Translate the underlinedSkills are skills. Pleasures are pleasures. But – some skills are lasting pleasures. Such is reading. Listening to Hazlitt – “ The greatest pleasure in life is that of reading.” or Macaulay – “I would rather be a poor man in a garret with plenty of books than a king who did not love reading.” To them and countless others all over the world, reading is a source of deepest and fullest enjoyment. That’s true from early school days to the days of leisure and retirement. key 对他们和全世界不计其数的人来说，阅读是最深层、最充盈的欢乐源泉。从早年的学生时代的早期到退休后的闲暇时光都是如此。

Part of youth lies in dreaming – dreaming impossible dreams that you can sometimes make possible. Robert F. Kennedy said this: “Some men see things as they are and say ‘Why?’ I dream things that never were and say ‘Why not?’” Certain books push the boundaries of the human mind out beyond belief. After all, a little bit of greatness hides in everyone. Let books bring it into full bloom. key 某些书可以使人的智力扩展到令人难以置信的地步。毕竟在每一个人的身上都潜伏着一点伟大的东西。那就让书籍使它象鲜花一样盛开吧。

Case

Case is a grammatical category that can express a number of different relationships between nominal elements. The unmarked Common case (subject/object) the marked Genitive case /possessive case(boy’s)

Henry’s punishment （主谓关系）＝ Henry punished others

Henry’s punishment （动宾关系）＝ Henry was punished by others. The family’s supportAlice’s kindness , Jack’s laziness ， my uncle’s good luck A children’s hospital ( a hospital for children), a girls’ college 女子学院John’s writings , Samuel Johnson’s dictionary, Shakespeare’s Hamlet ,Edison’s electric light 爱迪生（发明）的电灯

The barber’s The florist’s A well-managed barber’s a children’s hospital A girls’ collegeHis girl’s friend vs his girl friend That idiot’s boy vs that idiot boyA worker’s family vs a worker family

Ambiguity

Several women’s caps Several caps for women 妇女戴的几顶帽子The caps belonging to several women 几位妇女的帽子An old man’s car An old car designed for a man 为男人设计的旧汽车The car belonging to an old man 一位老人的汽车 a car designed for an old man 为老年人设计的汽车That is a gentleman’s house ( a house belonging to a gentleman. 特指那是一位绅士的房子）（ a house suitable for a gentleman 类指 那是一所适合绅士住的房子）

Government of the people,by the people and for the people by Lincolnthe people’s government, made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people--by Daniel Webster(1782-1852) , an American politician and orator the examination of the fire departmentthe city of New York, the continent of Asia ， the pleasure of meeting you 同位the departure of the train/ the arrival of the visitors 主位the house of stone, a dress of silk a girl of royal blood, goods of their own manufacture a story of adventure, the events of the decades a man of ability , goods of first-rate quality

Generally speaking, the N’s genitive is favored by the class that are highest on the gender scale,ie,animate nouns, in particular persons and animals with personal gender characteristics.

George Washington’s statue, the boy’s new shirt, the company’s working capital, the nation’s social security, the farm dog’s barkGeographical names :Europe’s future, China’s development, London’s water supply Locative nouns denoting regions, heavenly bodies, institutions etc. the club’s pianist, the hotel entranceTemporal nouns last year’s profit (the profit for the last year) an hour’s drive , three days’ absence, last week’s meeting., a nine days’ wonder 轰动一时的事件（暂时引人注意但不久被人遗忘的事）

Idiomatized N’s NThere are some restrictions with the inflected genitive which can be described in terms of specific lexical noun head, edge permits “of” while the examples with “length, reach, throw, and worth” are idiomatized and not permit an “of “ genitive.At arm’s length, Within arm’s reachAt a stone’s throw 一投石之距离Their money’s worthat wit’s end 智穷计尽To one’s heart content 尽情地In one’s mind’d eye 在心目中At death ‘d door 危在旦夕

by a hair’s breath 千钧一发 a bird’s eye view 鸟瞰at a snail’s pace 缓慢地have somebody at one’s finger’s ends 对……了如指掌for God’s sake, art’s for art’s sake, for health’s sake, for humanity’s sake,for precaution’s sake’ for brevity’s sake’ for pity’s sake, for old times’s sake 看在老早相识地份上for convenience(’s) sake, for appearance(’s) sake , for old acquaintance (’s) sake, for goodness (’s) sake a room’s length(its length)its use (the article’s use?)

