Transcript
Page 1: Training Agenda - Littelfuse/media/electronics/... · Confidential and Proprietary to Littelfuse, Inc. © 2007 Littelfuse, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Telecom SIDACtor Training Training

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Telecom SIDACtor Training

Training Agenda

1. SIDACtor Definition and Telecom Circuit Protection Needs

2. SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

3. SIDACtor Telecom Applications Protection Examples

4. SIDACtor Telecom Applications Product Selection

5. Littelfuse SIDACtor Product Road Map

6. SIDACtor Technology Challenges

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Telecom SIDACtor Training

Section 1 SIDACtor Definition and Telecom Circuit Protection

• SIDACtor Definition

– A SIDACtor is a thyristor-based protection device that provides a crowbar current path to

protect electronic components/equipment from transient threats

• Circuit Protection Needs in Telecom Segment

– Lightning

– ESD

– Inductive

– Short Circuit/Power-Cross

• SIDACtor Technology for Telecom Overcurrent Circuit Protection

– Fast response time

– Stable electrical characteristics

• Typical Telecom Test Standards

– ITU K.20 K.21

– Bellcore GR1089

– UL 60950

• Typical SIDACtor Test Standards

– IEEE C62.37

– UL 1449

– UL 1459

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SIDACtor Definition and Telecom Circuit Protection

SIDACtor Definition

– SIDACtor is a thyristor-based protection device that provides a crowbar current path to protect

electronic components from transient threats.

– The SIDACtor functions:

• Bi-directional, voltage-triggered switch

• Normally open circuit (high impedance)

• Turns on with trigger voltage

• On-state becomes low-impedance path

• Turns off when current falls below holding level

– SIDACtor features as following

• Cannot be damaged by transient voltage.

• Eliminates the hysteresis and heat dissipation typically found with a clamping device.

• Eliminates voltage over-shoot caused by fast rising transients / Extremely fast (<10 ns).

• Non-degenerative, will not fatigue / Rugged (Up to 5,000A surge current ratings). • Relatively low capacitance, ideal for high speed transmission equipment.

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SIDACtor Definition and Telecom Circuit Protection

Circuit Protection Needs in Telecom Systems

– Thunderstorms around the world deliver 8 million lightning flashes every day. Peak current in

lightning discharges range from a few KA to many hundreds of KA. Induced currents from indirect

strikes range from 10A to 20KA.

– ESD results from the build up of electrical charge, when two non-conductive materials are brought

together then separated. The potential between a human body & an object can exceed 35,000

volts. An ESD event can occur to the telecom system or portable devices through human contact

and usage of the telecom devices.

– Inductive Load Switching is caused when an inductive load is interrupted. It occurs in

factory/industrial environments where motors and relays (inductive loads) are turned on and off.

– Short Circuit or Power Cross events can occur due to human error (such cutting a phone and power

line simultaneously during construction) or natural disaster such as hurricane, thunderstorm.

– One or a combination of the above threats can have obvious adverse effects on semiconductor/IC

devices, electro-mechanical contacts, wiring insulation, etc., to cause interruption of telecom

equipment operation, telephone service, and even fire.

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SIDACtor Definition and Telecom Circuit Protection

SIDACtor Technology for Telecom Overvoltage Circuit Protection

Telecom equipment should be protected from overvoltage conditions using SIDACtors, GDTs,

MOVs, or TVS diodes.

– A SIDACtor device is a PNPN device that can be thought of as a TVS diode with a gate. Upon

exceeding its peak off-state voltage (VDRM), a SIDACtor device will clamp a transient voltage to

within the device's switching voltage (VS) rating. Then, once the current flowing through the

SIDACtor device exceeds its switching current, the device will crowbar and simulate a short-circuit

condition. When the current flowing through the SIDACtor device is less than the device's holding

current (IH), the SIDACtor device will reset and return to its high off-state impedance.

– SIDACtor devices are primarily used as the principle overvoltage protector in telecommunications

and data communications circuits. Its advantages include:

• Fast response time

• Stable electrical characteristics

• Long term reliability (no wear-out mechanism)

• Low capacitance

• It is difficult to be damaged by voltage and it has extremely high surge current ratings.

