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Page 1: Textile & dyeing

PROJECT BY

E.AZMIR LATIF BEG

B.Sc. & M.Sc. Engr.(Textile)

Page 2: Textile & dyeing

…. .We a r e Tex t i l e Eng inee r…. .

We are not receding from others. Don’t feel you are a folly. Don’t be

flurry, brave it out quickly. Now Textile is engineering for not only

covering all engineering but also wrapping all graduates of Bangladesh.

We clothe others. We are existing at the same time with another. We may

despise textile engineering, but we cannot live without it. Textile is eternal

& everlasting engineering. We knit Sensual of others soul. When we come

to the earth as a new born baby then kept on a piece of cloth. During the

leading of our life, textile is an inevitable part. At the time of departure we

never avoid the touch of textile. It preserved our body and mind from

everything. Man can live for one or more days without food. But man

can’t live without garments for a single minute. Textile is from birth to

death to eternity . ….(AzMiR)….

Page 3: Textile & dyeing

For meeting the demand of 21th Century we need many qualified

Textile Engineer but in our perspective there are two types of Textile

Engineer one is more qualified another is more frantic about their

position. No Frustration because you are the right key to touch your

success. Don’t draw your life map with pen but pencil (because pencil

is erasable). Let bygones be bygones & go ahead with our future as if it

will be keep in touch. Make a whistle with vivacious life & vivid future.

There is no alternative to success. There is no alternative to hard

work. Textile Engineering become a challenging subject so make sure. I

gladly thank all who have helped me by providing inspiration, advice,

suggestion & technical support at different level.

E.AZMIR

01736569520

Page 4: Textile & dyeing

Open End(OE)yarn

open-end spinning is a technology for creating yarn without using a spindle. It was invented and

developed in Czechoslovakia in Cotton Researching Institute in Ústí nad Orlicí in 1963. It is also

known as break spinning or rotor spinning. The principle behind open end spinning is similar to

that of a clothes dryer spinning full of sheets. If you could open the door and pull out a sheet, it

would spin together as you pulled it out. Sliver from the card goes into the rotor, is spun into yarn

and comes out, wrapped up on a bobbin, all ready to go to the next step. There is no roving stage

or re-packaging on an auto-coner.

Introduction to Open End Spinning

1.In conventional spinning ,the fiber supply is reduced to the required mass per unit length by

drafting & then consolidated into a yarn by the application of twist.

2.There is no opportunity for the internal stresses created in the fibers during drafting to relax.

3.In open end spinning, the fiber supply is reduced, as far as possible , to individual fibers, which

are then carried forward on an air-stream as free fibers.

4. This permits internal stresses to be relaxed & gives rise to the term “free fiber spinning”.

5.These fibers are then progressively attached to the tail or “open end” of already formed rotating

yarn.

6.This enables twist to be imparted by rotation of the yarn end.

7.Thus the continuously formed yarn has only to be withdrawn & taken up on a cross-wound

package.

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This system is much less labor intensive and faster than ring spinning with

rotor speeds up to 140,000rpm. The Rotor design is the key to the operation

of the open-ended spinners. Each type of fiber may require a different rotor

design for optimum product quality and processing speed.

One disadvantage of open-end spinning is that it is limited to coarser

counts, another is the structure of the yarn itself with fibers less in parallel

compared to ring spun yarns for example, consequently cloth made from

open-end yarn has a 'fuzzier' feel and poorer wear resistance.

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Angular relationship of course and Wales in a

knitted structure

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In other words, spirality occurs in knitted fabric because of asymmetric loops which turns in the wales and course of a fabric into an angular relationship other than 90 degree. This is a very common problem in single jersey knits and it may exist in grey, washed or finished state and has an obvious influence on both the aesthetic and functional performance of knitwear. However, it does not appear in interlock and rib knits because the wale on the face is counter balanced by a wale on the back.

Course spirality is a very common inherent problem in plain knitted fabrics. Some of the practical problems arising out of the loop spirality in knitted garments are: displacement or shifting of seams, mismatched patterns and sewing difficulties. These problems are often corrected by finishing steps such as setting / treatment with resins, heat and steam, so that wale lines are perpendicular to the course lines. Such setting is often not stable, and after repeated washing cycles, skewing of the walesnormally re-occurs.

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Causes of generation (spirality ):

The residual torque in the component yarn caused due to bending and

twisting is the most important phenomenon contributing to spirality. The

residual torque is shown by its twist liveliness. Hence the greater the

twist liveliness, the greater is the spirality. Twist liveliness of yarn is

affected by the twist factor or twist multiple. Besides the torque, spirality

is also governed by fibre parameters, cross-section, yarn formation

system, yarn geometry, knit structure and fabric finishing. Machine

parameters do contribute to spirality. For instance, with multi-feeder

circular knitting machines, course inclination will be more, thus exhibit

spirality.

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First you take a body & sewing the body along the course in hemp

Let, hemp length=57cm(sewing length on hemp)

After wash,

Body 57cm on hemp is turn off after wash we get 54cm

Spirality %is i.e

57-54 /54 *100

5.26%

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Body measurement for spirality

There are two spiral body after wash in the bottom is hemp & measured with tape.

In bottom, i.e total length of hemp & after white line is spiral length.

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The dry heat setting of Terylene filament fabrics is considered in relation to dimensioned Stability, wet creasing, stiffness and recovery from dry creasing, and dyeing properties. The effects of aqueous heat are also discussed. Setting machines are described, and the setting conditions for Terylene fabrics outlined.

Before dyeing & After dyeing heat setting may needed.

Before dyeing: To give dimensional Stability of fabric to improve anti pilling & crease recovery property but show some disadvantage,

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Disadvantage :Give low dye pick up Dirt & dust deposition permanently

After dyeing: Help to improve crease in the fabric. To set final dimension.

For heat setting required temp-180-200°C

Fabric speed-16-25m/min

It depends on the number of burner & bower of stenter m/c. Must have calculate how many time the fabric stay in the m/c.

No of burner Fabric speed Let, 1 burner length=3 meters, so 8 burners=24 meters Then fabric stay 2.5*24= 60 seconds (when fabric speed is 24m/min i.e60/24=2.5sec./meter)

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HOW YOU MEASURE WATER HARDNESS?

First of all, take 5ml water in a bottle than added 5 drop of buffer solution and 1 drop of indicator.

Then add EDTA (Ethylene di amine Tetra Acetic Acid) by injection. Injection is pointed 0.01 to 1.

Finally calculate by giving result how many EDTA are needed to change the color.

