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Page 1: Values Norms Beliefs

VALUESVALUES, NORMS & , NORMS & BELIEFSBELIEFS

Page 2: Values Norms Beliefs

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

Values Values – – – A principle, or quality considered worthwhile or desirableA principle, or quality considered worthwhile or desirable – Deeply held beliefs about right, wrong, good, and badDeeply held beliefs about right, wrong, good, and bad

““He has very conservatives values"He has very conservatives values" NormsNorms

– Norms can be defined as attitudes and behaviours common to members of a particular group, or what they believe is “normal”

– Norms can be seen as reflection of valuesNorms can be seen as reflection of values the current middle-class norm of two children per familythe current middle-class norm of two children per family..

Beliefs – Beliefs – – Mental acceptance of and conviction in the truth, Mental acceptance of and conviction in the truth,

actuality, or validity of somethingactuality, or validity of something ““He refuses to compete on Sundays because of his religious He refuses to compete on Sundays because of his religious

beliefs”beliefs”

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VALUESVALUES Values are deeply held beliefs that guide our behaviour and Values are deeply held beliefs that guide our behaviour and

decisionsdecisions Values are deep-seated and remain constant over time. Values are deep-seated and remain constant over time. We accumulate our values from childhood based on We accumulate our values from childhood based on

teachings and observations of ourteachings and observations of our– parents, teachers, religious leaders, and other influential parents, teachers, religious leaders, and other influential

and powerful peopleand powerful people In later years, as a result of critical thinking and life In later years, as a result of critical thinking and life

experiences, we may discard some values and add othersexperiences, we may discard some values and add others But many values that subconsciously operate as a basis for But many values that subconsciously operate as a basis for

choices, decisions, and behaviors are the core values choices, decisions, and behaviors are the core values assimilated during our early yearsassimilated during our early years– Jennifer felt stressed out and didn't know what to do Jennifer felt stressed out and didn't know what to do

when her boss implied she should lie to a client; when her boss implied she should lie to a client; – honesty is one of Jennifer's most deeply held values.honesty is one of Jennifer's most deeply held values.

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Values are considered subjective, Values are considered subjective, Vary across people and cultures andVary across people and cultures and Are in many ways aligned with belief and Are in many ways aligned with belief and

belief systems. belief systems. Human values are a set of emotional rules Human values are a set of emotional rules

people follow to help make the right people follow to help make the right decisions in life decisions in life

Types of values include Types of values include – Ethical/moral values, Ethical/moral values, – Doctrinal/ideological (religious, political) values, Doctrinal/ideological (religious, political) values, – Social values, and aesthetic values. Social values, and aesthetic values.

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WHY ARE VALUES WHY ARE VALUES IMPORTANTIMPORTANT

Human values are a set of emotional rules people follow, to Human values are a set of emotional rules people follow, to help make the right decisions in lifehelp make the right decisions in life

A life based on a personal code of values brings meaning, A life based on a personal code of values brings meaning, purpose, and direction to livingpurpose, and direction to living

When we face a decision and choose A instead of B, it's When we face a decision and choose A instead of B, it's often because A feels right to us. We might use words such often because A feels right to us. We might use words such as, "it's the right thing to do," or "that's the right way." as, "it's the right thing to do," or "that's the right way."

We tend to think of our values as absolute and universal, We tend to think of our values as absolute and universal, what feels right to us must be right for everyone, but is it?what feels right to us must be right for everyone, but is it?

Still, there are times when we bristle at someone's Still, there are times when we bristle at someone's behavior, becoming outraged and angry, especially when a behavior, becoming outraged and angry, especially when a value we hold is challenged or violatedvalue we hold is challenged or violated

any spontaneousany spontaneous and strong reaction to a situation can and strong reaction to a situation can more than likely be traced to a values conflictmore than likely be traced to a values conflict

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NORMSNORMS

Norms are expectations of proper behaviourNorms are expectations of proper behaviour Are the ways an individual expects all people Are the ways an individual expects all people

to act, when faced with a given situationto act, when faced with a given situation A norm is usually not published, may not be A norm is usually not published, may not be

obeyed and cannot be enforcedobeyed and cannot be enforced It is not consistent nor universal It is not consistent nor universal As per Sociologists, norms are collective As per Sociologists, norms are collective

expectations regarding a certain type of expectations regarding a certain type of behaviourbehaviour

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NORMSNORMS Our choice of words, our tone, and our body

language are all norm-based Nearly everything in human society is governed

by norms of some kind As groups, organisations have their own norms When you move from one job to another,

whether between companies, or even within the same organisation, part of learning your new role is – not just understanding the tasks you must perform– but also the unwritten rules – the norms – associated

with that task Norms give a sense of shared values, but values

can also create their own norms.

