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The Interaction ofMan and Dog over Time

By Julia HughesFebruary 2011

The Development and Interaction of Man and Dog over TimeBy Julia Hughes

1

Contents Page

Introduction 3

Domestication 3

Evolution of the Dog 4

Breeding 7

Types of Dog 8

Conclusion 12

Appendices

A - Time-line of Interaction between Man and Animals 13

B - Other uses for dogs 20

References 23

Bibliography 25


2

Introduction

This report focuses on the relationship between man and dogs and at what point man takes control

of the canine species and domesticated them, how they evolved into the different types of dogs that

are available today, either through intense breeding programmes or natural evolution, and what dogs

are used for in today's modern society.

Domestication

Man soon learned that having identified certain behavioural and physiological characteristics of

animals, certain species would be a better candidate for domestication than others, making them a

faithful and useful companion when it came to hunting and gathering. (UOR) On the whole, most

domesticated animals and in particular dogs show the following traits:-

• hardy and flexible;

• easy to feed;

• able to adjust to new conditions temperature and confinement;

• show a liking for humans, comforting;

• easy to breed;

• social and capable of group interactions;

• gregarious; and

• able to maintain a dominance hierarchy, and are thus predisposed to submission. (UOR)

Mankind has been a hunter gatherer for just 0.5% of human history. During the Ice Age, large

mammals such as bison had two predators humans and wolves, both using their intelligence and

social skills to bring down prey much larger than themselves by hunting and killing in groups (see

picture overleaf). (Gascoigne, 2001)

Due to their similarity, it became mutually beneficial for the two teams to join up and share their

hunting skills and their kill with each other which is why dogs have been mankind's most oldest and

faithful companions since the Pleistocene era during the last Ice Age. (Gascoigne, 2001)


3

Wolves hunting in packs

(Serpell, 2002)

Evolution of the Dog

DNA tests have proved the today's dog has evolved from the grey wolf (Canis lupus familiaris).

Arhaeological digs have unearthed the bones of domesticated dog dating back to the Pleistocene era

and the timeline in the Appendix to this report shows references of where and when bones have

been found since this era. (Jensen, 2007)

These various bones show a shortened facial region of the skull, compacted teeth in the jaw bones, a

more curved mandible, the eyes become more rounded and forward looking, the frontal sinuses

become swollen and the tympanic bullae is reduced in size and flattened (see picture below)

together with the slender metapodial and toe bones that distinguish them from those of the wolf.

(Jensen, 2007)

Drawing of a dog skull indicating features of domestication

(Serpell, 2002)


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The remains suggest that they had originated from the smaller South Asian wolf subspecies rather

than the large North American and North Eurasian wolf, excluding the possibility of an African

origin. (Jensen, 2007)

Wild animals need a high degree of perseption and quick reactions to stressful situations in order to

survive, which are quite opposite to the charactaristics of docility. As an animal's stress and fear is

reduced, it's perception of this environment brings about hormonal changes which reduces brain size

(see picture below) and general senses - mainly hearing and sight. The domesticated animal will

also retain a juvenile attitude well into adulthood. (Serpell, 2002)

Ontogenetic changes in brain volume to skull area for five species of canids

(Serpell, 2002)

The picture below shows that even though a wolf and dog can be of the same weight, the head of the

domesticated dog is significantly smaller due to the reduction in brain size.

The skulls of a 43kg wolf (left) and a 43kg dog

(Serpell, 2002)


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The only genetic difference between the wolf and all breed of dogs is allelomorphic – the changes in

the rates and times at which various development events ocurr as they all have identical karyotypes,

making them interfertile. (Serpell, 2002)

Early Chinese dogs are thought to be directly decended from the small Chinese Wolf, Canis lupus

chanco (see picture below). These dogs moved across the Berings Straits into North America with

early human immigrants. Later, the dogs of the Inuit and North Americans were interbred with

wolves and sometimes even coyotes. At the same time, Africa was cross breeding dogs with the

four species of jackal. (Serpell, 2002)

The Chinese Wolf

(Animal Corner, 2011)

