F O U N DAT I O N S F O R U . S . C O LO N I Z AT I O N

TURMOIL IN ENGLAND

THE FOUNDING OF A NATION

• The Declaration of Independence created the United States of America in 1776. • The Constitution of the United States of America

was ratified in 1789.• However, the foundations of both documents

reside in the Anglican roots of the Revolutionaries who gave rise to those United States – Washington, Adams, Jefferson and others who came before them.

GROWING TENSIONS

• Charles I• Began to follow Anglican Church• Used Private courts to punish Opponents• Used Star Chamber to Punish Opponents• Moved closer to becoming an Absolute Monarch

• Puritans• Gained Control of English Parliament• Opposed Charles I and Anglican Church• Felt Charles I was becoming a Tyrant

THE PURE

• Puritanism was fundamentally anti-Catholic: Puritans felt that the Church of England was still too close to Catholicism and needed to be reformed further. Many of the rituals preserved by the Church of England were not only considered to be objectionable, but were believed by some nonconformists to put one's immortal soul in peril.

• The accession of King James I of England brought the Millenary Petition, a Puritan manifesto of 1603 for reform of the English church, but James wanted a new religious settlement along different lines.

ENGLISH CIVIL WAR(S)

• Parliament’s opposition to the concept of royal supremacy led to conflict and rebellion in England• Charles I• Wanted Divine Rights of King• Raised Taxes and refused to assemble parliament• Brought religious strife to England

• Parliament• Needed to grant money for King Charles• Forced Signing of Petition of Rights (1628)• Became Religiously divided and opposed Charles I

PETITION OF RIGHTS

• Petition Put forth by Parliament, in order to grant King Charles I money, that helped prove the LAW was more powerful than the KING• Stated that the king could NOT:• Imprison people without due cause• Issue taxes without agreement of Parliament• Force private homes to house soldiers• Impose martial law in peace times

• Alluded to in points of argument within the Declaration of Independence (1776)

ROYALISTS VS. PURITANS

• Cavaliers• Anglicans, Roman Catholics, Nobles, and opponents of

Parliament reform• Supported the King• Also known as Royalists

• Roundheads• Protestants and Other non-Anglican Protestants• Supported Parliament against the King• Named for the style of soldier’s Haircuts

THE RISE AND FALL OF THE FIRST ENGLISH REPUBLIC

• Oliver Cromwell Wants a Representative form of Government

• England Drafts the First Constitution of any major European Country

• Government becomes unpopular, but cannot be put down

• Cromwell’s Republic fails after he dissolves parliament

• Cromwell Dies and his son Richard becomes leader• Richard loses support of army and control of England

THE RESTORATION

• Failure of Cromwell’s republic leads to the rule of King Charles II• People wanted a return to peace and progress• Monarchy is re-established in England• Theatres reopened after having been closed

during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell, Puritanism lost its momentum, and the bawdy "Restoration comedy" became a recognizable genre. In addition, women were allowed to perform on stage for the first time. In Scotland, Episcopacy was reinstated.

THE PURE

• The Puritan movement of Jacobean times became distinctive by adaptation and compromise, with the emergence of "semi-separatism", "moderate puritanism", the writings of William Bradshaw who adopted the term "Puritan" as self-identification, and the beginnings of congregationalism. • Most Puritans of this period were non-separating

and remained within the Church of England, and Separatists who left the Church of England altogether were numerically much fewer.

THE SEPARATE

• Unlike the Puritan group who maintained their membership in and allegiance to the Church of England, Separatists held that their differences with the Church of England were irreconcilable and that their worship should be organized independently of the trappings, traditions and organization of a central church

• The Separatists had long been controversial. Under the 1559 Act of Uniformity, it was illegal not to attend official Church of England services, with a fine of 12d (£0.05; 2005 equivalent: about £5) for each missed Sunday and holy day. The penalties for conducting unofficial services included imprisonment and larger fines. Under the policy of this time, Henry Barrowe and John Greenwood were executed for sedition in 1593.

THE SEPARATE• Unable to obtain the papers necessary to leave England,

members of the Separatist congregation agreed to leave surreptitiously. One documented attempt was in 1607, when members of the congregation chartered a boat. This turned out to be a sting operation, with all arrested upon boarding.

