens69 identified carcinogens in tobacco smoke (IARC in tobacco smoke (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks. Volume 1 and Volume 1 and Supplements 1-8, 1972-1999Supplements 1-8, 1972-1999))

Emphysema Emphysema

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• difficulty to move air out of the lungs difficulty to move air out of the lungs (1.3 dm(1.3 dm33 air) air)

• rapid breathing rate due to lack of rapid breathing rate due to lack of oxygenation of bloodoxygenation of blood

• right side of heart enlargesright side of heart enlarges

• people with emphysema develop a people with emphysema develop a barrel-like distended chest

• wheezingwheezing

• breathlessnessbreathlessness

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Chronic BronchitisChronic Bronchitis

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• excessive airway mucus secretion leading to a excessive airway mucus secretion leading to a persistent, productive coughpersistent, productive cough • cough and sputum are present on most days cough and sputum are present on most days for a minimum of 3 months for at least 2 for a minimum of 3 months for at least 2 successive years or for 6 months during 1 yearsuccessive years or for 6 months during 1 year • also may be narrowing of the large and small also may be narrowing of the large and small airways making it more difficult to move air in airways making it more difficult to move air in and out of the lungsand out of the lungs

Lung CancerLung Cancer The 2004 Surgeon General's report newly identifies The 2004 Surgeon General's report newly identifies other other

cancers caused by smokingcancers caused by smoking, including cancers of the , including cancers of the stomach, cervix, kidney, and pancreas and acute myeloid stomach, cervix, kidney, and pancreas and acute myeloid leukemialeukemia. .

In 2003, an estimated In 2003, an estimated 22,400 new cases22,400 new cases of stomach cancer of stomach cancer were diagnosed, and an estimated were diagnosed, and an estimated 12,100 deaths12,100 deaths were were expected to occur. expected to occur.

Former smokers have lower rates of stomach cancer than Former smokers have lower rates of stomach cancer than those who continue to smoke. those who continue to smoke.

For women, the For women, the risk of cervical cancer increases with the risk of cervical cancer increases with the duration of smokingduration of smoking. .

In 2003, an estimated In 2003, an estimated 31,900 new cases31,900 new cases of kidney cancer of kidney cancer were diagnosed, and an estimated were diagnosed, and an estimated 11,900 people died11,900 people died from from the disease. the disease.

In 2003, an estimated In 2003, an estimated 30,700 new cases30,700 new cases of pancreatic cancer of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed, attributing to were diagnosed, attributing to 30,000 deaths30,000 deaths. The median . The median time from diagnosis to death from pancreatic cancer is about time from diagnosis to death from pancreatic cancer is about 3 months. 3 months.

In 2003, approximately In 2003, approximately 10,500 cases10,500 cases of acute myeloid of acute myeloid leukemia were diagnosed in adults. leukemia were diagnosed in adults.

BenzeneBenzene is a known cause of acute myleoid leukemia, and is a known cause of acute myleoid leukemia, and cigarette smoke is a major source of benzene exposure.cigarette smoke is a major source of benzene exposure.

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Lung Cancer (cont)Lung Cancer (cont)

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Lung Cancer (cont)Lung Cancer (cont)

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Lung Cancer (cont)Lung Cancer (cont)

Coughing up blood as a result of tissue Coughing up blood as a result of tissue damagedamage

Tumours that can be located via:Tumours that can be located via: Bronchoscopy, using an endoscope to Bronchoscopy, using an endoscope to

allow a direct view of the lining of the allow a direct view of the lining of the bronchibronchi

Chest x-rayChest x-ray CT scanCT scan

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Lung Cancer (cont)Lung Cancer (cont)

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Lung Cancer (cont)Lung Cancer (cont)

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Lung Cancer (cont)Lung Cancer (cont)

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular DiseasesDiseases

Degenerative diseases of the Degenerative diseases of the heart and circulatory systemheart and circulatory system

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AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

Build-up of Build-up of atheromaatheroma, which contains , which contains cholesterol, fibres, dead muscle cells cholesterol, fibres, dead muscle cells and plateletsand platelets

Cholesterol-rich atheroma forms Cholesterol-rich atheroma forms plaques in the lining of the arteries, plaques in the lining of the arteries, making them less elastic and making them less elastic and restricting the flow of bloodrestricting the flow of blood

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Atherosclerosis (cont)Atherosclerosis (cont)

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Coronary heart diseaseCoronary heart disease

Disease of arteries branching from the Disease of arteries branching from the aorta (to supply all the muscle of the atria aorta (to supply all the muscle of the atria and ventricle) that causes damage to, or and ventricle) that causes damage to, or malfunction of, the heartmalfunction of, the heart

3 forms:3 forms: Angina pectoris – shortage of blood to heart Angina pectoris – shortage of blood to heart

muscle causing severe pain but no death of muscle causing severe pain but no death of heart tissueheart tissue

Heart attack (myocardial infarction) – sudden Heart attack (myocardial infarction) – sudden and severe chest pain caused by death of heart and severe chest pain caused by death of heart muscle due to lack of oxygenmuscle due to lack of oxygen

Heart failure – blockage of main coronary artery Heart failure – blockage of main coronary artery resulting in gradual damage of heart muscleresulting in gradual damage of heart muscle

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Coronary heart diseaseCoronary heart disease

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Stroke Stroke

Occurs when an artery in the brain Occurs when an artery in the brain bursts so that blood leaks into brain bursts so that blood leaks into brain tissue (brain haemorrhage)tissue (brain haemorrhage)

When there is a blockage in a brain When there is a blockage in a brain artery due to atherosclerosis or a artery due to atherosclerosis or a thrombusthrombus

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Stroke (cont)Stroke (cont)

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Where does nicotine and Where does nicotine and carbon monoxide come carbon monoxide come

in???in???

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