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6
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5
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4
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3
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2
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Historical Relation
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The use of Tu and Vous
Asymmetrical T/V usage symbolized a power relationship
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Symmetrical
Symmetrical Use Symmetrical V usage became “polite” usage, spreading downwards in society. It was used, for instance, between wife and husband, parents and children and lovers
Symmetrical T usage showed intimacy. People using this for had strong common interests, showed solidarity.
Symmatrical T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Symmatical VChangeChange
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Javanese People have several addressing for her wife/husbandSuch as; Raden = Raden Ayu,
Nimas = Pangeran, etc.
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Addressing Parents
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The alteration based on Savoir-vivre en French (Vigner: 1978)
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The grammar of English names
Three word-classes: • Title (Mr, Prof, …)• Given name (John,
Mary)• Family name
(Holdsworth, Smith, etc)
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T G F
Professor Christopher Holdsworth
Professor Holdsworth
Christopher /ChrisChristopher /Chris
Holdsworth
Doctor(ok for some titles)
Holdsworth NB: old-fashioned
Professor Chris
Possible combinations:
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Is the formality of the setting relevant? Is the kinship relation or other social relationship relevant? Is age or generation relevant in selecting the appropriate
form? Is relative status or rank relevant in selecting an appropriate
term? Is the gender of the speakers relevant?
What contextual elements influence the form used?
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The sociolinguistics of English names
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Solidarity relations to a:
Stranger
Acquaintance
Friend/relative
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Power relations to a:
Superior
Equal
Subordinate
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To a close equal: a young friend
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To a close equal: an old friend
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To an even closer equal
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To a close subordinate: a child
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Even more subordinate: a pet
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To equal acquaintances
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To a superior stranger
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What name do you use?
• To superior stranger : TF (Mr Smith)• To subordinate relative : G (John)• To superior relative : T (Dad)• To equal acquaintance : G • To superior acquaintance : ?
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Inequality reigns
salesperson is subordinate to
customer
dentist is superior to patient
teacher is superior to student
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Power Semantic noble rich adult priest parent
peasant poor child penitent child
T V T V T V T V T V
Symmetrical Use Symmetrical V usage became “polite” usage, spreading downwards in society. It was used, for instance, between wife and husband, parents and children and lovers
Symmetrical T usage showed intimacy. People using this for had strong common interests, showed solidarity.
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Does naming matter?
• To the hearer:
• To the speaker:
• A wrong choice can offend or hurt.
• Decisions are difficult.
• The better you speak English, the more a wrong choice will offend.
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vary with the nature of the relationship between speakers
reciprocal use of first names generally signifies an informal intimate relationship
title and last name used reciprocally indicates a more formal or businesslike relationship between individuals of roughly equal status
nonreciprocal use of first names and titles is reserved for speakers who recognize a marked difference in status between themselves
this status can be a function of age (as when a child refers to her mother's friend as Mrs Miller and is in returned referred to as Sally)
or it can be along occupational lines as when as person refers to his boss by title and last name and is in return addressed as John
Forms of address
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1
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2
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3
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5
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6
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