TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT: SOME
REFLECTIONS
Arturo Ardila-GomezGlobal Lead Urban Mobility
Transport and ICT Global Practice
TDD Framework Presentation #1November 2, 2016
3-D VS. 3-d AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT
We want urban development around 3-D: Dense, Diverse, Design
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3-D VS. 3-d AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTBut frequently we get 3-d: disperse, distant, disconnected
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H + T + I = good housing
3-D VS. 3-d AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT
8/9/2017 3
Public transportation Automobile
Buenos Aires, Argentina
***Using Free Flow Speeds
3-D VS. 3-d AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Good urban transport is critical to achieving 3-D and not 3-d.
But which kind of urban transport?
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WHAT WE WANT: HITS!
HITS
Hierarchically
Integrated
Transit
System
HITS
New York City
Tokyo
Seoul
Paris
London
Washington DC
Santiago de Chile
Quito (coming soon)
Mexico city (hopefully coming soon)
Rio de Janeiro?
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WHAT WE WANT: HITS!
Hierarchically
Metro corridors
BRT corridors
Feeder buses
Buses in mixed traffic
Integrated
Physical
Fare
Operational
Transit System
Good-quality public
transport service that
serves clients’ at minimum
cost
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HITS AND TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
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Transit Oriented
DevelopmentDensity Diversity Design
NO HITSLower
capacity, lower density
Long commutes
on poorNegative
externalities
HITSHigher
capacity, higher density
More diversity as
travel is easier
Positive externalities
EXAMPLE OF QUITO AND ITS HITS
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EXAMPLE OF QUITO AND ITS HITS
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OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
1.Let market forces work, but guide them
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OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
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Example: allow higher densities around mass transit (Arlington Virginia, USA)
Source: Brosnan, 2010.
OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
2. Have Enabling
Legislation, e.g.:1.Mixed land use
2. Public spaces
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OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
2. Have Enabling
Legislation, e.g.:3. High floor area ratio.
4. Value capture mechanisms
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OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
3. Have a very good Property Tax System:1.Cadastre updated yearly 2.Enforcement 3.Ability to manage complaints
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OTHER ELEMENTS FOR TOD
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Vallejo and Soler, 2012.
EXAMPLE OF TOD: ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA, USA, AFTER 4O YEARS
16Source: Brosnan, 2010.
TOD AND POOR AREAS
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3-d
TOD AND POOR AREAS
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3-d
TOD AND POOR AREAS
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3-D
TOD AND POOR AREAS
Example of Bogotá
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Poor areas Middle class areas Wealthy areas
Density (people per Km2)
PARADOX
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Wealthy areas meet cannons of TOD yet they have the lowest density.
3-D costs more than 3-d
PARADOX IS SOLVED VIA:
22 Presentation Title
Economic growth and higher income per capita make 3-D affordable
Yet higher income can bring about changes in preferences
HOUSING CAR USE
23 Presentation Title
HOWEVER, NEW GENERATIONS SEEM TO:
1. Prefer public transport and NMT
over private car.
2. Prefer higher urban densities
and mixed land use.
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HOWEVER, NEW GENERATIONS SEEM TO:
Are these changes intra-
generational or inter-generational?
Fashionable or structural change?
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AND BENEFITS OF TOD SEEM TO BE SOLID AND RESILIENT
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Attribute United States ArlingtonMetro
Corridor Households
with zero cars10% 17.9%
Households with 2 or more
cars
55% 25%
Commute by transit
4.7% 23.3%
CONCLUSIONS
1.We want 3-D: Dense, Diverse, Design
2.We want HITS!
3.We want market forces at work
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CONCLUSIONS
4. We want good enabling legislation
5. We want a very good property tax system
6. We want economic growth and income
growth
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REFERENCES
Brosnan Robert, 2010. “40 Years of Transit Oriented Development.” A Presentation
to the Reston Land Use Task Force.
Vallejo, Gabriel and Diego Soler. 2012. “Manejo del Sistema Catastral: Caso
Bogota.”
Paez, Daniel, Juan Bocarejo, et al. 2017. “Mobility and urban life quality in a
developing city.” World Conference on Transport Research - WCTR 2016
Shanghai. 10-15 July 2016
Salat Serge and Ollivier Gerald. 2016. “The 3V Framework: Maximizing Economic
Opportunities in TOD station Areas by Matching Place, Node, and Market
Potential Value. World Bank. 30
REFERENCES
Hiroaki Suzuki, Robert Cervero, and Kanako Luchi. 2013. “Transforming Cities with
Transit.” World Bank.
Hiroaki Suzuki, Murakami, Jin, Hong, Yu-Hong, Tamayase, Beth. 2015. “Financing
Transit Oriented Development with Land Values: Adapting Land Value Capture
in Developing Countries.”
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