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Norms have an "oughtness"Norms have an "oughtness". . They include moral prescriptions They include moral prescriptions

like like – the Golden Rule, the Golden Rule,

Do unto others as you would have them Do unto others as you would have them do unto youdo unto you

– notions of etiquette like where to notions of etiquette like where to place a knife or fork next to one's place a knife or fork next to one's plate, and plate, and

– sensible maxims such as "Look sensible maxims such as "Look before you leap." before you leap."

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BELIEFSBELIEFS Beliefs are standards of thoughtBeliefs are standards of thought The intention is to encourage ways of The intention is to encourage ways of

thinking and patterns of attitudes that will thinking and patterns of attitudes that will pave way towards the wanted behaviourpave way towards the wanted behaviour– Especially done by the senior executives in an Especially done by the senior executives in an

organisationorganisation Beliefs are the ways an individual expects Beliefs are the ways an individual expects

people to think about given conceptspeople to think about given concepts Beliefs are different from norms – since Beliefs are different from norms – since

there is no action and is abstractthere is no action and is abstract Beliefs tend to support individual normsBeliefs tend to support individual norms

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MORALSMORALS

Adhering to conventionally accepted Adhering to conventionally accepted standards of conductstandards of conduct

Principles of behaviour in accordance Principles of behaviour in accordance with standards of right and wrongwith standards of right and wrong

Changes in the moral standards Changes in the moral standards results in change in legal results in change in legal requirementsrequirements

Moral standards are absorbed as a Moral standards are absorbed as a child from family and various societal child from family and various societal influencesinfluences

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ETHICS vs MORALSETHICS vs MORALS

Ethics –Ethics – – A set of principles of right conductA set of principles of right conduct – ""An ethic of service is at war with a An ethic of service is at war with a

craving forcraving for gain“ gain“ Morals – Morals –

– Of or concerned with the judgment of the Of or concerned with the judgment of the goodness or badness of human action goodness or badness of human action and characterand character

A person of loose morals; a decline in the A person of loose morals; a decline in the public moralspublic morals

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Morals are one’s personal guiding Morals are one’s personal guiding principlesprinciples

Ethics are keys that these moral are Ethics are keys that these moral are applied to decisionsapplied to decisions

Moral implies conformity with the Moral implies conformity with the generally accepted standards of goodness, generally accepted standards of goodness, rightness in conduct or characterrightness in conduct or character

It is generally used to describe peopleIt is generally used to describe people Morals are who we are and our unique Morals are who we are and our unique

personalitypersonality Moral decisions are made without much Moral decisions are made without much

thought because they are based on thought because they are based on principles and principles and valuesvalues we we believebelieve in most in most deeplydeeply

Ethics are an extension and expression of Ethics are an extension and expression of our moralsour morals

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The character of a man is The character of a man is expressed in terms of his conductexpressed in terms of his conduct

Conduct of a person is a series of Conduct of a person is a series of actions which when taken actions which when taken together is termed astogether is termed as– Good or badGood or bad– Right or wrongRight or wrong– Moral or immoralMoral or immoral

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Ethico-moral actions pertain to a Ethico-moral actions pertain to a set of actions engineered by the set of actions engineered by the character and expressed through character and expressed through behaviourbehaviour– HonestyHonesty– TruthfulnessTruthfulness– SinceritySincerity– GenerosityGenerosity– TransparencyTransparency– CooperationCooperation– IntegrityIntegrity

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ETHICAL CODESETHICAL CODES Ethical codes in business Ethical codes in business organisationsorganisations

was in existence since early 1940swas in existence since early 1940s In the event of criminal proceedings, the In the event of criminal proceedings, the

existence of a company code or events is existence of a company code or events is looked intolooked into

In order to improve standards of In order to improve standards of behaviour,behaviour, many American many American organisations organisations have introduced codes on their ownhave introduced codes on their own

They may refer to general areas of They may refer to general areas of business conduct or may apply to a business conduct or may apply to a specific area of a firm’s businessspecific area of a firm’s business

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ETHICAL CODE - conveying ETHICAL CODE - conveying moral standardsmoral standards

Can the ethical code convey the moral standards of the Can the ethical code convey the moral standards of the organisation effectively?organisation effectively?

