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The larval development of Petrolisthes politus (Gray,1831) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Porcellanidae) underlaboratory conditionsGonzalo Hernández , Juan Bolaños , Karen Graterol & Carlos LiraPublished online: 09 Aug 2010.
To cite this article: Gonzalo Hernández , Juan Bolaños , Karen Graterol & Carlos Lira (2000) The larval development ofPetrolisthes politus (Gray, 1831) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Porcellanidae) under laboratory conditions, Studies on NeotropicalFauna and Environment, 35:2, 143-156
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/0165-0521(200008)35:2;1-9;FT143
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Stud Neotrop Fauna & Environm 35: 143–156 (2000) 0165-0521/00/3502-0143$15.00© Swets & Zeitlinger
INTRODUCTION
In the Caribbean Sea, the family Porcellanidae is rep-resented by 10 genera and 40 species, of which thegenus Petrolisthes, with 15 species, is the most di-verse (see Haig, 1956; Gore & Abele, 1973; Werd-ing, 1978, 1982, 1983; Scelzo, 1982; Gore, 1983;Lira et al., 1996). From among these species, thelarval development has been described only forPetrolisthes armatus (Gibbes, 1850) by Gore (1970,1972), Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc, 1802) by Huni(1979), Petrolisthes tonsorius Haig, 1960, by Pel-legrini & Gamba (1985), Petrolisthes magdalenensisWerding, 1978, by Müller & Werding (1990) andPetrolisthes tridentatus Stimpson, 1858, from Pacif-ic specimens, by Gore (1971).
Petrolisthes politus has been reported from theFlorida Keys, Gulf of Mexico, Panama, Colombia,and several Caribbean islands (Haig, 1956; Scelzo,1982, 1985). Studies on this species are restricted toits ecology and morphometry (Scelzo, 1985) and themorphology of its prezoea (Hernández et al., 1995).
This paper provides a detailed morphology of thezoeae and megalopa of P. politus and discusses itsrelation with congeneric species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty four ovigerous females of Petrolisthes poli-tus were collected by hand from a rocky beach on thenorth coast of Isla Cubagua (10º 50′N, 64º 10′W),Venezuela, and transported to the laboratory (Bocadel Rio, Isla Margarita), where they were individual-ly held in fingerbowls 19 cm in diameter filled withfiltered and UV-sterilized sea water, at room temper-ature, 25 ± 2°C, and a salinity of 37 ± 1‰ untilhatching.
The larvae were incubated individually in 150 mlglass containers. The water quality was the same asin the fingerbowls and the food was newly hatchednauplii of Artemia. The water was changed andthe larvae fed daily. Survival and moulting wererecorded. From 80 to 120 larvae hatched in eachbatch.
Specimens of living and dead larvae and exuviaein both zoeal stages, derived from all 15 females,were preserved in a 1:1 mixture of glycerine and 70%isopropyl alcohol. Dissections were carried out on anexcavated slide under a Wild M8 stereoscopic micro-scope. Drawings were made with the aid of an Olym-pus U-IT120 camera lucida using an OlympusBMAX-50 compound microscope. Measurementswere made with a calibrated ocular. At least three
The larval development of Petrolisthes politus(Gray, 1831) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Porcellanidae)
under laboratory conditions
Gonzalo Hernández, Juan Bolaños, Karen Graterol and Carlos Lira
Laboratory of Carcinology, Orient University, Margarita Island, Venezuela
Abstract
The complete larval development of the shallow-water Caribbean porcellanid crab, Petrolisthes politus (Gray, 1831), isdescribed and illustrated from specimens reared in the laboratory. Petrolisthes politus hatches as a prezoea, which persistfor less than 90 minutes, and then molts through two subsequent zoeal stages, which are completed in 6 to 7 and 14 to 16days, respectively, before the megalopal stage is reached. From a total of about 2000 zoeae that were cultured, only tworeached the megalopal stage. The two megalopae survived for up to 5 days but did not molt to the first crab stage. Thezoeae of P. politus are compared with those of Petrolisthes rufescens (Heller, 1861), Petrolisthes lamarckii (Leach,1820), Petrolisthes carinipes (Heller, 1861), Petrolisthes coccineus (Owen 1839) and Petrolisthes pubescens (Stimpson,1858), which were hitherto the only species having bifid lateral spines on the telson of the first zoeal stage.