5 ml water+5 drop of buffer

solution+1 drop indicator

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Water Hardness=Water volume*used EDTA

=300*0.07

=21 ppm(parts per million)Standard

Soft water=<60ppmMedium soft=60-120ppmHard Water=120-180ppmVery hard=>180ppm

if we use 10 ml water

then multiply 500.

If we use 5 ml water Then multiply 300.

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First draw out some yarn from the fabric as if the weight of yarns

must be more than .1 gm

Then measure the length of yarn in CM(centimeter) carefully

Finally you count the number of yarn has taken.

No of Yarn*Yarn length(cm)*constant

Yarn weight(gm)

24*22.1*0.0058891

0.104

30 Ne

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The general formula of reactive dye can be written as follows:

D-X-Y

Here, D Chromophore of Dye posts.

X Bridge.

Y Functional group.

D-X-Y + Fiber D-X-Y- Fiber covalent bond.

Fixation reaction

Cell—Ch2—OH + Dye—X Cell—CH2—O—Dye +HX Cellulose

reactive dye acid dyed fiber

X=reactive group

Cell-O- H+ NaOH=(Cell O– Na+) and starts forming covalent bonds with the reactive functional

groups of the dye Chromophore.

E.AZMIR

Page 17: Textile & dyeing

Method of dyeing:

In this project Exhaust dyeing method is used for dyed of cotton goods by sunfix hot brand reactive dyes.

Primary Exhaustion Phase

Exhaustion of dye from the dye bath to the cellulose during Primary Exhaustion phase is governed by the following

three physical processes and the phenomenon of substantivity

Adsorption

Diffusion,

Absorption/ Exhaustion/Migration

Secondary Exhaustion

The observations and inferences in the above deliberations related to primary exhaustion in a Reactive exhaust

dyeing process are incomplete without the final fixation. When Alkali is added, the cellulose ionizes to form Cell-

O- and H+ (Cell – O– Na+) and starts forming covalent bonds with the reactive functional groups of the dye

Chromophore. When more and more of dye anions are covalently bond, the distribution coefficient shifts to fiber

phase effecting further exhaustion due to deficiency of dye anions in the cellulose phase and dye bath concentration

starts depleting further. The degree of alkalinity in terms of pH plays a major role in shifting the fixation of dye to its

hydrolysis reacting with water. Any exhaustion during this stage if it is hydrolyzed dye it would be far more

undesirable In a reactive dye system therefore, primary exhaustion alone does not govern the efficiency of dyeing.

The degree of secondary exhaustion also would influence the efficiency.

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Reactive dye contains reactive group and this reactive group makes covalent bond with fibers and becomes part of the fiber. By their nature, reactive dyes also react with water. Dyes which reacts with the fiber is said to be “fixed” to the fiber. Dye which reacts with water is said to be “hydrolyzed.”

Hydrolysis reaction

H—O—H + Dye—X Dye—OH + HX

During the secondary exhaustion when alkalie is added, there is a second reaction that also sets in motion in parallel ( i.e. the hydrolysis of the Reactive dye with water) in competition to the fixation of the dye that is the primary aim. The dye anion is equally facilitated to react with OH of water to form the hydrolyzed dye in which state the dye is as good as a direct dye with all its ‘undesirable’ characteristics. It is the reactive group in the dye, pH and temperature that influence the hydrolysis of dye in preference to reacting with cellulose. It becomes critical that the hydrolysis is curbed to maximize efficiency. The relationship between temperature and reactivity is that higher temperatures require lower alkalinity; to optimize on hydrolysis. They can be broadly grouped under ‘High’ ‘Medium’ and ‘Low’ categories requiring 40º C. 60 º C and 80º.C respectively - levels of pH 12.5 for High (cold dyeing), 11.5 for Medium (Warm dyeing) and 10 - 11.0 for Low (Hot Dyeing) for the reaction to proceed more favorably towards the substrate.

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The term “Disperse dyes” have been applied to the organic coloring substances

which are free from ionizing group , are of low water solubility and are suitable for

hydrophobic fibers. The dye has derived its name for its insoluble aqueous

properties and the needed to apply it from an aqueous dispersion. Of all the dyes,

they are of the smallest molecular size.

Disperse dyes have substantivity for one or more hydrophobic fibers e.g. cellulose

acetate, nylon(polyamide), polyester, acrylic, and other synthetic fibers.

The negative charge on the surface of hydrophobic fibers like polyester can not be

reduce by any means, so non-ionic dyes like disperse dyes are used which are not

influenced by that surface change.

Disperse dyes are added to water with a surface active agent to form an aqueous

dispersion. The insolubility of disperse dyes enables them to leave the dye liquor as

they are more substantive to the organic fiber than to the inorganic dye liquor. The

application of heat to the liquor increase the energy of the molecules and

accelerates the dyeing of textile fibers.

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E.AZMIR

Page 24: Textile & dyeing

FLUORESCENT PIGMENT DYEING(NEON DYEING)

Process

Fabric load

Leveling(catalix/catanic )-6% 70˚C (2/3˚/min)x 20'

Cooling 50˚C

Wash-1 (R/T) for 5 min

Wash-2(R/T) for 5 min

At Room Temperature Color dosing (20'/30')

Runtime-1 45˚C (2˚/min)x10'

Runtime-2 55˚C (2˚/min)x10'

Runtime-3 70˚C (2˚/min)x10'

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Sample check

Shade match

Cooling + Bath drain

Wash-1 (R/T) for 5 min

Wash-2(R/T) for 5 min

Wash-3(R/T) for 5 min

Formic acid- .3% (Ph-4.5) R/Tx20' same bath

Binder- 2%(Ph-4.5) R/Tx20'

Acid +softener-1% (Ph-5) 40˚C x15'

AZMIR

Preferable Fluorescent Color

Pink

Rose

Lemon

China lemon

Violet(purple)

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100% Cotton Dyeing Procedure SOLID COLOR

PROCESS

LOAD FABRICS

95X60 SCOURING (DETERGENT-.5%+ANTICREASING-.5%+STABLIZER-.6%+SEQUESTERING-

.6%+NAOH-2.5%+H2O2-2.5%)

60X20 NEUTRALIZATION (A.ACID -.8%)

PEROXIDE KILLER -.6%

60X20 NEUTRALIZATION (A.ACID -.6%)