The dingo is the result of cross breeding the domesticated small wolf of India Canis lupus pallipes,

and the pariah dogs of South East Asia, however after being taken over to Australia, they soon

escaped their domestic lifestyle and became feral again. (Serpell, 2002)

During the domestication process of dog from wolf, the animal would first change its coat colour. A

paler coat colour signified a more manageable animal. As the animal's perception to its

environment changes, other morphology and physiological features are ears becoming dropped due

to reduced sense of hearing, tails curled due to reduced need to commnicate, hair becomes thicker

and in some cases flops over the eyes, reducing its speed and impairs its vision. They would also

develop an earlier reproductive cycle and have a higher litter number and size was stunted as during

early domestication, animals suffered from malnutrition from the time of conception. (Serpell,

2002)

The table overleaf shows the morphological and physiological changes that mammals undergo as

they become domesticated.


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Changes Animal

Appearance of dwarf and giant varieties All

Piebald coat colour All

Wavy or curly hair Sheep, Poodles, Donkeys, Horses, Pigs, Goats, Mice, Guinea Pigs

Rolled tails Dogs, Pigs

Shortened tails, fewer vertebrae Dogs, Cats, Sheep

Floppy ears Dogs, Cats, Pigs, Horses, Sheep, Goats, Cattle

Changes in reproductive cycle All except sheep

The Early Process of Domestication

(Turt, 1999)

Breeding

The dog belongs to a group of carnivores called the Canidae family. This group can be split into 38

different species, one of which is the domesticated dog, Canis familiaris. The canids that are still

wild today are terrestrial and mostly nocturnal like the fox, wolf, jackal and coyote. (Serpell, 2002)

Over the last 200 years, man has intensely cross bred dogs from 10 super breeds to over 700

different types, weights and sizes ranging from the smallest Chihuahua to one of the largest, the

Great Dane, however, if all these different breeds were released back into the wild, they would

eventually start to look exactly the same as each other. (Sutter & Ostrander, 2004)

The American Kennel Club registered a total of 916,000 purebred dogs in 2003 and the most

popular 20 breeds account for 70% of all registrations (see pie chart overleaf).


7

Proporation of purebred dog registrations by The American Kennel Club (AKC)

(Sutter & Ostrander, 2004)

Types of DogThere are many different types of dogs that generally fit into several categories (see picture below).

Different Grouping of Dogs

(Sutter & Ostrander, 2004)


8

These are:-

• Toy – the small lap dog (see example below) that is friendly and attention seeking, not

requiring a lot of exercise;

Shih Tzu - toy dog

(All Small Dog Breeds, 2009)

• Utility or Non-sporting – The chow chow (see picture below) is a member of this group, a

miscellaneous cluster of breeds, fit for a particular purpose, with little shared morphology or

history;

Chow Chow

(Pet Planet, 2011)

• Pastoral or Herding – working dogs used for herding cattle and other cloven hoofed

animals (see picture below), has a double waterproof coat to protect them from the elements

as they generally work outdoors in severe weather conditions;

The trustworthy, attentive behaviour of an adult livestock guard dog enables it to live with

livestock and protect the animals from predators

(Serpell, 2002)


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• Gun or Sporting – trained to hunt and retrieve shot game birds, mainly retrievers, spaniels

and setters. They have a friendly nature, making them good companions and family dogs,

although very active requiring a lot of exercise and attention;

Spaniel – gun dog

(Moray Firth, 2010)

• Terrier – from the Latin word Terra, meaning earth. A hardy collection of dog, selectively

bred to be brave and tough for hunting vermin such as fox, badger or rat above or below

ground. While terriers can be quite fiery, they retain a jovial and comical temperament;

Jack Russell (Brown and White) – Terrier

(Hughes, 2011)

• Working – over the centuries these have been selectively bred to excel in their role as guard,

search and rescue dogs. Many of these breeds are heavily muscled, sharing the ‘molosser’

morphology such as the Mastiff (see photo below). The guard dog originated in Tibet and

were in particular the Boxer, St Bernard, the Rot Weiler;

Mastiff – Working Dog

(Our Pets, 2010)


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• Hound – fox, blood, dash or basset hounds that use scent or sight for hunting (see picture

below). They require a lot of exercise but are trustworthy companions, often described as

dignified and aloof.