Who selects these codes?Who selects these codes?– Executive committeeExecutive committee– Board of directorsBoard of directors– chairmanchairman

Is it possible to state the norms and beliefs of an Is it possible to state the norms and beliefs of an organisation relative to the various constitutional groups, organisation relative to the various constitutional groups, without offending at least one of the following groups?without offending at least one of the following groups?– EmployeesEmployees– CustomersCustomers– SuppliersSuppliers– DistributorsDistributors– Stock holdersStock holders– General public General public

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An organisation cannot give more weight to one An organisation cannot give more weight to one group for its success, without mentioning the group for its success, without mentioning the other groupsother groups

Hence codes are usually written in general Hence codes are usually written in general terms, terms, – Noting obligations to each of the groups, butNoting obligations to each of the groups, but– Not stating the level of precedence in any given Not stating the level of precedence in any given

situationsituation The basic difficulty which arises with codes of The basic difficulty which arises with codes of

ethics is that they do not establish priorities ethics is that they do not establish priorities betweenbetween– NormsNorms– BeliefsBeliefs

Priorities are the true values of a firm and they Priorities are the true values of a firm and they are not includedare not included

Codes only provide guidance – a broad, written Codes only provide guidance – a broad, written framework framework

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To see what is right and not to do it, is want of courage – To see what is right and not to do it, is want of courage – Chinese philosopher, ConfuciusChinese philosopher, Confucius

A person who values his privileges above his principles, A person who values his privileges above his principles, soon loses both – David Eisenhowersoon loses both – David Eisenhower

Try not to become a man of success, rather try to become Try not to become a man of success, rather try to become a man of value – Albert Einsteina man of value – Albert Einstein

You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him to discover it in himself - Galileoto discover it in himself - Galileo

When I do good, I feel good; when I do bad, I feel bad, and When I do good, I feel good; when I do bad, I feel bad, and that is my religion – Abraham Lincolnthat is my religion – Abraham Lincoln

Ethics and religion must not stay at home when you go out Ethics and religion must not stay at home when you go out to workto work

Not life, but good life, is to be chiefly valued – SocratesNot life, but good life, is to be chiefly valued – Socrates Nowadays people know the price of everything and the Nowadays people know the price of everything and the

value of nothing – Oscar Wildevalue of nothing – Oscar Wilde

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ETHICAL THEORIESETHICAL THEORIES Ethical theories are the foundations of ethical analysis Ethical theories are the foundations of ethical analysis

because they are the viewpoints from which guidance because they are the viewpoints from which guidance can be obtained along the pathway to a decisioncan be obtained along the pathway to a decision

Each theory emphasizes different points such as Each theory emphasizes different points such as predicting the outcome and following one's duties to predicting the outcome and following one's duties to others in order to reach an ethically correct decisionothers in order to reach an ethically correct decision

They emphasize different aspects of an ethical They emphasize different aspects of an ethical dilemma and lead to the most ethically correct dilemma and lead to the most ethically correct resolution according to the guidelines within the resolution according to the guidelines within the ethical theory itself ethical theory itself

People usually base their individual choice of ethical People usually base their individual choice of ethical theory upon their life experiences theory upon their life experiences

Ethical theories are broadly divided into two Ethical theories are broadly divided into two categories:categories:– Teleological (ex. Utilitarian)Teleological (ex. Utilitarian)– Deontological (ex. Kantianism)Deontological (ex. Kantianism)

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TELEOLOGICAL THEORYTELEOLOGICAL THEORY Telos as per Greek is “end” or “purpose”Telos as per Greek is “end” or “purpose” A teleological school of thought is one that A teleological school of thought is one that

– holds all things to be designed for or directed toward a final holds all things to be designed for or directed toward a final result, result,

– That there is an inherent purpose or final cause for all that That there is an inherent purpose or final cause for all that existsexists

Teleology would say that a person has eyes because Teleology would say that a person has eyes because he has the need of sight he has the need of sight

Determine the ethics of an act by looking to the Determine the ethics of an act by looking to the consequences of the decisionconsequences of the decision

Rightness of actions is determined by the good Rightness of actions is determined by the good consequences they produceconsequences they produce

The word The word teleologyteleology was first used by the German was first used by the German philosopher, Christian Wolffphilosopher, Christian Wolff

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UtilitarianismUtilitarianism is the idea that the moral is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or its utility in providing happiness or pleasure. pleasure.

It is thus a form of It is thus a form of consequentialism,consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcomeis determined by its outcome


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