55X60 ENZYME- .5%

TEMPERATURE RAISE 70 C FOR DESTROYING ENZYME

40’C SEQUESTERING-.5%+ ANTICREASING-.5%+A.ACID-.6%+LEVELING-1.5%+SALT

COLOR DOSING FOR 30 MIN

RUN TIME 20 MIN ,TEMP 50-60

ADD SODA(NAOH) PROGRASIVE DOSING FOR 30 MIN

65X45-60 (DEPEND ON SHADE) COLOR STEAM

SHADE CHECK

BATH DRAIN(BD)

90X25 HOT WASH+(SOAP-.5%)

60X20 NORMAL WASH

SHADE CHECK

60X20 NEUTRALIZATION (A.ACID -.6%)

45X30 FIXING -1%

50X30 SOFTNER-.8%+A.ACID-.2%

SHADE CHECK

COOLING DOWN AND RINSE DRAIN

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ProcessLoad Fabrics

95X60 SCOURING (DETERGENT-.5%+ANTICREASING-.5%+STABLIZER-.6%+SEQUESTERING-.6%+NAOH-2.5%+H2O2-2.5%)

60X20 NEUTRALIZATION (A.ACID -.8%)PEROXIDE KILLER -.6%

60X20 NEUTRALIZATION (A.ACID -.6%)55X60 ENZYME- .5%

TEMPERATURE RAISE 70 c FOR DESTROYING ENZYME

60X10 LEVELING-1.5%+COLOR+SALT+SEQ-.5%+ANTRICREASING-.5%

TEMPER RAISE 80X20 FOR MIGRATION

COOLING (60 FOR 10MIN)

SODA DOSING (60 FOR 30 MIN)

COLOR STEAMING(60X40)

SHADE CHECK

BATH DRAIN(BD)90X25 HOT WASH+(SOAP-.5%)

60X20 NORMAL WASHShade Check

60X20 NEUTRALIZATION (A.ACID -.6%)45X30 FIXING -1%

50X30 SOFTNER-.8%+A.ACID-.2%Shade Check

Cooling Down And Rinse Drain

100% COTTON DYEING PROCEDURE SOLID COLOR TURQUOISE

MIGRATION PROCESS

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Process

Load Fabrics

95X60 SCOURING ( DETERGENT-.5%+ANTICREASING-.5%+STABLIZER-

.6%+SEQUESTERING-.6%+NAOH-2.5%+H2O2-2.5%)

60X20 NEUTRALIZATION (A.ACID -.8%)

PEROXIDE KILLER -.6%

60X20 NEUTRALIZATION (A.ACID -.6%)

80X45 SYNO WHITE(OBA) 4BK -.3%

Shade Check

55X60 ENZYME- .5%

TEMPERATURE RAISE 70 c FOR DESTROYING ENZYME

50X30 SOFTNER-.8%+A.ACID-.2%

Shade Check

Cooling Down And Rinse Drain

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Process

Load Fabrics

SCOURING

DETERGENT-.5%

95X45 ANTICREASING-.8%

STABLIZER-.5%

SEQUESTERING-.6%

NAOH-3%

H2O2-7%

Shade Check

60X20 NEUTRALIZATION (A.ACID -.8%)

PEROXIDE KILLER -.6%

60X20 NEUTRALIZATION (A.ACID -.6%)

55X60 ENZYME- .5%

TEMPERATURE RAISE 70 c FOR DESTROYING ENZYME

50X30 SOFTNER-.8%+A.ACID-.2%

Shade Check

Cooling Down And Rinse Drain

E .AZMIR

Page 30: Textile & dyeing

In every step water ratio must be 1:12/15

Process

Load Fabrics

80X20 Detergent-.3%

40’c Sequestering-.5%+A.Acid-.1%+Leveling-1.5%+Salt- (depend on shade %)

Color Dosing for 30 min

RUN TIME 20 MIN ,TEMP 50-60

ADD SODA(NAOH) PROGRASIVE DOSING FOR 30 MIN

65X45-60 (DEPEND ON SHADE) COLOR STEAM

SHADE CHECK

BATH DRAIN(BD)

90X25 HOT WASH+(SOAP)

60X20 NORMAL WASH

Shade Check

60X20 NEUTRALIZATION (A.ACID -.2%)

Page 31: Textile & dyeing

name of somedyeing m/c

Fongs, Thies, Dilmenler, SETEX, Esclanos,Alkan,ATOIC,Sclavos,Atyc

Tong gene,Techninox,CanlarAK bangla,Tung Shine, Daroitex

name of some pantoneTCXTPX

TCUC

Mélange(wingsome)

Page 32: Textile & dyeing

Knitting MachineFlamac(single jersey)Singapore, Mayer & CIE(single jersey) Germany, Fukahama(S/J)Taiwan,Pai Lung (S/J)Taiwan,Fukahara(Eng.stripe)Japan, Jiunnlong(Rib/interlock)Taiwan, Stool(flat knit semi jacquard)Germany, JY-LEH(flat knit)Taiwan,Shima(V-bed)

Page 33: Textile & dyeing

Oil Spot/Grease Spot Causes: Excess oil/Grease use. Jamming of needle & sinker.

Patta/Barrie Mark Causes: Yarn comes from different lot. Faulty cam use in the machine. Tension variation of feeding yarn.

Fly yarn Causes: A dusty floor environment where other short yarns are flying.

Yarn contamination Causes: Different contamination in supplied yarn.

Hole Mark Causes :

Holes are the results of yarn breakage or yarn cracks. During loop formation the yarn breaks in the rejoin of the needle hook. Badly knot or splicing. Yarn feeder badly set.

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Remedies of hole mark

Yarn strength must be sufficient to withstand the stretch as well as uniform.

Use proper count of yarn.

Needle Mark

Causes:

When a needle breaks down then needle mark comes along the fabrics.

If a needle or needle hook is slightly bends then needle mark comes on the fabrics.

Remedies:

Needle should be straight as well as from broken latch.

Sinker Mark

Causes:

When sinker corrode due to abrasion then some times can not hold a new loop as a

result sinker mark comes.

If sinker head bend then sinker mark comes.

Remedies:

Sinker should be changed.

Star Mark

Causes:

Yarn tension variation during production.

Low G.S.M fabric production

Remedies:

Maintain same Yarn tension during production.

Use good conditioned needles.

Page 35: Textile & dyeing

Drop Stitches Causes: Defective needle. If yarn is not properly fed during loop formation i.e. not properly laid on to the needle

hook. Take-down mechanism too loose. Remedies: Needle should be straight & well. Proper feeding of yarn during loop formation.

Lycra out Causes: Breakage of lycra yarn. Dusted yarn Remedies: Proper lycra must be used.