’s or (’)

In personal names ending in sibilant/z/, the genitive ending can either be ’s or an apostrophe’ only, but it can only be ’s when personal names end in other sibilant sounds

Dickens’s novels or Dickens’ novels John Waters’ or John Waters’ s Archimedes’, Socrates’,

Cervantes’(preferred) But Marx’s doctrine, Ross’s discoveries

The actress’s performance or the actress’performance

Compound nouns ,noun +appositive structure ,and post-modified noun phrases

My mother-in-law’s death (compound noun)Henry the Eighth’s marriage (noun+appositive)Alexander the great’s conquer His sister Mary’s husband (preferred over his sister’s, Mary’s )Mr. Zhang the headmaster’s speechThe Prince of Wales’s helicopter (postmodified)Somebody else’s bookEach other’s books The king of England’s crown The woman you spoke to’s husband is a musician.(relative clause)

Compare : Wang’s and Zhang’s rooms Wang and Zhang’s room The students’ and teachers’ speeches（劣）The students and teachers’ speeches ( 优）His and his sister’s books （劣）His books and his sister’s ( 优）His books and those his sisters ( 优）John’s wife’s face （劣） the face of John’s wife ( 优）

He is gone, but his memory remains to guide the living.(Objective Possessive)A monument is dedicated to his memory.His memory is declining.(Subjective Possessive) He has written a long poem in memory of the famous scientist. To the memory of those who died in the anti-fascist war.They hurried to their father’s rescue. (Obj.Poss.)Thanks to their father’s rescue, they could return home safe. (Subj. Poss.)He walked over to the woman’s aid.He walked over for the woman’s aid.People were loud in the hero’s praise. He was drunk with his father’s praise.She has come to sing his praise. She doesn’t not want his praise.

Father’s rescue, his rescue, the rescue of their father

His choice =the person or thing he has chosenHis want= the want which he feelsIn my sight= where I can seeThe choice of him = the act of choosing himAt the sight of me=seeing me那罪犯的处死引起了很大的非议 .The prisoner’s execution has caused a lot of censure.(?)

His execution ,but he is unidentified The execution of the prisoner

Contextualized InterpretationAn old sailor’s storyThe story of an old sailorHe has never recovered from her loss.(Obj.Poss.)She has never recovered her loss.(Subj.Poss.)John’s treatment of the servantJohn’s treatment by Mary A mother’s love of childrenThe love of Browning for ItalyIf you deny my statement, I can produce witness to prove its truth.Its use (the article’s use?), a room’s length(its length)

Your house is larger than mine. (absolute form)A friend of mine is desirous of seeing your house.That is no business of yours.That was a shocking mistake of yours.Where did you buy that watch of yours?He has no house of his own.(reflexive possessive)He has no children of her own.I have some reasons of my own for wishing to do so. Among the languages which we describe as foreign, French holds a position of its own.

Attention to the uses of of

The city of Nanjing , the State of OhioThe combination of theory and practice , the contribution of science and technology the boy’s name , but the name of the boy crying under the a treeThe worker’s proposal, but the proposals of the workers from the steel plant The education of the young is of vital importance. The livelihood of the disabled should be improved. The mystery of the unknown

A picture of John’s father (instead of John;s father’s picture) instead of him. at the bottom of it, for the fun of it , for the life of me, in memory of her, in sight of it That will be the ruin of you. （警告）I will break the neck of you. （威胁） I have not seen the like of it. He will be the death of her. （ kill her)I do not like the air of him. 傲慢的样子I do not like the sight of him. 厌恶The pride of you 看你的样子

Compare

At the back of her 在她身后 at her back 支持她The death of her 致她死亡her death 她的死 The thought of him 对他的思念 his thought 他具有的想法His biography of her 他写的关于她的传记 her biography 她的传记（她写的或关于她的）The cheek of him 他的厚颜 his cheek 他的脸颊

Double Genitive He is a friend of my father’s.

An independent genitive can sometimes be used as prepositional complementation (traditionally known as prepositional “object”). The prepositional phrase (usually an of-phrase) that takes an independent genitive as complementation is called a “double genitive”.

Characteristicsa friend of the doctor’s this brilliant idea of Mrs. Green’sthat clever remark of your sister’s

The independent genitive in the of-phrase must be definite specific personal reference.A patient of a doctor’s(?) An engine of the plane’s(?)The noun phrase with a double genitive as post － modifier usually takes an indefinite determiner such as a(n), some, any, etc, or a demonstrative determiner such as this , that to convey emotional feelings.The daughter of Mrs.Green’s(?)

Comparison (1)

“Who told you that ?” “A friend of your father’s.” “If he says such things, he is not a friend of my father, w

hoever he is.”He is a friend of my father’s.

=He is one of my father’s friends.He is a friend of my father.