– The SIDACtor is a crowbar device, it cannot be used directly across the AC line; it must be placed

behind a load. Failing to do so will result in exceeding the SIDACtor device's surge current rating,

which may cause the device to enter a permanent short-circuit condition.

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SIDACtor Definition and Telecom Circuit Protection

SLIC MDF

GR 1089

K.20 YD/T 950

UL 60950

GR 974

K.20 YD/T 950

UL 497

GR 974

GR 1089

K.20 YD/T 1082

NEC 800

UL 497

GR 974

GR 1089

K.21 YD/T 993

NEC 800

UL 497

GR 974

K.20/21

YD/T

950/993

UL 497

Telecom Systems Standards

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SIDACtor Definition and Telecom Circuit Protection

SIDACtor Standards

– Std C62.37 Specification

• Rated parameter values

– The values of the rated parameters are established by the manufacturer.

• Parameter specifications

– Breakover current (IBO)

– Breakover voltage (VBO)

– Holding current (IH)

– Non-repetitive peak on-state current (Itsm)

– Non-repetitive peak pulse current (Ipps)

– Off-state capacitance (CO)

– Off-state (leakage) current (ID)

– Off-state voltage (VD)

– On-state current (IT)

– On-state voltage (VT)

– Repetitive peak off-state current (IDRM)

– Repetitive peak off-state voltage (VDRM)

– Repetitive peak on-state current (ITRM)

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Telecom SIDACtor Training

Section 2 SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

– Basic SIDACtor Characteristics and test procedures

• Electrical Characteristics

– V-I curve Characteristics

– di/dt, dV/dt

– Maximum ratings

– Continuous / Transient

• Thermal Characteristics

– Junction Temperature

• Signal Integrity Characteristics

– Capacitance

– SIDACtor Device Physics

• SIDACtor Construction and V-I Curve Types

• SIDACtor Thermal Effects/Characteristics

• SIDACtor Capacitance Effects

• SIDACtor Peak Pulse Current

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V-I Curve and Device Operation

In the standby mode, SIDACtor devices exhibit a high off-state

impedance, eliminating excessive leakage current and appearing

transparent to the circuits they protect. Upon application of a voltage

exceeding the switching voltage (VS), SIDACtor devices crowbar and

simulate a short circuit condition until the current flowing through the

device is either interrupted or drops below the SIDACtor device's

holding current (IH). Once this occurs, SIDACtor devices reset and

return to their high off-state impedance.

VS (Switching Voltage) Maximum voltage prior to

switching to on state

VDRM (Peak Off-state Voltage) Maximum voltage that can be

applied while maintaining off-state

VT (On-state Voltage) Maximum voltage measured at

rated on-state current.

IT (On-state Current ) Maximum rated continuous on-

state current

IS (Switching Current ) Maximum current required to

switch to on-state

IH (Holding Current ) Minimum current required to

maintain on-state

IDRM (Leakage Current ) Maximum peak off-state current

measured at VDRM

SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

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SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

– di/dt Rate of Rise of Current

-- Maximum value of the acceptable rate of rise in

current over time

The purpose of this test is to verify that the

SIDACtor can survive a fast rising current, as may

occur on the wave front of an impulse. After

applying the di/dt impulse to the device, and when it

has returned to thermal equilibrium conditions, the

device shall not fail any of its specified

characteristics.

– dV/dt Rate of Rise of Voltage

-- rate of applied voltage over time

The purpose of this test is to verify that the

SIDACtor will not turn on as a result of fast

rising system voltages with peak amplitudes

lass than the Vdrm rating. A specified voltage

ramp equal to the minimum value of critical

dv/dt and of amplitude Vdrm shall be applied to

the un-energized DUT. The peak ramp voltage

shall be maintained for a period of at least

50us. The DUT shall not switch on, even

partially, during the test.