Cloth fall out Causes: It is an area consisting of drop stitches laying side by side. They can either when a

yarn is laid out or it breaks without any intermediate connection. Remedies: Make sure all the latches of needle are closed with feeding yarn after a drop stitch.

Page 36: Textile & dyeing

Price quotationBy the conversation of our honorable your management over phone, we offer our best price for you as bellow…….A.100% Cotton Lycra S/J & CVC double dyeing(open finish):1.White = 95 tk/kg2.Avg. Color = 135 tk/kg3.Deep Color = 145 tk/kg4.Royal/black+royal = 155 tk/kg5.Normal Wash = 75 tk/kg

B.100% Cotton S/J Fabric:Color Open Finish Tube Finish1. White = 65 tk/kg 50 tk/kg 2.Avg. Color = 110 tk/kg 90 tk/kg 3.Deep Color = 115 tk/kg 100 tk/kg 4.Royal/black+royal =135 tk/kg 120 tk/kg 5.Normal Wash = 55 tk/kg 40 tk/kg

Page 37: Textile & dyeing

CVC Fabrics Over head cost for Dyeing, Brushing and Finishing (Party Provide

Dyes & Chemicals) rate 67 Tk (Sixty Seven Taka) Per Kg.100% Cotton Lycra S/J Fabrics :

Only Heat Setting Rate 15 Tk(Fifteen taka only) Per Kg.Price quotation for raising( brush) fabrics.

By the conversation of our honorable management, we offer our best price for you as bellow…….CVC Fabrics :

Brush/kg = 8 tk

Page 38: Textile & dyeing

we submit the feature of UV protector, what we used the subjected colored fabrics

Name : DYAPOL KUVOrigin : Germany.

Feature of DYAPOL KUV :→ Low Foaming

→Good Stability to hard water.Type: anionic.

Constitution: Benzyltriazole Derivatives.Compatibility: compatible with most anionic & cationic products.

Application Procedure :

We used ‘DYAPOL KUV’ in combination with DYSTAR XF series Disperse Dyes.DYAPOL KUV = 2-4 % O.W.F ( add to standard

polyester dye bath & dyed at 130˚C for 40 minutes. )

Benefits of DYAPOL KUV :→ Improve Light Fastness.

→Protects against PHOTOCHEMICAL REDUCTION.→Helps to achieve the Required UVF value for polyester Fabrics.

Page 39: Textile & dyeing

Some Buyer or Client

Knit + WovenHudson Bay Corporation Golden Penny(GP)Norwest NextWal-Mart GeorgeZellers SpringfieldAldi JC-PennyMark’s Spencer Calvin KlineOBS DKNYViva Cotton LavisSears New WorkerMark’s Work Wear House LIDLDaytex TescoOrchestra H & MLeo mill Fashion JaraHopper Corp ZXY ApparelLi & Fung Monti CarloK- Mart PromtexBentex Tchibo

Page 40: Textile & dyeing

Some Buyer or Client ofDenim Fabric Up-to-date

Otto

LHF

Exclusive

Asia Tex

Hema

Williams

Page 41: Textile & dyeing

Woven & yarn(denim) continuous method is call cool/critical pad batch(CPB) because of materials are passes through pad roller.

E.AZMIR

Page 42: Textile & dyeing

SOME TECHNICAL TERMS OF DYEING

Exhaustion: The proportion of dye or other substrate taken by a substrate(material) at any stage of the process to the of the amount originally available.

Fixation: The proportion of dye or other substrate is fixed by a substrate(material) after final wash.

Disruption: When dye stuff comes to the outer surface of the fabric, that is called disruption.

Adsorption: Deposition of dyes on the surface of the fiber.Absorption: Penetration of dyes inside the fiber.

Stripping: To remove color from substrate and make color less is called stripping Sodium thio sulphate (hydrous)Na2S2O4 is used .generally it react with fiber & produce two colorless amino substitute compound (R1-NH2+NH2-R2)one is remove from fiber but another is remain so fiber have not 100% colorless.

Topping: After stripping dyeing is done i.e topping.Addition: Without stripping extra dyes are add in dye bath to match the required shade is called addition.(always avoid addition because it gives uneven shade)

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Exhaustion(E%) & Fixation(F%)

E% Co-C1 *100

Co

2-0.2 *100

2

90%

Where,

Co- Concentration of bath(before dyeing)

C1- Concentration of bath(after dyeing)

COLOR,CMC VALUE & DYES

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DYES PURITY SOLUBILITY

DYES PURITY SOLUBILITY

F% E%-(washing loss + soap)90%-(5%+5%)80%

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DYE PICK UP TEMPERATURE OF DIFFERENT HUE

Yellow-60-65 ˚C temp increase shade will be more yellowishRed-70 ˚C temp increase shade will be more reddishBlack- 60-65 ˚CBlue-60-65 ˚CTurquoise- 85 ˚COBA- 80 ˚C

CMC-Color Measurement CommitteeCMC is not a new color space but rather a tolerance system. CMC Tolerance

system is a modification of CIE LAB which provide better agreement between visual assessment. Color is measure by spectrophotometer(data

color) by reflectance value.Reflectance means= intensity of reflected light/intensity of incident light

For perfect black-reflectance=0For perfect white-reflectance=1

Color Difference E=( C*2 + H*2 + L*2)1/2

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WHERE, L=LIGHTNESS/VALUE(BRIGHT OR DULL)C=CHROMA(DEEPNESS OF COLOR)H=HUE(FIRST APPEARANCE OF COLOR)

Color difference in CIE L*,a*,b* space, the color difference between a standard and trial sample is expressed numerically DE

DE=(DL*2 + Da*2 + Db*2)1/2Where,DL*=Lt* - Ls*

Da*=at* - as*Db*=bt* - bs* T-trial

S-standardPartially (0) color difference is impossible.CMC Commercial factor =1.Acceptable limit of color difference DE, (0-1)-Da=more green / less red +Da=less green / more red-Db=more blue / less yellow+Db=less blue / more yellow-DL=darker+DL=lighterDC*=The distance between sample and L* axis(value axis)DH*=The angle made by the chroma line and a* axis

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Three dimensional color systemwith Subtractive or pigment theory

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When CMC value pass

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When CMC value warn

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When CMC value is Fail

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FOR MEASURING CMC VALUE THERE ARE TWO MEASURING SOFTWARE

Color Tools : Shade Measurement + Set new Standard + set new batch

Dci Match : Recipe Adjust + Data batch (self shade for using dyes )

Mainly Data color gives three types of result

-Pass { When DE =(0-.7)}-Warm { when DE =(.71-.99)}- Fail {when DE =( 1 above)}

Color difference also depends on light source (D65,TL84,TL87,TL83) but its show the average value i.e CMC DE

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Metamerism is a psychophysical phenomenon commonly defined incorrectly as

"two samples which match when illuminated by a particular light source and

then do not match when illuminated by a different light source." In actuality,

there are several types of metamerism, including sample, illuminant, observer,

and geometric. The first two are most commonly referred to and also most

commonly confused.