Keywords: Petrolisthes, Porcellanidae, morphology, larva, zoea, megalopa, Caribbean Sea.
Correspondence: G. Hernandez, Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo Nueva Esparta, Apdo. 630, Porlamar, Código Postal6301, Isla de Margarita, Venezuela. E-mail: [email protected]
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144 G. HERNÁNDEZ ET AL.
specimens of each zoeal stage of two or more fe-males were measured, dissected and analyzed. Thefemales and specimens of their zoeal progeny aredeposited in the collection of the Laboratorio de Car-cinología at the Universidad de Oriente.
The carapaces of both zoeal stages and of the meg-alopa were measured in the standard way for Porcel-lanidae (Gore, 1970, 1971, 1972; Yaqoob, 1974,1979; Huni, 1979; Pellegrini & Gamba, 1985; Müller& Werding, 1990). These measurements are ex-pressed as the arithmetic average of the number ofmeasured specimens and their standard deviation; thefollowing abbreviations are used: CL= carapacelength; CW= carapace width; RL= rostral length;LPS= length of posterior spines of the carapace. Thedistribution of the chromatophores and coloration ofthe specimens was determined for live or recentlyfixed specimens.
The term ‘seta’ is employed as by Thomas (1960),Huni (1979) and Stuck & Truesdale (1988). Never-theless, in order to standardize the terminology em-ployed in this study with others, in the comparativetables, the term ‘process’ was preferred in the case ofthe endites of the maxillulae and maxillae. The no-menclature for the different types of setae is that pro-posed by Stuck & Truesdale (1988). The counts andsetal formulas assume a proximo-distal arrangement.The dorsal setae on the endopodite of maxillipeds 1and 2 and the apical setae of the scaphognathite weredesignated with roman numerals.
RESULTS
Petrolisthes politus hatches as a prezoea which per-sist less than 90 minutes, and then molts through twosubsequent zoeal stages which last 6 to 7 and 14 to 16days, respectively, before the megalopa is reached.The duration of the megalopa could not be estab-lished since the two specimens obtained died beforereaching the first crab stage.
Description of the zoeal and megalopal stagesZoea ISize: CL = 1.70 ± 0.12 mm, range = 1.45-1.85 mm;RL = 10.40 ± 0.45 mm, range = 9.75-11.18 mm; LPS= 2.51 ± 0,30 mm, range = 2.08-2.88 mm. Specimensmeasured = 30. Specimens examined = 30.
Carapace (Figs. 1A, C1-C3): with two pairs of set-ulose setae on dorsum, these pairs separated by a
hump; posteroventral margins with 3 to 5 shortspinules. Rostral spine 6.0 to 6.8 times the CL; withacute spinules arranged in about four rows; tipsdownwards curved. Posterior spines 1.3 to 1.8 timeCL, with acute spinules ventrally. Eyes sessile.
Antennule (Fig. 2A): uniramous, with three aes-thetascs and 3 setae, one setulose seta longer than theother 2 simple ones.
Antenna (Fig. 2D): endopodite fused to pro-topodite, with acute tip and 1 setulose seta subtermi-nally; exopodite 1.7 times longer than endopodite,with acute tip and 3 setae (2 setulose, 1 simple) in arow on distal third, plus 1 spine located in a differentplane from the setae and nearer to the tip.
Mandibles (Fig. 3G): incisor and molar processesasymmetrical; the teeth of the incisor process longerthan the molar ones; palp absent.