Medieval hunting dogs in 'St Hubert', A painting by Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)

A depiction of the use of the greyhound

(Serpell, 2002)

The picture Below shows a 'pack' of sled dogs racing and pulling a load. While their appearance is

typically wolf-like they are very much removed from their wolf origin. Domesticated dogs do not

have a tendency to form packs like wolves do, they are simply following instructions from their

owners. (Serpell, 2002)

Modern racing huskies

(Serpell, 2002)

As well the categories stated above, dogs of non specific breed have also been used for various

other uses, some of which are set out in Appendix B.


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Conclusion

Mankind has developed an ability to be able to recognise which animals can be domesticated and

which ones should be left in the wild.

The history of the domestication of the wolf is the longest known relationship man has had with

another mammal making the dog mankind's most oldest and faithful companions.

No other species has shown such an enormous range of genetic and phenotypic variation often

retaining their juvenile or puppy-like traits throughout their lifetime.

On the whole, dogs are mainly kept as pets and therefore have no need to hunt for food. As well as

this they are widely used in all walks of life, from guarding to sniffing out drugs and bombs to

detecting cancer and leading the blind.


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Appendix A

Time-line of Interaction between Man and Animals

Pleistocene Era

The first hominid life form began around 4 million years ago with homo sapiens starting to evolve

and expand from between 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. (UCMP, 1995)

17000 BC

A fossil of a domesticated dog was found in Yorkshire.

13000 – 15000 BC

Two skulls of domesticated dog found in western Russia. (Jensen, 2007)

12500 BC

Man hunted animals and gathered plants for food. There is also evidence that man used animals for

clothing, medicines and building. During this period man first began to use wolves to help them

hunt other mammals which led to the domestication of the first canine by giving them food and

shelter. These animals were then purposely bred which eventually led to the development of the

wide range of variety of domesticated dog that are available today. (Ho, 2005)

12000 BC

Archaeological digs found domesticated dog remains at Mesolithic sites in Europe, Asia and

America. Mandible bones from a domesticated dog have been unearthed from a late Paleolithic

grave in Oberkassel in Germany. (Jensen, 2007)

10000 BC

In the Middle East, hunters watched over and managed wild herds of gazelle, sheep, and goats,

killing the weakest for food and taking the best animals from their herds to breed them for meat and

milk. (Lambert)

An assemblage of small canid bones found in the Middle East. (Jensen, 2007)

A puppy skeleton found with human remains in a Natufian burial site in the Jordan valley, Israel.

(Serpell, 2002)


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9000 BC

Domesticated of sheep at Zawi Chemi Shanidar, Iraq. (Telus, 2010)

8000 BC

A domesticated dog bone (dog rather than wolf as the it had been bred to have smaller jaws and

teeth) was found in cave in Iraq. (Ho, 2005)

8500 BC

Man started to farm and grow their own wheat, barley, lentils and peas, mainly across the Fertile

Crescent that stretches from Israel, through Turkey and across to the Persian Gulf. This area had

regular rainfall, making it ideal for growing grains and raising herds of grass-eating animals such as

sheep and goats. (Lambert)

7500 BC

Evidence found of a Cyprian man buried with his pet cat - indicating the earliest domestication of a

feline. (Telus, 2010)

7000 BC

Domestication of pigs, goats and sheep in China. The ox was first bred by humans in western Asia.

(Lambert)

6750 BC

Domestication of the pig, sheep, goat and dog in a small village in Iraq, Jarmo. (Telus, 2010)

6500 BC

Greece domesticate cattle. (Telus, 2010)

6000 BC

Khirokitia, Cypress domesticated cats. Chickens are domesticated at Ohmshan, Heibei, China and

at Chishan, Hebei, China and Mehkgarh, Pakistan, pigs were domesticated. (Telus, 2010)

5900 BC

Domestication of dogs at Yellow River near Shaodian in Qi'nan country, Gansu province, China.