Types of Metamerism

Illuminant metamerism: Illuminant metamerism is witnessed when there are a

number of spectrally matched — exactly the same — samples, but when each

is independently yet simultaneously illuminated and viewed under lights whose

spectral power distributions differ, significant variations of the color can be

perceived. This phenomenon is rarely witnessed, unless a light box that allows

the observer to see both lights separated by a divider is used, and the two

identical samples are illuminated by the different light sources.

Observer metamerism: Every individual perceives color slightly differently,

assuming the individuals possess adequate color matching aptitude. This can

be demonstrated in many ways.

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Geometric metamerism: Identical colors appear different when viewed at different

angles, distances, light positions, etc. It can be argued that one reason men and

women often perceive color differently is that the distance between a woman's eyes

is, on average, slightly less than a man's. This slightly different angle of stereoscopic

viewpoint falls under the category of geometric

metamerism.

Sample metamerism: When two color samples appear to match under a particular

light source but do not match under a different light source, this is "sample

metamerism." One can conclude that the spectral reflectance distributions of the

two samples differ slightly, and their plotted reflectance curves cross in at least two

regions. By illuminating them with lights with considerably differing spectral power

distributions, the visual differences between the two samples can be witnessed and

even exaggerated.

Graphic arts and color reproduction considerations metamerism: In the printing

industry, metamerism is the source of great frustration. It is perceived as a negative

characteristic of color; if it did not exist, many believe, color reproduction problems

would be eliminated. In actuality, however, it is this phenomenon that allows for

mass color reproduction of an artwork. Inks used to create a color reproduction can

be combined to simulate an artwork, but can only be made to accurately match the

reproduction under only one (D50 or D65) light source.

Page 54: Textile & dyeing
Page 55: Textile & dyeing

S T E N T E R M / C

O V E R P I C K G S M

O V E R P I C K G S MI F D Y E D F A B R I C I S D E E P T H A N R E G U L A R S H A D E ( S T A N D A R D ) , T H E N

R E D U C E O V E R P I C K & R A I S E T E M P E R A T U R E . F A B R I C M A Y L I G H T A N D R E D D I S H .

C O M P A C T O RP R E S S U R E O F P A D D E R D E P E N D O N S H A D ET E M P E R A T U R E D E P E N D O N G S M O F F A B R I C

C O M P A C T I O N D E P E N D O N G S MF O R C O N T R O L L I N G S H R I N K A G E I N ( W ) D I A W I L L B E I N C R E A S E ( + )

T H E N S H R I N K A G E M A Y C O N T R O L .F O R C O N T R O L L I N G S H R I N K A G E I N ( L ) T U M B L E T H E F A B R I C

1 4 5 G S M - 1 2 0 C T E M P1 8 0 G S M - 1 4 0 C T E M PC O M P A C T I O N G S M

P R E S S U R E S H A D E L I G H T

* T U B U L A R F A B R I C H A S A G R E A T E R T E N D E N C Y T O H A I R I N E S S

Knit Fabric Finishing

Page 56: Textile & dyeing

1) Uneven Shade: Causes : a) Improper colour, Salt & Soda dozing b) Improper adjustment of Roll to Roll. Remedies : a) By Striping b) by converting dark colour to light or other colour 2) Running Shade: Causes: a) Improper colour, Salt & Soda dozing b) Improper cycle time of Nozzle to Nozzle. Remedies : a) To maintain cycle time b) Dozing must be slow 3) Crease / Wrinkle Mark: Causes : a) For high GSM b) For fabric stretching c) If the fabric attach to nozzle pipe. Remedies : a) To use Anticrease b) Keep proper Reel space c) Don’t allow fabric stretch.

Page 57: Textile & dyeing

4) Oil Spot: Causes: a) To use excessive oil in Knitting Section Remedies : a) To use Oil Remover

5) Softener Spot : Causes: a) Improper softener dozing b) To use less water than required. Remedies : a) To mix Softener at 50°c temperature and keep it 20 min b) During unloading Overflow must be done so that foam does attach with fabric.

6) Dyeing Hole: Causes: a) Improper scouring & bleaching b) Improper peroxide & caustic dozing. C) Due to over bleach. Remedies : a) To avoid over bleach b) Caustic dozing must be slow c) Enzyme should be done carefully.

Page 58: Textile & dyeing

7.Dye SpotCauses:

-Improper dissolving of dye particle in bath.

- Improper dissolving of caustic soda particle in bath.

Remedies:

-By proper dissolving of dyes & chemicals.

-By passing the dissolved dyestuff through a fine stainless steel mesh strainer, so that

the large un dissolved particles are removed.

8. Batch to Batch variationCauses:

-Fluxation of temperature.

-Improper dosing time of dyes & chemical.

-Dyes lot variation.

-Improper reel speed, pump speed & liquor ratio.

-If yarn lot is mixed during knitting .

Remedies:

-Use standard dyes & chemical.

-Maintain the same liquor ratio.

-Maintain same dyeing cycle in every batch.

-The pH, hardness & sodium carbonate content of supply water check daily.

Page 59: Textile & dyeing

H&M GROUP

H&M(BUYER)

H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB comprises five different independent brands –H&M, COS, Monki, Weekday and Cheap Monday. The H&M Group has a total of approximately 2,500 stores all over the world.

Page 60: Textile & dyeing

H&M, WHICH OPENED ITS FIRST STORE IN SWEDEN IN 1947, IS NOW

REPRESENTED ON MORE THAN 40 MARKETS. IN A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES,

THE COLLECTIONS ARE ALSO AVAILABLE ONLINE.

H&M’S DESIGNERS CREATE A BROAD AND DIVERSE RANGE OF FASHION

FOR MEN, WOMEN, YOUTH AND CHILDREN. IN ADDITION TO THE CLOTHES

COSMETICS, ACCESSORIES AND HOME TEXTILE PRODUCTS ARE ALL PART

OF WHAT H&M HAS TO OFFER.