Maxillule (Fig. 3A): coxal endite with 8, rarely 9setae (4 or 5 setulose, 4 setulodenticulate); basal en-dite with 9 setae (3 setulose, 6 denticulate); en-dopodite with a short subterminal spine and 4, rarely3 setae (2 setulose, 2 setulodenticulate) distally; mi-crotrichia on inner margin; exopodite absent.
Maxilla (Fig. 3D): coxal endite with 7 setae (1setulodenticulate, 6 setulose) on proximal lobe, and4 setae (1 denticulate, 3 setulose) on distal lobe; ba-sal endite with 7 setae (2 setulodenticulate, 5 setu-lose) on proximal lobe, and 7 setae (2 setulodenticu-late, 5 setulose) on distal lobe; endopodite with 8(3+2+3) setulose setae; scaphognathite with 6 or 7setae on the anterior lobe plus 1 apical seta on poste-rior lobe, all setulose; microtrichia on endopodite,scaphognathite and endites.
Maxilliped 1 (Fig. 4A): coxopodite unarmed;basipodite with 1+1+2+3 setulose setae; endopodite4-segmented, with 3,3,2+3,7+I setulose setae; micro-trichia on dorsal margin of articles 2 and 3; exopoditepartially bisegmented, with four terminal setulosesetae on second article.
Maxilliped 2 (Fig. 4D): coxopodite unarmed;basipodite with 1+1, or rarely 1+2, setulose setae;endopodite 4-segmented, with 1or 2,2,1+2,5+I setae,all setulose, with the exception of 1 serrate seta ondistal article; microtrichia on dorsal margin of thethird article; exopodite partially bisegmented, withfour setulose setae on second article.
Maxilliped 3 (Fig. 5A): biramous, unarmed andwithout signs of segmentation.
Pereiopods (Fig. 5D): biramous buds that grow asstage progresses.
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145LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLISTHES POLITUS
Fig. 1. Petrolisthes politus (Gray). Lateral view of the carapace and posterior spines of zoea I (A) and zoea II (B); distal, mesial andproximal portions of the rostrum of zoea I (C) and zoea II (D); dorsal view of the carapace of the megalopa (E) and details of itsfront (F).
Abdomen (Fig. 6A): composed of 5 somites,somites 3 to 5 with dorsal serrations. Somites 4 and 5with posterolateral spines. Somite 5 with a pair ofsetulose setae on posterodorsal margin.
Telson (Figs. 6A, A1-A6): slightly wider than long;posterior margin with 7+7 processes, symmetricallyarranged. The first is a bifid spine with its inner ram-us longer than its outer one. The second is a thin,setulose seta. All major setae (processes 3 to 7) withhooked terminal serrations, most noticeable on firstand second pairs. The fifth pair of major setae locat-ed on central prominence. Anal spine present. Dorsalsurface with 2+2+2 short setulose setae. Microtrichiaon central prominence.
Coloration: Carapace translucent. Ventral marginsof both the rostral and posterior spines orange; theirdorsal margins amber. Red chromatophores distrib-uted as follows: 1 on each mandible, 1 on gastriclevel, 1 on each basipodite of maxillipeds 1 and 2, 1on mesodorsal region of the carapace and 1 on bifur-cation of posterior spines, 1 black chromatophore ongastric region.
Zoea IISize: CL = 2.99 ± 0.24 mm, range = 2.63 to 3.23 mm;RL = 17.99 ± 0.11 mm, range = 17.05 to 18.38 mm;LPS = 4.39 ± 0,26 mm, range = 3.85 to 4.65 mm.Specimens measured = 13. Specimens examined = 27.
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Fig. 2. Petrolisthes politus (Gray). Antennule of zoea I (A), zoea II (B) and the megalopa (C); antenna of zoea I (D), zoea II (E) and themegalopa.
Carapace (Figs. 1B, D1-D3): with the same seta-tion as that of zoea I. Posteroventral margin general-ly unarmed (few specimens with 2 or 3 minutespines). Rostral spine 4.5 to 6 times CL, with spinu-lation as in zoea I. Posterior spines 1.2 to 1.4 timesCL and with smaller spinules than those of zoea I.Eyes pedunculate.