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SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

Maximum Ratings

– IPP

-- Peak Pulse Current

The purpose of this test is to verify that the

SIDACtor can survive a specific impulse wave

shape of short circuit current amplitude IPP with out

failure. The impulse test generator shall be

specified for the open-circuit voltage and short-

circuit current values, or equivalents, of wave

shape and wave shape peak value.

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SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

Thermal Characteristics

– Thermal Resistance

The purpose of this test is to determine the continuous power

capability of the SIDACtor.

Immediately prior to the power being applied, the value of a

temperature dependent characteristic shall be measured at

the reference temperature. A constant value of power is

then applied to the device.

Thermal resistance, junction to ambient

RөJA = (TJPK - TA) / PTOT °C / W

Thermal resistance, junction to case

RөJC = (TJPK - TC) / PTOT °C / W

Thermal resistance, junction to lead

RөJD = (TJPK - TL) / PTOT °C / W

Where TA = ambient temperature

TC = case temperature

TL = lead temperature

TJPK = peak junction temperature

PTOT = power pulse amplitude

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SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

Off- State Capacitance

– CO

The purpose of this test is to determine the

off-state capacitance of the SIDACtor under

specified conditions.

The DUT off-state capacitance, CO, shall be

measured at specified dc (VD) and ac (VD

and VF) bias levels.

In the absence of special requirements, it is

recommended that an AC bias level of VD =

0.1 VRMS at a frequency of 100kHz to 1 MHz

be used. The DC bias level should be 0 V

and any other levels that are representative

of the intended application.

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SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

SIDACtor Construction

SIDACtors are manufactured by creating a series of N-type and P-type layers in a silicon chip. The basic thyristor

structure has three PN junctions that require four layers (NPNP).

The SIDACtor device started manufacture with an N- slice of silicon. Layers of P material are then created at the top

and the bottom. A further N+ region is then made on the top surface. Finally the top and the bottom metallization

are added to provide contacts.

Transistor TR1 is formed by the N+PN- layers. Similarly transistor TR2 is formed by the PN-P layers. The device

breakdown voltage is determined by the breakdown of the central N-P layers, which form a shared collector-base

junction for TR1 and TR2. The breakdown function is shown as D1. R1 is the lateral resistance of the P layer. R2

together with R1 shunt the base-emitter junction of TR1 to define the value of holding current Ih. R2 has a relatively

low value of resistance and is considered as a localized short circuit between base and emitter.

During the manufacturing process, the emitter N+ diffusion is perforated with a series of dots to create these short

circuits. On the picture, some of the top metallization has been omitted to show the P-type shorting dots.

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SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

SIDACtor Types

Unidirectional Blocking

SIDACtor

The inherent (fixed) voltage

breakdown can be lowered by

gate control, either by use of a

single gate or both together.

In the non-switching quadrant,

current flow will be blocked by the

reverse N-P anode junction.

Unidirectional Conducting

SIDACtor

The inherent (fixed) voltage

breakdown can be lowered by

gate control, either by use of a

single gate or both together.

In the non-switching quadrant,

current flow will be blocked by the

reverse PN diode.

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SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

SIDACtor Types

Bidirectional SIDACtor

The inherent (fixed) voltage breakdown can be

lowered by controlling the appropriate gate or gates.

Bidirectional TRIAC SIDACtor

This bidirectional TRIAC has a special gate structure

that permits control in both quadrants with a single

gate terminal.

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SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

SIDACtor Thermal Effects

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SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

SIDACtor Thermal Effects

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SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

SIDACtor Capacitance Effects

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SIDACtor Characteristics and Device Physics

SIDACtor Non- Repetitive Peak Pulse Current

IPP rating can be expressed as specific peak impulse current -time values or with a graph. If the

designer ensures that the SIDACtor is always operated below this limiting value, protector failure

will not occur.