COS

MODERN, URBAN AND CHIC. COS OFFERS CUSTOMERS A COMBINATION OF

TIMELESSNESS AND DISTINCTIVE TRENDS, FOR BOTH WOMEN AND MEN.

FROM QUALITY CLOTHING FOR WORK AND PARTY-TIME TO CAREFULLY

SELECTED ACCESSORIES. ALL WITH FASHION SENSIBILITY DOWN TO THE

SMALLEST DETAIL. COS ALSO OFFERS CUTE AND COMFORTABLE FASHION

FOR CHILDREN.

Page 61: Textile & dyeing

Monki is synonymous with personal creativity and expression. Here young women can find clothes, accessories and a novel store concept that is its own imaginative world. The stores and monki.com provide innovative collections and an inspiring fashion experience characterised by playfulness and colourful graphic design.

Weekday

Weekday sells its own brands MTWTFSS Weekday, Cheap Monday, Weekday Vintage and Weekday STOREMADE, but also commissions design collaborations with independent fashion labels such as CarinWester, Bless and Bruno Pieters. Weekday’s stores offer urban fashion for men and women –always at the best price.

Page 62: Textile & dyeing

CHEAP MONDAY COMBINES INFLUENCES FROM

STREET FASHION AND SUBCULTURES WITH A

CATWALK VIBE. HIP MEN AND WOMEN COME

HERE TO FIND DENIM, CLOTHING AND

ACCESSORIES AT A HIGH FASHION LEVEL AND

PRICES ACCESSIBLE TO ALL.

EACH SEASON, CHEAP MONDAY HOLDS A

CATWALK SHOW IN STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN.

Page 63: Textile & dyeing

ABBREVIATIONS IN TEXTILEYOU KNOW ! BUT NOT

ALB- Azmeri Latif Beg

AATCC –American Association of textile Chemists and Colorist

ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials

ART- Automatic Rapid Tester

AFIS-Advance Fiber Information System

AQL- Acceptable Quality Limit

ATET- Association of Textile Engineer & Technologist

AAMA-American Apparel Manufactures Association

AAFA – American Apparel and Footwear Association

AAQC- American Association of Quality Control

AOAC- Association of Official Analytical Chemists

Page 64: Textile & dyeing

AAAC -American Association for the Advancement of Science

ATIRA - Ahmadabad Textile Industry research Association.

AACA - American Apparel Contractors Association.

AAEI - American Association of Exporters & Importers.

ACSA - American Cotton Shippers Association.

AFTAC - American Fiber, Textile apparel Coalition.

AAC- Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

ASHRAE- American Society of Heating , Refrigeration & Air

Conditioner Engineers

APEO- Alkylphenol Ethoxylate (harmful surfectance)

AFM -Atomic force microscopy

ACS -American Chemical Society

Page 65: Textile & dyeing

BS-British Standards

BAN-BarriumActivity Number

BTRA-The Bombay Textile Research Association

BGMEA-Bangladesh Garments Manufacturer and Export Association

BKMEA-Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturer and Export Association

BTMC-Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation

BJMC-Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation

BGMC-Bangladesh Garments Marketing Corporation

BJDC-Bangladesh Jute Diversification Centre

BJRI-Bangladesh Jute Research Institute

BSCIC-Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation

BCIRA - British Cotton silk & Manufactured Fibers Research Association.

BWTA- Boston Wool Trade Association.

BISFA- International Bureau for the Standardization of Manmade Fibers.

BGWUC- Bangladesh Garments Worker Unit Council

BL-Bill of Lading

BOD-Biological Oxygen Demand

BIAS- Bale Inventory Analysis System

B/F-Balance Forward

+b-Yellowness (of yarn)

Page 66: Textile & dyeing

CMC-Color Measurement Committee

CIE- Commission International de I’Eclairage

CSIRO-Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization

CTI - Canadian Textiles Institute.

CCI - Cotton council International.

CYCA - Craft Yarn Council of America.

CPI-Course Per inch

CTL- Consumer Testing Laboratory

C&M-Cutting & Making

CM- Cost of Manufacturing/Making

CFR- Cost and Freight

C&F- Cost and Freight/Clearing & forwarding

CIF- Cost, Insurance and Freight

CVC-Chip Value Cotton

CV% - Co –efficient of Variation

CCC- Clean Cloth Campaign (by H & M)

CMT- Cut Make – Trim

CCMS- Computer Color Matching System

Page 67: Textile & dyeing

CMC- Carbo methyl Cellulose

CMS- Carbo methyl Starch

CG- Color Grade

COD-Chemical Oxygen Demand

CSP-Count Strength Product

CC- Certificate of Conformity / Certificate of Conditioning

CF- Carbon Fiber

CAP-Critical Application Point

CAV-Critical Application Value

CPSC- Consumer Product Safety Commission

CRE- Cost Estimation Relationships

CO- Certificate of Origin

CDS- Count Data System

CDS- Central Dosing System

CAS -Chemical Abstracts Service

CEN -European Committee for Standardization

CENELEC -European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization

CUAM -Cuprammonium Hydroxide

CUEN -Cupriethylene Diamine

Page 68: Textile & dyeing

DOD-Drop On Demand

DID-Drawing In Draft

DO-Discharge Order

D/A-Document Against Acceptance

D/P-Document Against Payment

DCP-Draft Change Pinion

DC-Draft Constant

dB-Decibel

dBA-Decibel Average

DoE-Department of Environment

DO-Dissolved Oxygen

DP- Degree of Polymerization

DLDC- Double Lift Double Cylinder

DLSC- Double Lift Single Cylinder

DDT – Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethylene

DIN- Detaches Institute fir Normung Standards

DFE- Direction Frictional Effect

DMA-Dynamic mechanical Analysis (Stress or Strain)

DVS/SA-Dynamic Vapor Sorption Analysis (Mass based)

DSC-Differential Scanning Calorimetry(Heat based)

Page 69: Textile & dyeing

EPI-Ends per Inch

ETP-Effluent Treatment Plan

EDTA- Ethylene di amine Tetra Acetic Acid

EPZ-Export Processing Zone

EMF-Electro Magnetic Force

EMI- Electro Magnetic Induction

ECE- Pericles Detergent

ECPE- Extended Chain Poly Ethylene

EDT- Export Date

EXP- Export Permission Form

EPB-Export Processing Bureau

ETAD - Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyestuffs Manufacturing

Industry.

EATP - European Association for Textile Polyolefin’s.