(Telus, 2010)


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4500 BC

During the Predynastic Period, the Ancient Egyptians domesticated farm animals such as sheep,

cattle, goats, pigs, geese and horses which they used these animals for milk, wool, meat, eggs,

leather, skins, horns, fat, manual labour and sacrificial purposes. The cow and bull was sacred and

worshipped. The cattle was mainly of the long horned variety and if they belonged to rich estates or

the Pharaohs, they were branded with red-hot irons. Oxen were fattened and adorned with ostrich

feathers before being sacrificed to the gods. Pork and goat was the main meat eaten and the skin of

the goats were used as water carriers or floating devices. Early Egyptian farmers tried

unsuccessfully to domesticate hyenas, cranes and gazelles. (Seawright, 2001)

In Lower Egypt, bees were kept in woven wicker hives, covered in clay, for their honey and wax and

also went out to hunt for wild bee honey. Honey was used for food, create make-up, medicine and

offered to the gods and the wax was used for mummification, binding agents in paints and boat

building. (Seawright, 2001)

4000 BC

In Europe man began to use oxen to pull wagons and ploughs while farmers in the Middle East used

donkeys to carry heavy loads and Eurasia started to domesticate horses. (Lambert)

India and south east Asia used the water buffalo to pull ploughs and provide a good supply of milk.

The buffalo was first domesticated in the near-tropical regions of Asia and feature as a domestic

animal on the seals of the Indus civilization. (Gascoigne, 2001)

3000 BC

South China domesticated sheep, cattle and horses. (Lambert)

Tribesman of Central Asia originally thought to breed horses for meat and milk but soon discovered

that they were more useful as a form of transport. The breeding of horses has resulted in all sizes

from the mighty carthorse down to the smallest ponies, one example native to Europe is the tarpan.

At the same time, donkeys and asses roaming the wild in north east Africa and up through the

Fertile Crescent into Mesopotamia were domesticated in Egypt. (Gascoigne, 2001)

While on the verge of extinction, the llama and alpaca of south America, are domesticated by the

American Indians - the llama is primarily used as a beast of burden and the shaggy alpaca is farmed

for its valuable wool. (Gascoigne, 2001)

The silk moth is the only insect that has been fully domesticated in that it cannot survive in the wild.

Man keeps the silk moth for no other reason than to cultivate silk. (Gascoigne, 2001)

The bloodhound, foxhound and dash hound first existed, although they would not have the

appearance that they have now until the 1800's.


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2000 BC

The Middle Kingdom ancient Egyptians domesticated cats, dogs, monkeys, geese, pigeons, ducks,

falcons and even ferrets as pets and to keep the granaries vermin free. Native cats to Egypt were the

jungle cat and the African wild cat and were kept as both pets and deities, however the earliest

evidence of the Egyptian pet cat was one entombed at Mostagedda during the Predynatic period.

Dogs were regarded as subservient and used as hunters or watch dogs rather than as a pet and were

mainly related to the basenji, the saluki, the greyhound, the mastiff and dachshunds. The jackal

however was regarded as sacred. (Seawright, 2001)

A member of the pheasant family, the red jungle fowl, living in the bamboo jungles and forests of

India and south east Asia were captured and kept for their eggs and their flesh. All domestic poultry

are directly descended from this one species. (Gascoigne, 2001) In Egypt, pigeons are kept and

breed in captivity for food but 3000 years later were kept as a form of sport as they were trained to

fly home. (Gascoigne, 2001)

1550 BC

Egyptian New Kingdom used donkeys for transportation and as pack animals. Only the wealthy

could afford horses so they were used as a status symbol, in ceremonial processions, hunting,

harnessed to chariots during war and given as prestige gifts to rulers in North African and the Near

East. They were rarely mounted but some surviving battle scenes show them being ridden by

individual soldiers. (Seawright, 2001)

1500 BC

First domesticated in Arabia and used as beasts of burdens are the single-humped Arabian camel

found in north Africa, the Middle East and India and the double-humped Bactrian camel found in

central Asia and Mongolia. (Gascoigne, 2001)

1000 BC

Ramses II of Egypt constructed elaborate stables to house hundred of army horses (see picture

below). Nile geese were well looked after and allowed to run around the house and gardens.