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Telecom SIDACtor Training

Section 3 SIDACtor Telecom Applications Protection Examples

– Basic Protection Topology

• Two Point and Three Terminal Telecom Circuit Protection

– Circuit Protection based on Telecom Application Requirement

• Customer Premises Equipment

– Transformer-Coupled Tip and Ring Circuits

• High Speed Transmission Equipment & Interfaces

– ADSL

– T1/E1 Protection

– IDSN

• Analog Line Cards

– SLIC Protection

• Data Line Protection

– LAN/WAN Protectors

– Littelfuse Global Lab Capabilities

• Qualification of Products

• UL-Approved Customer Testing

• Verification of Standards

• Customer Application Testing

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Protection Examples

Basic SIDACtor Topology

Two-terminal parallel

connected unit

Three-terminal parallel

and delta connected unit

Protector with bridge

diodes for wide band

systems

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Protection Examples

Primary Protection

Primary protection is provided by the local exchange carrier and can be segregated into three distinct categories

as station protection, building entrance protection, and central office (CO) protection.

Protection Requirements

Station protectors must be able to withstand 300A 10x1000 surge events. The building entrance protectors and

CO protectors must be able to withstand 100A 10x1000 surge events. It should meet regulatory standards such

as UL 497, GR974-CORE and ITU K.28.

Example: Primary Protection Example: Balanced Primary Protection

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Protection Examples

Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)

CPE is defined as any telephone terminal or network equipment which resides at the customer's site and is

connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Protection Requirements:

CPE should be protected against overvoltages that can exceed 800V and against surge currents up to 100A. It

should meet regulatory standards such as TIA -IS-968 and UL 60950

Example: Basic CPE (Phone, Modem) Protection Application

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Protection Examples

High Speed Transmission Equipment & Interfaces

High speed transmission equipment encompasses a broad range of transmission protocols such as T1/E1, xDSL,

and ISDN. Transmission equipment is located at the central office, customer premises, or remote locations.

Protection Requirements:

High speed transmission equipment should be protected against overvoltages that can exceed 2500V and against

surge currents up to 500A. It should meet regulatory standards such as TIA -IS-968, GR 1089-CORE, ITU

K.20/K.21, and UL 60950

Example: T1/E1 Protection Application

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Protection Examples

Analog Line Cards

Subscriber Line Interface

Cards (SLICs) are highly

susceptible to transient

voltages that occur at the

central office and in remote

switching locations. Protection Requirements

It is often necessary to protect Analog

line cards by on-hook (relay) and off-

hook (SLIC) protection. It should meet

regulatory standards such as TIA -IS-

968, GR 1089-CORE, ITU K.20/K.21,

and UL 60950. Example: SLIC Protection

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Protection Examples

Data Line Protection

In many office and industrial locations, data lines such as RS-232, Ethernet, and AC power lines run in close

proximity to each other, which often results in voltage spikes being induced onto data lines, possibly causing

damage to sensitive equipment.

Protection Requirements

Data lines should be protected against overvoltages that can exceed 1500V and surge currents up to 50A.

Example: 10 Base-T Longitudinal Protection Application

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Protection Examples

Gate Controlled (Programmable) Protection Thyristor (Battrax)

Unidirectional gate-controlled

protectors

Positive and negative gate-

controlled protection

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Protection Examples

Global Lab Capabilities • Qualification of all LF products

• UL-Approved Customer Testing in ISO 17025 Lab (Des Plaines)

– High power (AC/DC up to 1KV/50KA) UL approvals available in DP

– Telcordia approvals in DP planned (2008)

• Verification of Telcordia, ITU, IEC, FCC, and other industry, regulatory, and safety standards