Antennule (Fig. 2B): mesial portion of protopoditewith 2 setulose setae on outer margin, 1 setulose setaon distal third of inner margin, and 4 setulose setaeon junction of the rami of the appendage. Endopoditeunarmed, exopodite almost twice as long as en-dopodite, with 3+3+3+3+2+3 or 4 subequal aes-thetascs plus 3 setulose setae terminally.
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147LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLISTHES POLITUS
Fig. 3. Petrolisthes politus (Gray). Maxillule of zoea I (A), zoea II (B) and the megalopa (C); maxilla of zoea I (D), zoea II (E) and themegalopa (F); mandibles of zoea I (G), zoea II (H) and the megalopa (I).
Antenna (Fig. 2E): exopodite 0.6 time the lengthof endopodite, with 3 simple setae plus 1 spine sub-terminally. Endopodite with 1 setulose seta and 1spine subterminally.
Mandibles (Fig. 3H): asymmetrical; palp present.
Maxillule (Fig. 3B): coxal endite with 10 setae (5setulodenticulate, 5 setulose); basal endite with 10setae (3 setulose, 7 denticulate); endopodite with 1short spine on inner margin and 4 (exceptionally 3)setae (2 setulose, 2 setulodenticulate).
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148 G. HERNÁNDEZ ET AL.T
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TE
LS
ON
3 pa
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of s
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sall
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pre s
e nt.
Ana
l sp
ine
pre s
e nt.
Ana
l sp
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pre s
e nt.
Ana
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Le n
gth:
wid
th r
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(a=
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Exo
= e
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*=
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stra
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s).
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149LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLISTHES POLITUS
Maxilla (Fig. 3E): coxal endite with 10 setae (1denticulate, 9 setulose) on proximal lobe, and with 6setae (2 setulodenticulate, 4 setulose) on distal lobe;basal endite with 10 setae (3 setulodenticulate, 7 set-ulose) on proximal lobe, and with 10 setae (3 setu-lodenticulate, 7 setulose) on distal lobe. Endopoditewith 3+2+3 setulose setae. Scaphognathite with 25or 26 setulose setae. Microtrichia on both rami.
Maxilliped 1 (Fig. 4B): Coxopodite unarmed.Basipodite with 1+1+2+3 setulose setae on ventralmargin. Endopodite 4-segmented, with 3+I,3+I,3+4+I,9+I setulose setae. Exopodite partially biseg-mented, with 14 setulose setae.
Maxilliped 2 (Fig. 4E): Coxopodite unarmed.Basipodite with 1+1 setulose setae on ventral mar-gin. Endopodite 4-segmented, with 1+I,2+I,1+2+I,5+I setae (all setulose, exception for 1 serrate ondistal article). Exopodite with 14 setulose setae.
Maxilliped 3 (Fig. 5B): more developed than inprevious stage, biramous, unarmed, with signs of seg-mentation. Its size increases as stage progresses.
Pereiopods (Fig. 5E): longer than those of zoea I,with signs of segmentation. Its size increasing asstage progresses.
Abdomen (Fig. 6B): composed of five somites,fourth and fifth ones with posterolateral spines; fifthone with posterodorsal margin serrate and with 2 se-tae. Pleopods on somites 2 to 5.
Telson (Fig. 6B): slightly wider than large; lateralspine now simple (not bifid); anomuran hair persist-ent; central prominence with 1 additional setulose.Dorsal surface with 2+2+2+2 setulose setae. Analspine present.
Coloration: Ventral margins of both the rostraland posterior spines orange; their dorsal margin am-ber. Red chromatophores distributed as follows: 1 oneach ocular peduncle, 1 on each mandible, 1 on eachcoxopodite and basipodite of maxillipeds 1 and 2, 1on basis of each posterior spine, 1 on each side ofabdominal somites 1 to 4. Latter part of the stagewith other chromatophores on basis of antennulae,on maxillipeds 3 and on pleopods.
