THE ACCEPTABILITY OF SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA SEED AS AN ADDITIVE IN MAKING SOAP

Research planResearcher:Xyrah RabanilloCluster: 1Category: Physical ScienceSchool: Alaminos City National High SchoolFair Level: SchoolSchool Address: San Jose drive Alaminos City, Pangasinan 2404Tel.No: (075) - 552 7185Title Project: The Acceptability of SwieteniamacrophyllaSeedas an additive in making soapProject Adviser: Mrs .Vivian R. Camba

A. Statement of the ProblemThis research investigation will seek to evaluate the effectiveness of Swieteniamacrophylla Seed as an additive in making soapSpecifically it aims to answer the following questions:1. Is there any constituent of Swieteniamacrophylla seed that is good for skin?2. Is there any significant differences between the three treatments in terms of texture, scent and soap suds? 3. Is it possible to use Swieteniamacrophylla seed as an additive in making soap?B. Statement of HypothesesThis study will be directed by the following hypotheses:

Null Hypothesis1. There is no constituent of Swieteniamacrophylla seed that is good for skin.2. There is no significant difference between the three treatments in terms of texture, scent and soap suds.3. It is not possible to use Swieteniamacrophylla seed as an additive in making soap.Alternative Hypothesis1. Theres a constituent of Swieteniamacrophylla seed that is good for skin.2. There is a significant difference between the three treatments in terms of texture, scent and soap suds.3. It is possible to use Swieteniamacrophylla seed as an additive in making soap.C. Significance of the studyGenerally, this study gives information about the acceptability of SwieteniaMacrophylla seed as an additive in making soap. This study is significant in many ways:To the community, this study will give them idea that Swieteniamacrophylla Seed have many medical benefits.To the dermatologists, this study will give them ideas that SwieteniaMacrophylla seed can be an additive in making soap. This will help them to make this study better.To the researchers, the result of this study can help them develop better studies in terms of soap production.

D. Scope and limitation of the studyThis study only uses the seed of the Mahogany which was collected in the researchers backyard and it is ground into a fine powder. Only the powdered mahogany seed will be used for experimenting. It is limited only to use simple techniques and crude materials at home.I have studied a few things to support our idea of making a Swietenia Marophylla soap. My study covers the content of Swietenia Macrophylla seed. This serves as proof that my idea could be possibly made but it does not mean that it is proven effective. Lastly, I have to examine the ways of making soaps in order to create my very own recipe of Swietenia Macrophylla soap.E. MethodologyA. MaterialsThe materials needed in the study includes the following:1. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) - Sodium hydroxide is a powerful chemical. Sodium hydroxide is often the active agent in cleaning solutions.2. Swieteniamacrophylla seed powder3. Lavender scent it is used to add some scent in the soap4. Containers it is used in making the soap. It is where the mixture has done.5. Pan it is used to heat the coconut oil.6. Spoon it is used for stirring the mixture.7. Soap molder it is where the soap poured when he mixture is done8. Coconut oil it is used because of the incredible lather it produces, the hardness it adds to the soap, and, when used in moderation, its great moisturizing abilities.9. Measuring cup it is used to measure the treatments10. Gloves it is used for protection.B. Preparation for the powdered swieteniamacrophylla seedThe swieteniamacrophylla seed was collected in the researchers backyard. Then using a hammer broke down the seed and then ground into a fine powder. After that, put aside the powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed. C. Preparation of the TreatmentsThe powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed will be measured based on their mass to identify the proportions needed for the study. The first treatment is composed of 55 grams of NaOH, 20 ml of lavender scent and 25 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed. The second treatment is composed of 55 grams of NaOH, 10 ml of lavender scent and 35 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed. The third treatment is composed of 55 grams of NaOH, 15 ml of lavender scent and 30 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed.D. Making of the soapAfter preparing the treatments. Put your gloves on and put two hundred milliliters of water in three containers labeled as T1, T2 and T3, then put 55 grams of NaOH in each container. Mixed it until the mixtures cloudy appearance disappears. And while the NaOH is almost ready, put six hundred milliliters of coconut oil in a pot to heat because the temperature of the oil needs to be at least five to ten Celsius apart from the temperature of the lye and if not, it can also react and burn. When the oil was heated, slowly put each container with two hundred milliliters of coconut oil. Mixed it very vigorously for about one and a half hour. As you mixed it, the mixture becomes dark. Then put the powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed into the mixture. For the container with a label of T1 put 25 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed and in T2 put 35 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed and in T3 put 30 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed. After that, we stirred it again with a spoon just until it became one whole liquid base. It had an unpleasing smell to it so add a Lavender scentto the mixture. For T1 put 20 ml of lavender scent, in T2 put 10 ml of lavender scent and in T3 put 15 ml of lavender scent. Then finally poured it into the molders and set it aside with a cloth on top of the molds so that it absorb the substances that it will release and help the increase the speed of hardening the soap. After a few days, the soap hardened enough for us to be able to take them out of their molds so we took them out of their molds then set it in a dry place to let the soap cure for about two months so it can finally be used.E. Procedure for Testing the Mahogany seed Extract Soap To compare the scent, texture and soap suds among the treatments, 15 respondents will be used to test the soap. The test subjects will apply the said soap in their hands. They will use the soap twice a day for three days. F. Data GatheringTo compare the scent, texture and soap suds among the treatments, 15 respondents will be used to test the soap. The following Likert scale will be use:5- Very Good4- Good3- Mildly Good2- Slightly Good1- Not good at allEach respondents will have to test the three treatments.G. Statistical DesignAfter the test, the researcher will use the Friedman Test for Randomized Block Designs to determine if there is a significant difference among the treatments, LSD-fishermans Test to determine where the variation exists. The results will base on the 0.05 level of significance.Region IAlaminos City DivisionAlaminos City National High SchoolAlaminos City, Pangasinan