EL- Export License

EG- Ethylene Glycol

EDX or EDS-Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

ETSI- European Telecommunications Standards Institute

EN -European Standard

ESOs -European Standardization Organizations

Page 70: Textile & dyeing

FBCCI-Federation of Bangladesh Chamber of Commerce & Industry

FOB - Free On Board

FAS - Free Alongside Ship

FCR-Forward’s Cargo Receipts

FSD-Fixed Speed Drive

FSD-Fabric Structure & Design

FTP- File Transfer Protocol ( A source of order sheet)

FC- Fixed Cost

Foil Print-Polyester + Spandex Fiber

FS - Fiber Society.

FRP-Fiber Reinforced Polymer

FTIR -Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

GRP-Glass Reinforced Plastic

GPT-Gram Per Tex

GPL-Gram Per Liter

GSM-Gram per Square Meter

GSP-Generalized System of Prevailed

GOTS-Global Organic Textile Standard

GATT- General Agreement for Trade & Treaty

GATT- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Page 71: Textile & dyeing

HVI- High Volume Instrument

HFT- High Volume Fiber Tester

H&M- Hennes & Mauritz

HKA - Hand Knitting Association.

HFA A - Hard Fibers Association.

HL-Home Laundering

HPPE- High Performance Polyethylene

HMPE- High Modulus Polyethylene

HDPE- High Density Polyethylene

HT-High Temperature

HTHP- High Temperature High Pressure

HS- Harmonized Schedule

HPL -High-Pressure Laminates

Page 72: Textile & dyeing

ISO-International Organization for Standardization

ITMF-International Textile Manufacturers Federation

ITET- Institute of Textile Engineer & Technologist

ITS-Intertek Testing Services

IFAI - Industrial Fabrics Association International.

ITT - Institute of Textile Technology.

IR-Infra Red

ICS -Integrated Composite Spinning

IEC- International Electrotechnical Commission

ICTs -information and communication technologies

IRMM -Institute for Reference Materials and MeasurementsI JCP- Intensive Jute Cultivation Programme

IDL-Instrument Detection Limit

IRC-Import Registration Certificate

IMP- Import Permission form

IL- Import License

IFC- Immature Fiber Contain

IPI/Km- Imperfection Per Kilometer

IBST- Indigo Bottom Sulpher Top

ICCO- International Carpet Council Organization

Page 73: Textile & dyeing

JBO- Jute Batching Oil

JIN- Japan Industrial Standards

KTA - Knitted Textile Association.

L/C-Letter of Credit

LCP- Lifting Change Pinion

LSC-U.S Consumer Product Safety Commission’s testing laboratory

LTA - Linen Trade Association.

LRB- Laboratory Reagent Blank

LFB- Laboratory Fortified Blank

LPC- Laboratory Performance Check Solution

LDPE-Low Density Polyethylene

LABSA- Linear Alkyl Benzen SulponicAcid (harmful detergent)

LAS- Linear Alkyl Sulphonate

Page 74: Textile & dyeing

MTL-Merchandising Testing laboratory

MTS- Modern Testing Service

MMFPA- Man-made Fiber Producers Association.

MEN-Most Favored Nation trade Status

MFA-Multi Fiber Agreement

MV-Mile Volt

MLSS-Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid

MBR-Membrane Bio Rector

MDL- Medium Detection Limit

MVI- Medium Volume Instrument

MTFL- Mercury Tungsten Fluorescent Lamp

MPF- Mélange Positive Feeder

NRE- Neps Removal Efficiency

N.S.A- No Seam Allowance

NAHM - National Association of Hosiery Manufacturers.

NCTE - National Council for Textile Education.

NKMA - National Knitwear Manufacturers Associations.

NEPO / NPE- Nonylphenol Ethoxylate ( harmful surfectance)

Page 75: Textile & dyeing

OBA-Optical Brightening Agent

OE-Open Ends

OWF-On The Weight of Fabric

OWG- On The Weight of Goods

OMB -Office of Management and Budget

PPI-Picks Per Inch

PI- Performa Invoice

PH- Puissanced Hydrogen/Potential of Hydrogen/Power of Hydrogen

PPM-Picks Per Minute

PVC-Poly vinyl Chloride

PCV- Polyester Cotton Viscose

PVA-Poly vinyl Alcohol

PET-Poly Ethylene Terephthalate

PCDT- Poly 1-4 cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate

PPE-Personal Protective Equipment

PP- Pre Production

PC- Polyester Cotton

PPM-Parts Per Million

PO- Purchase Order

PCA - Polyester council of America.

PCM – Phase Change Materials(It can absorb,store & release energy with responding Environ

PDMS –Polydimethyl Siloxane

Page 76: Textile & dyeing

QSC- Quick Style Change System

QCS- Quality Control Sample

QC- Quality Control

RGB-Red, Green, Blue=White

RYB-Red, Yellow, Blue=Black

Rd-Reflectance (whiteness / brightness of yarn)

R &D-Research & Development

RPM-Rotation/Revolution/Run/Round Per Minute

RMG-Ready Made Garments

RCC- Rain force Carbon Carbon

RF-Radio Frequency

RS-Raman Spectroscopy

Page 77: Textile & dyeing

SAM- Standard Allowed Minute

SEM -Scanning electron microscope

SMV- Standard Minute Value

SDC –Society of Dyes and Colorist

SFI-Short Fiber Index

SFC- Short Fiber Contain

SCN- Seed Coat Neps

SGS-Super Garments Solution

SPAI - Screen Printing Association International.

SI - Shirley Institute.

SCP-Spindle Speed Change pulley

Page 78: Textile & dyeing

SS-Suspension Solid

SAR-Sodium Absorption Ratio

SFD-Supercritical Fluid Dyeing

SEM-Scanning Electron Microscope

SLSC- Single Lift Single Cylinder

SPM- Stitch Per Minute

SQC-Statistical Quality Control

SCI- Spinning Consistency Index

SBIT- Sulpher Bottom Indigo Top

SAXS -Small-angle X-ray scattering

SAXD- SAXS -Small-angle X-ray diffraction

SFM -Scanning force microscopy

SCF - Supercritical Fluid

SEM-DOUBLE SIDED SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Page 79: Textile & dyeing

TEXTILE-Tension Ever as like Xanthippe Till I Live in the Earth

T&C- Textile & Clothing

TC-Tetoron & Cotton

TRC-Tetoron/Polyester, Rayon & Cotton

TQL-Total Quality Limit

TQM-Total Quality Management

TAP- Total Acceptable Product

TPI-Twist Per Inch

TM-Twist Multiplier(twist factor)