• Ultimately, at least 150 of the congregation made their way to Amsterdam.

• By 1617, although the congregation was stable and relatively secure, there were ongoing issues that needed to be resolved.

THE SEPARATE

• William Bradford noted that the congregation was aging, compounding the difficulties some had in supporting themselves. Some, having spent through their savings, gave up and returned to England. It was feared that more would follow and that the congregation would become unsustainable. The employment issues made it unattractive for others to come to Leiden, and younger members had begun leaving to find employment and adventure elsewhere. Also compelling was the possibility of missionary work, an opportunity that rarely arose in a Protestant stronghold.

THE SEPARATE

• Reasons for departure are suggested by Bradford, when he notes the "discouragements" of the hard life they had in the Netherlands, and the hope of attracting others by finding "a better, and easier place of living"; the "children" of the group being "drawn away by evil examples into extravagance and dangerous courses"; the "great hope, for the propagating and advancing the gospell of the kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world."

THE FIRST CHALLENGE

• Even before Mayflower anchored off the tip of Cape Cod, there was a near mutiny. The passengers had hired themselves out as indentured servants, promising to work for seven years to pay for their passage. Some of these passengers thought they could do as they pleased since they were outside the bounds of English law. So they threatened to take their freedom as soon as they got on land.

• The Pilgrim leaders knew it would take a lot of hard work to survive that first winter. They would have to cut down trees and haul logs and thatch to build houses. They knew they would need all the help they could get.

THE “CONSTITUTION”• To solve the problem, the Pilgrims wrote the Mayflower

Compact. The Compact was an agreement signed by all the men on board-including the indentured servants-promising to abide by laws that would be drawn up and agreed upon by all male members of the community. The women were not allowed to participate in the governing process.

• The Compact states that they would choose their own leaders and make their own laws. It also stated there was to be equal justice for all. This Compact became the constitution of the Plymouth Colony. It was the first document of American democracy to establish "government of the people, by the people, for the people."

THE MAYFLOWER COMPACTNOVEMBER 11, 1620

Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule. Signed by 41 adult males.Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

THE COMPACT

START OF DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA

• This Compact, which was to be the official Constitution of Plymouth Colony for over 70 years, is the first American State Paper. It is also the first statement of the principles of democracy as we now know and understand them. For the first time in the history of the world, a group of men --of their own will--agreed to be governed by themselves according to the will of the majority. The Mayflower Compact is the first document of American Democracy.

SURVIVOR: PLYMOUTH BAY

1620 a group of 102 people [half Separatists] Negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in its

jurisdiction. Non-Separatists included Captain Myles Standish.

Plymouth Bay was outside the domain of the Virginia Company. Became squatters without legal right to land &

specific authority to establish a govt.

THE PLANTATION

WILLIAM BRADFORD

Self-taught scholar.Chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in yearly elections.Worried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan society.

THE FIRST YEAR…

Winter of 1620-1621 Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back.Fall of 1621 First “Thanksgiving.” Colony survived with fur [especially beaver], fish, and lumber.Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant. 1691 only 7,000 people Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY

1629 non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co. Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of

England. They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.”1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships Established a colony with Boston as its hub.“Great Migration” of the 1630s Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent

about 70,000 Puritans to America. Not all Puritans 20,000 came to MA.

MEANWHILE, WITH THE PURITANS…

Well-off attorney and manor lord in England.A Modell of Christian Charity.Became 1st governor of Massachusetts. Believed that he had a “calling”

from God to lead there. Served as governor or deputy-

governor for 19 years.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENTS

Low mortality average life expectancy was 70 years of age.Well-educated and middle-classMany extended families.Average 6 children per family.Average age at marriage:

Women – 22 years old Men – 27 years old.

PURITAN “REBELS”ROGER WILLIAMS (FOUNDER OF RHODE ISLAND)

Young, popular minister in Salem. Argued for a full break

with the Anglican Church. Condemned MA Bay

Charter.• Did not give fair

compensation to Indians. Denied authority of civil

govt. to regulate religious behavior.

1635 found guilty of preaching newe & dangerous opinions and was exiled.

PURITAN “REBELS”ANNE HUTCHINSON

Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman.Threatened patriarchal control.Antinomialism [direct revelation] Means “against the law.” Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of

predestination. Holy life was no sure sign of salvation. Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or

man.