MegalopaSize: CL = 1.49 mm, range = 1.48 to 1.50 mm; CW =1.42 mm, range = 1.41 to 1.42 mm. Specimens meas-ured = Specimens examined = 2.
Carapace (Figs. 1E-F): Subovate, wider posteri-orly, convex from front to rear, and sparsely coveredwith simple setae. Front irregularly dentate. Outer
orbital angle serrate. Epibranchial spine absent; cer-vical groove poorly developed. Ocular peduncle witha single small palp-like prominence dorsoanteriorlyplus 3 or 4 simple setae dorsally.
Antennule (Fig. 2C): Basal segment as long aswide, anterior margin with about 9 spines; numeroussimple or setulose setae as illustrated. Peduncle 3-segmented; first article unarmed, second with 3 sim-ple setae; third with 12 setae. Lower ramus 3-seg-mented, with 12+12, 5, 12 simple setae. Upper ramus6-segmented; first article unarmed; second with 7+4aesthetascs, third with 4+3 aesthetascs plus 1 simpleseta; fourth with 3 aesthetascs plus 4 simple setae;fifth with 3 aesthetascs plus 5 simple setae; sixthwith 2 simple setae.
Antenna (Fig. 2F): Basal segment with short later-al projection; posterointernal angle with a roundedlobe, plus 8 setae (5 setulose, 3 simple). Peduncle 3-segmented; first article with 1 sharp spine on innerdistal angle plus 3 simple setae; second with 3 simplesetae plus a series of small blunt tubercles on innermargin, third unarmed or with 1 simple seta. Flagel-lum with about 40 articles; articles 1 to 4 withoutapparent articulation, articles 1 to 3 unarmed, articles4 to penultimate with 3 to 6 simple setae, last articlewith 5+1 simple setae.
Mandibles (Fig. 3I): Scoop-shaped processes withthin blades; each with 3-segmented palp; first articleof palp with 2 simple setae, second unarmed, thirdwith 17 or 18 setulodenticulate setae.
Maxillule (Fig. 3C): Coxal endite with about 39setae (16 setulodenticulate, 23 setulose); and withelongated basal lobe fringed with microtrichia. Basalendite with about 34 setae (18 denticulate, 4 setuloseterminally, 10 setulose in a ring, 2 setulose on innermargin) plus 2 setulose setae near base. Endopoditeindistinctly 2-segmented, with 1 setulose seta me-sially and 1 simple seta subterminally. Exopodite ab-sent.
Maxilla (Fig. 3F): Coxal endite with 2 setulosesetae mesially, 22 setulose setae in a ring aroundmiddle plus 17 setae terminally (5 setulodenticulate,12 setulose) on proximal lobe; 28 setulose setae ondistal lobe as illustrated. Basal endite with about 27setulose setae on proximal lobe, about 38 setae ondistal lobe (3 setulodenticulate, 35 setulose). En-dopodite indistinctly bisegmented, with 4 setulosesetae as shown. Scaphognathite with about 68 setu-lose setae around outer margin, dorsal flattened sur-face with 4 simple setae as illustrated.
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Fig. 4. Petrolisthes politus (Gray). Maxilliped 1 of zoea I (A), zoea II (B) and the megalopa (C); maxilliped 2 of zoea I (D), zoea II (E)and the megalopa (F).
0.3 mm
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151LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLISTHES POLITUS
Fig. 5. Petrolisthes politus (Gray). Maxilliped 3 of zoea I (A), zoea II (B) and the megalopa (C); pereiopods of zoea I (D), zoea II (E) andthe megalopa (F1-F5).
Maxilliped 1 (Fig. 4C): Coxopodite with 11 setu-lose setae in a ring mesially plus 15 setulose setaeterminally. Basipodite with about 50 setae (30 setu-lose, 20 simple). Endopodite with 1 setulose seta sub-proximally. Exopodite with 1+3+3 setulose setae asillustrated.