=He is friendly to my father.A portrait of Mr Brown’s （ Mr Brown 所拥有的画像中的一幅， 不一定是 Mr Brown本人的画像）

=one of the portraits owned or collected by Mr BrownA portrait of Mr Brown （画的是 Mr Brown ）

= a picture of Mr Brown himselfA criticism of Mr Hamilton’s ( a criticism made by him)A criticism of Mr Hamilton =Mr Hamilton is criticized.

a bone of the dog, （狗骨） A bone of the dog’s （一根狗吃的骨头）A dog’s bone （狗吃的骨头， 狗骨）The Lord’s Day 星期天The Day of the Lord （ the Day of Judgment) 世界末日The King’s English (the standard of English)标准英语The English of the King （ the English spoken or written by the King)

Comparison(2)Europe’s education(强调地理概念 ) European education(强调欧洲教育的特点 )Japan’s agriculture Japanese agriculture( 特点 ,与其他国家的农业不同 )China’s territory Chinese territory ( 不是他国的领土 )European literature Europe’s literature （误）A friend of Jim, Jack and Harry Jim’s friends a friend of Jims’ That friend of Jim’sAn opinion of Jim’s vs an opinion of Jim A portrait of her mother A portrait of her mother’s (possessions)Her mother’s portrait (personal collection of her own photos )

Noun+noun

Winter vocation, day performance ,season ticket night club Field house 更衣室Company houses,China English Waterloo Bridge,Pearl Harbor,the Washington Monument ，the Suez Canal,Lincoln Library ， Buckingham Palace ，Victoria SquareResearch project, mass murder, majority decision 多数通过的决定Child care, a blood test 验血， an animal trainer 一位训兽师 women driver Exceptions :Mary’s Beauty Shop, St.Paul’s Cathedral Pompey’s Theatre

Noun +Prep.Affection for, admiration for, appetite for. Bent for, budget for, candidate for, compensation for, fancy for, material for, need for, substitution for, reason for, ambition for, preference for ,sympathy forConfidence in, proficiency in, degree in, absorption in, advance in, point in ( 有意义 )Attack on, comment on, impact on, operation on, impression on, stress on, tax on, lecture on, judgment on, mercy on, expert on, revenge onAdvantage over, control over,check overAccess to, indifference to, incentive to, claim to, concession to, guide to, preface to, resistance to response to,application to, key to, ratio to Accordance with, association with, compromise with, conflict with, ambition to do, ability to do

At one’s best vs at best at one’s best /at best 出色，处于最佳状态（表语） /至多（状语）For one’s good/ for good 为了某人的利益 /永远地Put one’s heart into /Put heart into somebody专注于 /鼓舞人心For one’s life /For life 拼命地 /终生Lose one’s heart to /lose heart爱上 /灰心Ahead of one’s tie/ahead of time （思想等）超越时代 /提前

Comparison The king went to his rest early. ( ＝ died)The king went to rest early. （ =went to bed) Under no circumstances will he lose heart. The girl lose her heart to a foreign youth.

Translation from Chinese to English

1.路边的野花 2. 哈尔滨的夏天 3.墙上的窗户 4.穿过森林的小路 5.博物馆的入口 6.柏拉图的著作7.英语写的论文 8.作诗的天赋 9. 水中的月 10 . 早晨的太阳

11.历史的见证 12.描写自然风光的书 13. 岸边的垂柳 14.汉白玉的雕像 15. 山中的寺庙

路边的野花 the wild flowers on the roadside哈尔滨的夏天 the summer in Harbin 墙上的窗户 the window in the wall 穿过森林的小路 the path through the woods博物馆的入口 the entrance to the museum 柏拉图的著作 the works by Plato英语写的论文 the paper in English作诗的天赋 the talent for writing poetry 水中的月 the moon reflected in water早晨的太阳 the rising sun in the morning 历史的见证 the witness to history描写自然风光的书 a book on natural scenery岸边的垂柳 the willow on the shore汉白玉的雕像 a statue in marble 山中的寺庙 the temple in the hills

追逐名利的人 不屑一顾的人 复原无望的人 树上的鸟儿两国间的战争 对自由的渴望对他不利的证据月光下的散步河对岸的村庄年轻时代的梦想蓝天下的群山山脚下的小溪地下的财宝 年逾古稀的老人 他身后的好名声 废墟中的野花

追逐名利的人 a man after fame and gain 不屑一顾的人 a man beneath notice复原无望的人 a man beyond hope of recovery树上的鸟儿 the birds in the tree

脾气暴躁的人 a man with a hot temple 两国间的战争 a war between the two countries对自由的渴望 a longing for freedom对他不利的证据 the evidence against him 月光下的散步 a walk in the moonlight河对岸的村庄 the village beyond the river年轻时代的梦想 the dream in youth 蓝天下的群山 the mountains against the clear blue sky 山脚下的小溪 the stream at the foot of hill地下的财宝 the treasure beneath the ground年逾古稀的老人 an old man past seventy他身后的好名声 a good name after him废墟中的野花 the wild flowers amid the ruins