Ramses II also kept a tame lion and Sudanese cheetahs as pets. (Seawright, 2001)

Ramses being pulled by his war horses

(Seawright, 2001)


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750 BC

During the Roman Empire from early Christian era up to 400 AD, farm animals were bred for food

along side the hunting and eating of wild animals and fish, while horses and dogs were used solely

for domesticated purposes. (Ho, 2005) The Romans also made the first “Beware the dog” signs,

not as a warning to keep potential perpetrators away but to warn people not to step on them.

300 BC

The Egyptians mummified sacred ibises during the Late Period and Ptolemaic times which indicates

that they were probably kept as pets. (Seawright, 2001)

100 BC

During the Han Dynasty, China improved their farming techniques by the introduction of irrigation

schemes, crop rotation and the use of buffaloes to pull ploughs. (Lambert)

74 BC

The Romans used dogs for guidance. Evidence in the form of a fresco of a guide dog was found

near Pompeii (see picture below).

The Guide Dogs of Pompeii

(Ensminger, 2010)

100 AD

Chinese Empress kept a private collection of deer – called the House of Intelligence.

King Solomon and other kings of Israel and Juda kept collection of animals.


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300 AD

A lot of Greek cities had collections of animals. The Romans, especially Alexander the Great, kept

animals for observing or sport.

400 AD

Saxon's used oxen to pull ploughs and raised goats, cattle, pigs and sheep some were slaughtered for

meat. (Lambert)

1000 AD

Aztec’s introduced rabbit, turkey, armadillos and dogs into their diet. Incas kept llamas and alpacas

for meat, wool and carrying heavy loads; they also ate guinea pigs. The Maya started to keep bees

for honey. (Lambert)

Pekingese dog exists in China and Roman ladies keep lap dogs as their warmth was believed to be a

cure for a stomach ache. During Roman times, dogs were selected and bred for the colour of their

coat, for example, to distinguish them from wolves, a shepherds' dogs should be white and to ward

off thieves, farmyard dogs should have a black coat. (Gascoigne, 2001)

1100 AD

During the Middle Ages, cows and goats were used to obtain milk and cheese, chickens were kept

for egg production and pigs were raised for meat. (Lambert)

During the 12th Century, animals were being documented as being creatures to be empathised with

rather than brutalised. This attitude has stayed until the present day and raised many questions on

the morality of hunting and trapping animals and using them in medical experiments. (Ho, 2005)

1500 AD

Spanish cattle was introduced into south west America. (About.com, 2010)

A private collection of animals kept at the Tower of London was opened to the public as a zoo by

Elizabeth 1st.

1600 AD

All types of domestic livestock was imported into America with the exception of Turkeys.

(About.com, 2010)

1752 AD

The oldest zoo in Vienna was established and opened to the public in 1765.


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1775 AD

Madrid zoo founded.

1800 AD

Merino sheep first imported into American. (About.com, 2010)

1806 AD

The oldest zoo in Russia, Kazan zoo was founded and is still going today.

1826 AD

London Zoo opened to the public and was the first to charge for entry in the UK.

1840 AD

Hereford, Ayrshire, Galloway, Jersey and Holstein cattle imported into America and bred.

(About.com, 2010)

1849 AD

First American poultry exhibition. (About.com, 2010)

1859 AD

Central Park Zoo in New York founded.

1860 AD

Melbourne Zoo founded.

1907 AD

German zoo founded.

1934 AD

Landrace hogs introduced to America from Denmark. (About.com, 2010)

1938 AD

America organised a cooperative for the artificial insemination of dairy cattle. (About.com, 2010)


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Appendix B

Other uses for dogs

1 Providing Meat

Commonly practised in South China and the Far North East, dog meat is still used a source of food

(see picture below).

Dogs used for food

(The Animal's Voice)

2 Medical experiments and vivisection

A controversial practice of dissection and experimenting on living animals for the purpose of drug

testing (see picture below).