Maxilliped 2 (Fig. 4F): Coxopodite with 7 or 8
setulose setae. Basipodite with 4 setulose setae. En-dopodite 5-segmented; first article with 3 setulosesetae, second with 13 setae (10 setulose, 3 simple),third with 8 setulose setae, fourth with at least 30setae (6 serrate, rest setulose), fifth with at least 25setae (2 serrate, rest setulose). Exopodite 2-segment-ed; first article with 3 setulose setae on outer margin
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Fig. 6. Petrolisthes politus (Gray). Dorsal view of the abdomen and telson of zoea I (A), zoea II (B) and the megalopa (C); pleopods 1-4 (C1-C4); details of the lateral bifid spine on the telson of zoea I (A1) and of the apices of the major setae in both zoeae (A2-A6).
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153LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLISTHES POLITUST
AB
LE
2. C
ompa
riso
n of
zoe
a II
of
Pet
roli
sthe
s sp
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he z
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f w
hich
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late
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pine
s on
the
tels
on.
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us (
Gra
y)P
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esce
ns (
Hel
ler)
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each
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tim
pson
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sent
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dy)
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199
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RA
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Len
gth
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99 m
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1 m
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pine
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5.2
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3.3–
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4–4.
7 m
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3–5.
4 m
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rior
spi
nes
1.5
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CL
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LA
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EN
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seta
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tae
AN
TE
NN
AE
xo. =
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. = 0
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end
o.E
xo. =
0.6
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end
o.E
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3 se
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+ 1
sp.
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h 2
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1 s
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h 3
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2 s
p.E
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3 se
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+ 2
sp.
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h 3
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+ 1
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1 se
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End
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3–4
seta
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nes
4 se
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4 se
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ite
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ses
7,7–
9 pr
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ses
10,1
0 pr
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9–10
,9–1
0 pr
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ses
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0–11
pro
c ess
e s8–
10,9
–10
proc
e sse
sE
ndop
odit
e8
seta
e9
seta
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seta
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9 se
tae
8–9
seta
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seta
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c aph
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–26
seta
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se t
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+4
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–20
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18–2
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4–5
se t
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–18
+ 4
se t
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AX
ILL
IPE
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Cox
opod
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narm
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ite
1+1+
2+3
seta
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1+1+
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1+2+
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1+(1
-2)+
2+3
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1+2+
3 se
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End
opod
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3+I,
3+I,
3+4+
I,9+
I se
tae
2+I,
2+I,
2+4+
I,7+
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3+I,
3+I,
3+6+
I,8-
9+I
seta
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I,3+
I,3+
(4-5
)+I,
(7-8
)+I
s3+
I,3+
I,3+
4+I,
(7-8
)+I
s3+
I,3+
I,2+
4+I,
7+I
sE
xopo
dite
14 s
e ta e
14 s
e ta e
14 s
e ta e
12 s
e ta e
12 s
e ta e
12 s
e ta e
MA
XIL
LIP
ED
2C
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odit
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1 se
tae
1+1
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1 se
tae
1+1
seta
e1+
1 se
tae
1+1
seta
eE
ndop
odit
e1+
I,2+
I,1+
2+I,
5+I
seta
e1+
I,2+
I,1+
2+I,
5+I
seta
e1+
I,2+
I,1+
2+I,
5+I
seta
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I,2+
I,1+
2+I,
5+I
seta
e(1
-2)+
I,2+
I,1+
2+I,
5+I
s(1
-2)+
I,2+
I,1+
2+I,
5+I
sE
xopo
dite
14 s
e ta e
14 s
e ta e
14 s
e ta e
12 s
e ta e
12 s
e ta e
12 s
e ta e
AB
DO
ME
NS
omit
e 5
serr
a te .
Som
ite
5 e n
tire
.S
omit
e 5
serr
a te .
Som
ite
5 se
rra t
e .S
omit
e 5
serr
a te .