– Verification to various OC and OV standards

• Insure application meets standards before submitting for approval

• Customer Application testing

– Assistance with design-in and performance verification

• Help with selection of appropriate technology and rating

– Application troubleshooting

• Assistance insuring proper OV/OC and primary/secondary protection coordination

– Competitive evaluations

• Competitive or technology performance comparisons

– Reliability & Tin Whisker data/testing

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Telecom SIDACtor Training

Section 4 SIDACtor Telecom Applications Product Selection

• SIDACtor Selection

– Coordination of Protection

– SIDACtor Unique Advantages Over Other Technologies

• SIDACtor as a Crowbar Device

• SIDACtor Fast Response to Transients

– SIDACtor Device Selection

• Identify SIDACtor Switching Voltage Requirement

• Identify SIDACtor IT Requirement

• Identify SIDACtor De-Rating Requirement

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Protection Examples

Coordination of Protection

Primary and

secondary

coordination

Coordination

among

secondary

protective

devices

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Product Selection

SIDACtor Selection

Overvoltage Protection Comparison

Technology

SIDACtor

GDT

MOV

TVS

Response Time

Fastest

Slowest

Slower

response time

Fast

Capacitance

Low

As low as 1pF

High

Higher

Current

surge rating

High

As high as 500A

for 200 impulses

High

Low

Electrical

Characteristic

Stable

Degrade with time

Fatigue after

multiple

pulses

Stable

Application

Principle over-voltage

in telecom, datacom

circuit

Telecom

applications

Useful in AC

applications

Secondary protection

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Product Selection

SIDACtor Selection

Characteristics of Transient Voltage Suppressor Technology

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Product Selection

SIDACtor Selection

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Product Selection

SIDACtor selection

• Off-State Voltage (VDRM)

– VDRM of the SIDACtor device must be greater than the maximum operating voltage of the

circuit the SIDACtor device is protecting.

– POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) Application:

• 150 VRMS (maximum operating voltage) 2 + 56.6 V (maximum DC bias of central

office battery) = 268.8 VPK , VDRM > 268.8V

– ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) Application:

– 150 VPK (DC power supply) + 3 VPK (maximum voltage of the transmission signal), VDRM

> 153V

• Switching Voltage (VS)

– The VS of the SIDACtor device should be equal to or less than the peak voltage rating of

the component it is protecting

– Example 1: VS < Relay Breakdown Voltage

– Example 2: VS < SLIC (Subscriber Line Interface Circuit) VPK

• Peak Pulse Current (IPP)

– The Surge Current Rating (IPP) of the SIDACtor device should be greater than or equal to

the surge currents associated with the lightning immunity tests (IPK)

• IPP > IPK , IPP >= IPK (Available) : IPK (Available) = VPK/RTOTAL

– RTOTAL = RTIP+RSOURCE (Longitudinal) RTOTAL = RTIP +RRING+RSOURCE (Metallic)

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SIDACtor Telecom Applications Product Selection

SIDACtor selection

• Peak Pulse Current (IPP)

– Example 1: Type A surge requirement of TIA/EIA-IS-968(FCC Part 68) with out any series resistance

• IPK = 100A, 10x560 us

• IPP >= 100A, 10X560 us

• We can select "B","C" rated SIDACtor (page 2-4)

– Example 2: Surge requirement of GR 1089 with 30 ohm on Tip and 30 ohm on Ring.

• IPK = 100A, 10x1000 us

• VPK = 1000V, RSOURCE = VPK / IPK = 10 ohm

• RTOTAL = RSOURCE + RTIP = 40 ohm

• IPK (available) = VPK/RTOTAL = 1000V/40 ohm

• IPP >= 25A

• Holding Current (IH)

– The holding current (IH) of the SIDACtor device must be greater than the DC current that can be supplied during an operational and short circuit condition

– Example, TIA/EIA-IS-968 IPK<= 140 mA, IH = 150mA

• Off-State Capacitance (CO)

– If Insertion Loss is recommended 70% of the original signal value.

– Example, Speed >= 30MHz, new MC series is highly recommended.

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Telecom SIDACtor Training

Section 5 Littelfuse SIDACtor Product Road Map

– Teccor Brand

• SIDACtor Road Map

• Battrax Road Map

– Concord Brand

• Fixed Voltage Protection Thyristor Road Map

• Variable Voltage Protection Thyristor Road Map

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Telecom SIDACtor Training

Section 6 SIDACtor Technology Challenges

– SIDACtor VS and tolerance control

– Higher surge ratings and smaller packaging

– Multiple devices in one package

– SIDACtor technology combined with other technologies in the same package

– Improved de-rating characteristics

– Higher operating temperatures

– Development of programmable SIDACtors

– Lead-frame vs. wire-bonding


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