The Acceptability ofSwietenia Macrophylla SeedAs an Additive in Making SoapA requirement in Research II2015-2016Submitted by:Xyrah RabanilloSubmitted to:Mrs. Vivian Camba

AcknowledgementFirst and foremost, the researcher would like to thank the God Almighty for the wisdom and strength He has given throughout the experiment making this study possible.To the researchers family, a deepest gratitude is given for their continuous love and support;To Mrs. Vivian R. Camba, the Researcher Adviser, for her assistance and supervision in the conduct of the study;To Mr. Jose RamilSibun, Science Head Teacher III, for extending his help and technical assistance to the project;To Mrs. Cecilia M. Nisperos, our Principal, for giving her the encouragement and support in the conduct of the study;

Chapter IIntroductionSoap is widely used to clean our body. Soap is the oldest cleanser around. Different kinds of soaps are made using a variety of different oils. Both animals and plants oils can be used in the soap making process, each adding different qualities to the soap. While there is nothing new about handmade soap, its popularity is growing rapidly. The sales of handmade soap continue to grow as part of societys movement toward buying products that are healthy and good for the environment.By general definition, wed probably all agree that soap is a substance that cleans off dirt when used in the presence of water. In its most common forms, it will produce bubbles, feel slippery, and remove oils, odors, and smudges from our skin. It leaves us feeling clean and often smells nice to boot. Pretty good stuff. Specifically, how people would classify soap would depend on what its made of. Most commercially available soap is more accurately detergent, but that is a discussion for another time. For now, well collectively consider anything commonly used for washing hands, whether liquid or bar, commercially produced or home-made, to be soap.With the ongoing research of other herbs and fruits as soap additives.Swieteniamacrophylla King a tall, lofty, evergreen tree found in tropical vicinities of the world. Its fruit is colloquially known as sky fruit as it appears to point toward the sky. Various parts of Swieteniamacrophylla have been used to treat a great array of ailments in various traditional and folk-lore systems of medicine. Swieteniamacrophylla has been reported to possess hypoglycaemic, antimicrobial, antimalarialand antiviral activities. Swieteniamacrophylla is a good source of bioactive tetranorterpenoids, phargmalin-type limonoids.In Malaysia, the raw seeds have been used as a folk-lore medicine for the treatment of hypertension and diabetes. Despite the wide use of raw Swieteniamacrophylla seeds in folk-lore medicine, there were no data on the safety of consuming its raw seeds for these claims.The main goal of this study is to create a soap that is a good source of nourishing our skin. The study was conducted to determine the acceptability of Swieteniamacrophylla as an additive in the preparation of handmade soaps. This study is experimental as well as descriptive in nature.