Som
ite
5 se
rra t
e .L
a t. s
p. o
n so
mit
e s 4
–5.
La t
. sp.
on
som
ite s
4–5
.L
a t. s
p. o
n so
mit
e s 4
–5.
La t
. sp.
on
som
ite
5.L
a t. s
p. o
n so
mit
e 5.
La t
. sp.
on
som
ite
5.T
EL
SO
NL
engt
h:w
idth
ra t
io=
0.8
Len
gth:
wid
th r
a tio
= 0
.9L
engt
h:w
idth
ra t
io=
?L
e ngt
h:w
idth
ra t
io=
0.7
9*L
engt
h:w
idth
ra t
io=
0.85
*L
engt
h:w
idth
ra t
io=
0.8
5*
(s =
se t
a ; s
p =
spi
ne; f
or o
the r
abb
revi
a tio
ns s
e e T
a ble
1).
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154 G. HERNÁNDEZ ET AL.
plus 8 setulose setae on inner margin, second with 6unequal setulose setae.
Maxilliped 3 (Fig. 5C): Coxopodite with 24 setae(6 spike-like serrate, 18 setulose). Basipodite with 5or 6 setulose setae. Endopodite 5-segmented; ischiumwith 42 setae (23 simple, 19 setulose); merus with26 setae (16 setulose, 10 simple); carpus with 26setae (16 setulose, 6 serrate, 4 simple); propodus with31 setae (21 setulose, 10 serrate); dactylus with 20setae (5 serrate, 15 setulose). Ischium with thin, flat-tened, blade-like extension. Exopodite 2-segmented,proximal article unarmed, distal one with 2 setulosesetae.
Pereiopods (Figs. 5F1-F5, G): Chelipeds subequal,with numerous scattered setae as illustrated; carpuswith 3 spines on flexor margin plus 1 spine on itsposterodistal angle; propodus with numerous minutespines interspersed with setae on outer margin. Cut-ting edges of the fingers spooned. Walking legs se-tose; propodus with 1+2 robust setae distally; dactylwith 1+1+1 robust setae on flexor margin. Pereiopod5 chelate, gape dentate, 9 curved serrate setae onpropodus.
Abdomen (Figs. 6 C, C1-C4): Now consisting of 6somites, with numerous setae dorsally (outer onessetulose; mesial ones simple). Four pairs of biramouspleopods on somites 2 to 5, all of them with 15setulose setae on exopodite except the first onewhich has 14 setae; endopodite of the first pair with 1setulose seta on inner margin and 5 retinacula, sec-ond and fourth with 2 setulose setae on inner marginplus 1 setulose seta on outer margin plus 4 retinacu-la; third with 1 setulose seta on inner margin, 1 setu-lose seta on outer margin plus 5 retinacula. Uropodalendopodite with 18 to 21 setae (5 or 6 simple, restsetulose), exopodite with 26 or 27 setae (3 simple,rest setulose) plus 3 or 4 robust setae on outer mar-gin.
Telson (Fig. 6C): With 12 to 14 setae at each sideof posterior margin. Ventral surface with eight pairsof setulose setae mesially and 3 simple setae on eachside, as shown.
Coloration: Megalopa overall mottled with red;almost completely covered with numerous scatteredred chromatophores on carapace, antennulae (basalarticle, peduncle, first article of lower ramus and firstfive articles of upper ramus), antennae (basal articleand peduncle), mandibles (incisor processes), maxil-lae (posterior lobe of the scaphognathite), third pair
of maxillipeds (except for the dactylus), pereiopods,abdomen somites and pleopods (protopodite and en-dopodite) and tail fan. Orbits dark bronze; each ocu-lar peduncle with one red chromatophore dorsopos-teriorly.
DISCUSSION
The heterogeneous morphology of the zoeal stagesof the different species assigned to the genusPetrolisthes (Gore, 1971; Graterol & Hernández,1994) could be used by those who think that a revi-sion of the taxon and its possible splitting into sever-al genera and/or subgenera is required.