TCP-Twist Change Pinion

TDS-Total Dissolve Solid

TCU-Total Color Unit

TSS-Total Suspended Solid

TPM-Twist Per Meter

T/F-Technical File

T/S-Technical Sheet

TRF-Total Radiance Factor

TIN- Tax Identification number

TMS- Transportation Management System

TGA-ThermogravimetricAnalysis (Mass based)

TMA-ThermomechanicalAnalysis (Dimension)

Page 80: Textile & dyeing

UCP-Uniform Customs & Practice

UQL-Upper Quartile Length

UHML-Upper Half Mean Length

UHT- Ultra Heated Treatment

UPF-Ultraviolet Protection Factor

VFM- Visible Foreign Matter

VSD-Variable Speed Drive

VC- Variable Cost

WIRA-Wool Industry Research Association

WPI-Wales Per Inch

WTP-Water Treatment Plan

WCP-Winding Length Change pinion

WRAP – Worldwide Responsible Apparel Production

WAXS -Wide-angle X-ray scattering

WAXD -wide-angle X-ray diffraction

XPS- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Page 81: Textile & dyeing

OTHERS

ACCA- The Association of Chartered Certified AccountantsAMOLID- Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode ATM-Automated Teller MachineAFR-Application For RegistrationAIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeCAT- Certified Accounting TechnicianCFL-Compact Fluorescent LightCAD-Computer Aided DesignCSR- Corporate Social ResponsibilityCAP- Corrective Action PlanDAP-Di Methyl PhosphateDEMU- Diesel Electric Multiple Unit (train engine)EC-External CombustionFIFO-First In First OutFIA- Foundation In AccountancyFMCG- Fast Moving Consumer Goods

Page 82: Textile & dyeing

GPS- Global Positioning System

GTZ- German Technical Corporation

GM- Genetically Modified

HIV-Human Immune Virus

HTML-Hypertext Make up Language

ICANN- Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Number

ISD-International subscriber Dialing

IC-Integrated Circuit/ Internal Combustion

ILO-Inter Labor Organization

IPO-Initial Public Offering

IOM- International Organization for Migration

Page 83: Textile & dyeing

LCD-Liquid Cristal Display

LED-Light Emitting Diode

LIFO-Last In First Out

LDC- Least Developing Country

MNC-Multinational Corporation

MOST- Mission Objective Strategies Technique

MFB- Multi-stakeholder Forum Bangladesh

NWD-Nation Wide Dialing

OLED- Organic Light Emitting Diode

PPP-Public Private Partnership

SOWT- Strength Opportunity Weakness Threat

SSD-Seven Segment Display

SIM- Subscriber Identity Module

SMS-Short Message Service

STD-Sexual Transmitted Diseases

STI -Sexual Transmitted Infection

TSP-Triple Super Phosphate

TBA-To be Appointed

Page 84: Textile & dyeing

USB- Universal Serial Bus

UHF-Ultra High Frequency

UV-Ultra Violet

UNFPA- United Nations Fund For Population Activities

UNESCO- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNDP- United Nations Development Program

UNITAR- United Nations Institute for Training and Research

UNEP- United Nations Environment Program

UNHRC- United Nations Human Rights Commission

UNHSF- United Nations Habitual and Human Settlement Foundation

UNIDO- United Nations Industrial Development Organization

UNICEF- United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

WWW-World Wide Web

Page 85: Textile & dyeing

Computer & Information Abbreviation►HTTP — Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.

►HTTPS — Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure.

► IP — Internet Protocol.

►URL — Uniform Resource Locator.

►USB — Universal Serial Bus.

►VIRUS — Vital Information Resource Under Seized.

► 3G — 3rd Generation.

►GSM — Global System for Mobile Communication.

►CDMA — Code Divison Multiple Access.

►UMTS — Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.

► SIM — Subscriber Identity Module.

►AVI — Audio Video Interleave

►RTS — Real Time Streaming

► SIS — Symbian OS Installer File

►AMR —Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec

► JAD — Java Application Descriptor

► JAR — Java Archive

Page 86: Textile & dyeing

► 3GPP — 3rd Generation Partnership Project

► 3GP — 3rd Generation Project

►MP3 — MPEG player lll

►MP4 — MPEG-4 video file

►AAC —Advanced Audio Coding

►GIF — Graphic Interchangeable Format

► JPEG — Joint Photographic Expert Group

►BMP — Bitmap

► SWF — Shock Wave Flash

►WMV — Windows Media Video

►WMA — Windows Media Audio

►WAV — Waveform Audio

► PNG — Portable Network Graphics

►DOC — Document (Microsoft Corporation)

► PDF — Portable Document Format

►M3G — Mobile 3D Graphics

►M4A — MPEG-4 Audio File

►NTH — Nokia Theme(series 40)

Page 87: Textile & dyeing

►THM — Themes (Sony Ericsson)

►MMF — Synthetic Music Mobile Application File

►NRT — Nokia Ringtone

►XMF — Extensible Music File

►WBMP — Wireless Bitmap Image

►DVX — DivX Video

►HTML — Hyper Text Markup Language

►WML — Wireless Markup Language

►CD — Compact Disk.

►DVD — Digital Versatile Disk.

►CRT — Cathode Ray Tube.

►DAT — Digital Audio Tape.

►DOS — Disk Operating System.

►GUI — Graphical User Interface.

► ISP — Internet Service Provider.

►TCP — Transmission Control Protocol.

►UPS — Uninterruptible Power Supply.

►HSDPA — High Speed Downlink Packet Access.

Page 88: Textile & dyeing

►EDGE — Enhanced Data Rate for GSM [Global System for Mobile

Communication]

►VHF — Very High Frequency.

►UHF — Ultra High Frequency.

►GPRS — General Packet Radio Service.

►WAP — Wireless Application Protocol.

►ARPANET — Advanced Research Project Agency Network.

► IBM — International Business Machines.

►HP — Hewlett Packard.

►AM/FM —Amplitude/ Frequency Modulation.

►WLAN — Wireless Local Area Network

Page 89: Textile & dyeing

Function of A Textile EngineerT-Tension(order package/sheet)E-Embellish by an Emasculator (develop)X-Xerox (sample)T-Transmitted (work distribute in all section)I-Imported & Implement (Raw mlt in house & execution)

L-L/C some Liabilities (monitoring the quality)E-Export (shipment)

Just Say No To

TEXTILE

Page 90: Textile & dyeing

PLEASE FORGIVE ME

For giving some known information

E.AZMIR


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