A dog in a vivisection experiment



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3 Fur products

The fur trade is still big business across the whole of the world but is generally not accepted in

today's society with several campaigners trying to stop this practice (see picture below).

Dog pelts


4 Sports and fighting

Dog fighting is a sadistic contest where specially bred dogs are put in a pit together and fight until

one of them is either fatally injured or dead (see picture below).

Two dogs fighting

(Felich, 2007)


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5 Re-habitual purposes, eg as a petting aid

Dogs provide therapeutic visits to hospices and care homes (see picture below).

Dogs used as therapy aids

(Pets As Therapy, 2010)

6 Guide, cancer, bio and seizure detection dogs

Dogs are trained to be the 'eyes' of blind or partially blind people, offering them the mobility and

freedom they wouldn't necessarily have without them (see picture below).

A guide dog trained to lead blind people

(Guide Dogs, 2009)

Dogs can also be trained to detect cancer in humans, notify epileptics that they are about to have a

seizure or detect a drop or increase in blood sugars of diabetics.


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References

About.com. 2010. A History of American Agriculture 1776 1990. Available:

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blfarm5.htm. Accessed: 29th December 2010

All Small Dog Breeds. 2009. Shih Tzu. Available: http://www.allsmalldogbreeds.com/shih-

tzu.html. Accessed 31st January 2011

Animal Corner. 2011. Wolf Species. Available:

http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/wildlife/wolves/wolf_species.html. Accessed 31st January 2011

Animals Voice. Gallery. Available: http://www.animalsvoice.com/picture-gallery/. Accessed 31st

January 2011

Ensminger. 2010. Guide Dog in Pompeian Fresco? Available:

http://doglawreporter.blogspot.com/2010/07/guide-dog-in-pompeian-fresco.html. Accessed 14th

January 2011

Felich, T. 2007. Reepicheep. Dog Fighting. Avaialble: http://reepicheep-

ajf.blogspot.com/2007/07/dog-fighting.html. Accessed 31st January 2011

Gascoigne, B. 2001. History World. History of the Domesticated Animals. Available:

http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab57. Accessed: 29th

December 2010

Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. 2009. About Us. Available:

http://www.guidedogs.org.uk/aboutus/ Accessed 4th February 2011

Ho, Judith. 2005. USDA, US Department of Agriculture. Information Resources on Human-

Animal Relationshipos Past and Present. Available:

http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/HumanAnimalBond/HumanAnimalBond.htm. Accessed: 29th

December 2010

Hughes, M & J. 2011. Preseli Animal Homecare, Our Animals. Available:

http://petsitterservices.co.uk/OurAnimals.aspx Accessed 4th February 2011

Lambert, Tim. A History of Farming. Available: http://www.localhistories.org/farming.html,

Accessed 29th November 2010

Moray Firth Spaniel & Retriever Club. 2010. Gun Dog Gallery. Available:

http://mfsrc.co.uk/gun-dog-gallery.htm. Accessed 31st January 2011


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http://doglawreporter.blogspot.com/2010/07/guide-dog-in-pompeian-fresco.html

Our Pets. 2010. Mastiff. Available: http://kennels.co.uk/Working/Mastiff.html. Accessed 31st

January 2011

Pet Planet. 2011. Dog Breeds. Available: http://www.petplanet.co.uk/dog_breed_profile.asp?

dbid=19. Accessed 31st January 2011

Pets As Therapy. 2010 Available: http://www.petsastherapy.org / Accessed 4th February 2011

Seawright, C. 2001. Egyptology. The Animals of Ancient Egypt. Available:

http://www.thekeep.org/~kunoichi/kunoichi/themestream/egypt_animals.html. Accessed: 29th

December 2010

Telus. 2010. European & Asian History of Beliefs and Values. European & Asian History 9000 -

4999 BC. Available: http://www.telusplanet.net/public/dgarneau/euro4.htm. Accessed: 30th

December 2010

UCMP, University of California Museum of Paleontology. 1995. The Pleistocene. Available:

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/ple.html. Accessed: 29th December 2010

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http://www.petsastherapy.org/

http://www.petsastherapy.org/

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