The zoeae of Petrolisthes politus (Gray, 1831) ex-hibit basic characteristics which allow their inclu-sion in the Group Petrolisthes (Lebour, 1943). Theycan be distinguished from larvae of the congenericspecies from the Caribbean for which morphologicaldescriptions are available, including P. armatus,P. tridentatus, P. galathinus, P. tonsorius andP. magdalenensis, based on (1) the ratio between therostral and carapace lengths, which are 6.0 to 6.8 inzoea I and 5 to 6 times in zoea II; (2) a serrate seta onthe fourth article of the endopodite of maxilliped 2,which has not been reported for any other porcella-nid species; (3) the lateral bifid spine on the telson ofzoea I; and (4) the length: width ratio of the telson ofboth zoeal stages, which is ≤ 0.9.
P. politus shares the last two characteristics as wellas others with the Indo-West Pacific congeneric spe-cies, P. rufescens (Heller, 1861), P. lamarckii (Leach,1820), P. coccineus (Owens, 1839), P. carinipes(Heller, 1861) and P. pubescens Stimpson, 1858 (Ta-bles 1 and 2). Osawa (1995) proposed the arrange-ment of 19 species belonging to the genusPetrolisthes into six groups according to first andsecond zoeal stages morphology. According to hisproposal, P. politus and the 5 congeneric speciesmentioned above should be placed in Group 4. How-ever, because it is unique in having bifid lateralspines on the telson of zoea I, a new group should bedesignated for it. This group should not include Neo-petrolisthes maculatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837),since its zoea I, described by Sankarankutty & Bwa-thondi (1974) as Petrolisthes ohshimai (Miyake), ex-hibits minute spines on the lateral margin of the tel-son instead of bifid lateral spines.
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155LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLISTHES POLITUS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work received support from the Consejo de Investi-gación, Universidad de Oriente (grant CI-4-0901-0815/98).We thank Roy Kropp, Batelle, Ocean Sciences, for provid-ing orientation concerning the current status of Neo-petrolisthes maculatus.
REFERENCES
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Gore RH (1971): Petrolisthes tridentatus: The develop-ment of larvae from a Pacific specimen in laboratoryculture with a discussion of larval characters in the ge-nus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Porcellanidae). Biol Bull141: 485–501.
Gore RH (1972): Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes, 1850): Thedevelopment under laboratory conditions of larvae froma Pacific specimen (Decapoda, Porcellanidae). Crusta-ceana 22: 67–83.
Gore RH (1983): The identity of Petrolisthes marginatusStimpson, 1859, and the description of Petrolisthes dis-simulatus n. sp. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Porcellanidae).Proc Biol Soc Wash 96: 89–102.
Gore RH, Abele LG (1973): Three new species of porcella-nid crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Porcellanidae) from theBay of Panama and adjacent Caribbean waters. Bull MarSci 23: 559–573.
Graterol K, Hernández G (1994): Los estadios de zoea delgénero Petrolisthes (Decapoda: Anomura: Porcellani-dae). Acta Cient Vzlana 45: 331.
Haig J (1956): The Galatheidea (Crustacea Anomura) ofthe Allan Hancock Atlantic Expedition with a review ofPorcellanidae of the Western North Atlantic. Allan Han-cock Atlantic Exped 8: 1–45.
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Huni AAD (1979): Larval development of the porcellanidcrab, Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc, 1802), reared in thelaboratory. Lybian J Sci 9: 21–40.
Lebour M (1943): The larvae of the genus Porcellana(Crustacea, Decapoda) and related forms. J Mar BiolAss UK 25: 721–737.
Lira C, Lares L, Hernández G, Bolaños J (1996): Presenciadel crustáceo Petrolisthes lewisi (Glassell, 1936) (De-capoda: Anomura: Porcellanidae) en aguas costeras dela Isla de Margarita, Venezuela. Acta Cient Vzlana 47:79–80.
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Received: 11 January 1999Accepted: 19 July 1999
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