A. Statement of the ProblemThis research investigation will seek to evaluate the effectiveness of mahogany sees as soapSpecifically it aims to answer the following questions:1. Is there any constituents of Swietenia macrophylla seed that is good for skin?2. Is there any significant differences between the three treatments in terms of texture, scent and soap suds? 3. Is it possible to use Swieteniamacrophyllaseed as an additive in making soap?B. Statement of HypothesesThis study will be directed by the following hypotheses:Null Hypothesis1. There is no constituents of Swietenia macrophylla seed that is good for skin.2. There is no significant differences between the three treatments in terms of texture, scent and soap suds.3. It is not possible to use Swietenia macrophylla seed as an additive in making soap.Alternative Hypothesis1. Theres a constituents of Swietenia macrophylla seed that is good for skin.2. There is a significant differences between the three treatments in terms of texture, scent and soap suds.3. It is possible to use Swietenia macrophylla seed as an additive in making soap.

C. Significance of the studyGenerally, this study gives information about the acceptability of Swietenia Macrophylla seed as an additive in making soap. This study is significant in many ways:To the community, this study will give them idea that Swietenia macrophylla Seed have many medical benefits.To the dermatologists, this study will give them ideas that Swietenia Macrophylla seed can be an additive in making soap. This will help them to make this study better.To the researchers, the result of this study can help them develop better studies in terms of soap production.D. Scope and limitation of the studyThis study only uses the seed of the Mahogany which was collected in the researchers backyard and it is ground into a fine powder. Only the powdered mahogany seed will be used for experimenting. It is limited only to use simple techniques and crude materials at home.I have studied a few things to support our idea of making a Swietenia Marophylla soap. My study covers the content of Swietenia Macrophylla seed. This serves as proof that my idea could be possibly made but it does not mean that it is proven effective. Lastly, I have to examine the ways of making soaps in order to create my very own recipe of Swietenia Macrophylla soap.

CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURESwieteniamacrophyllaKing (Meliaceae) called Big-Leaf mahogany or Honduras mahogany distributed in Central America and tropical South America (Brown et al., 2003; Lamb, 1966)The seeds have been used for leishmaniasis and abortion medicine by an Amazonian Bolivian ethnic group (Bourdy et al., 2000) and for treatment of hypertension, diabetes and malaria as a folk medicine in Indonesia (Kadota et al., 1990a).SKY FRUIT is the fruit of the Mahogany (SwieteniaMacrophyllae) tree. The seed inside the fruit is rich in valuable medicinal properties because it contains an abundance of Flavonoids and Saponins. Flavonoid is an active ingredient found in Ginkgo whereas Saponin is an active ingredient in Ginseng.In 1996, a renowned American Biochemist, Dr Larry Brookes, during his research, encountered a major discovery; he found an abundant resource of Flavonoids and Saponins as active ingredients in SKY FRUIT.BITTER ALKALOIDS SKY FRUIT is a Natural Organic Medicine. The bitterness of the fruits is caused by high content of bitter alkaloids where it makes the blood in the body bitter and it may prevent the growth of various types of viruses and bacteria in the body which is the primary cause of many types of diseases.In addition, the SKY FRUIT also contains various types of amino acids, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, carbohydrates, essential fatty acids and other body essential nutrients to maintain optimum health and vitality, where its easy absorption contributes an important factor for staying healthy.It contains lots of wonderful flavonoids/antioxidants plus amazing amounts of protective saponins. Mahogany Seeds are jam packed full of lots of amazing antioxidants that work to fight against free radicals, thus helping to slow the aging process and prevent disease plus colds and flues. Mahogany Seeds contain a wealth of minerals, fatty acids, proteins... and the tress are distantly related to the ginseng plant and neem tree. (Dr. Paul Haider nov.26, 2012)Mahogany Seeds are antibacterial and antimicrobial thus helping to treat malaria and other diseases. It also have an anti-inflammatory effects. It can help prevent insect bitesIn a dictionary, soap is defines as a substance used for washing and cleansing purposes, usually made by treating a fat with an alkali, as sodium or potassium hydroxide, and consisting chiefly of the sodium or potassium salts of the acids contained in the fat. If we would visualize soaps, it looks like a rectangular or sometimes, oval bars that we can usually buy in supermarkets around the globe. Soaps clean the surface of our body to remove dirt and protect us from germs with the presence of water. We daily use soap to maintain a good hygiene and avoid bad odors. Soaps can also be moisturizers to help our skin become fair, young, soft, smooth, or healthy. Most people doesnt know that washing our hands properly and regularly would prevent diseases like flus to attach them. People should be reminded that our hands are the most usable part our body. We use it to eat, write, count money, opening doors, dialing and such and as we touch public objects, germs from diseases are passed onto our hands and throughout our body. We wouldnt want to have a sick so it is important to wash our hands.(Alfajora, McNaughton and Gatcho, Ampalunggay Soap Quezon City, 2013)S. macrophylla seeds have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-tumor activities and to be effective against diabetes in rats. In Chinese pharmacology and other traditional medicines, this plant has antipyretic, antifungal, and antihypertensive properties, pharmacological effects obtained from dried seeds, finely ground to powder. (Chin med; 2013)The sky fruit seed has been recognized for its unique health effects. It is rich in active ingredients of flavonoids and saponins for anti-bacterial inflammation, to repair tissue and promote blood circulation. It also regulates blood pressure and sugar levels. The essential oils which are extracted from its seeds when used daily could help to reveal splendid and healthy looking skin that glows from within. (Greentropicals, 2013)Coconut Oil nourishes the skin keeping it soft and incredibly smooth. It prevents dry chapped skin, premature aging and wrinkling. Coconut oil is light and not greasy. It leaves you skin with a radiant, youthful and glowing sheen.Coconut oil will not clog pores and it absorbs readily into the skin so it works very well as a carrier oil for dry, itchy or sensitive skin. Coconut oil is great for soap making because of its resistance to spoiling, help to create a good hard soap that has a wonderful skin nourishing fluffy lather. (Lawson M. Columbus Foods, 2002)Sodium hydroxide is a powerful chemical with many aliases: NaOH, lye and caustic soda. Sodium hydroxide is often the active agent in cleaning solutions, but it is also used in the manufacturing of products like textiles, cellophane and paper. This chemical can be very dangerous and can severely damage materials. Humans should avoid contact with sodium hydroxide without protection; sodium hydroxide can cause severe burns to the skin and serious tissue damage if gotten in the eyes or inhaled.

CHAPTER IIIMETHODOLOGYThis chapter presented the research procedures that were employed in this study. This includes the collection of raw materials and equipments/instruments, grinding of the seed and making of the soap, procedure for testing the Mahogany seed Extract Soap, data gathering, evaluation of results and the statistical treatment that was utilized.

Preparation of the TreatmentsMaking of the soapProcedure for testing the mahogany seed extract soapPreparation for the powdered swieteniamacrophylla seedCollection of raw materials and equipments/instruments

Data gathering

A. MaterialsThe materials needed in the study includes the following:11. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) - Sodium hydroxide is a powerful chemical. Sodium hydroxide is often the active agent in cleaning solutions.12. Swieteniamacrophylla seed powder13. Lavender scent it is used to add some scent in the soap14. Containers it is used in making the soap. It is where the mixture has done.15. Pan it is used to heat the coconut oil.16. Spoon it is used for stirring the mixture.17. Soap molder it is where the soap poured when he mixture is done18. Coconut oil it is used because of the incredible lather it produces, the hardness it adds to the soap, and, when used in moderation, its great moisturizing abilities.19. Measuring cup it is used to measure the treatments20. Gloves it is used for protection.B. Preparation for the powdered swieteniamacrophylla seedThe swieteniamacrophylla seed was collected in the researchers backyard. Then using a hammer broke down the seed and then ground into a fine powder. After that, put aside the powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed.C. Preparation of the TreatmentsThe powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed will be measured based on their mass to identify the proportions needed for the study. The first treatment is composed of 55 grams of NaOH, 20 ml of lavender scent and 25 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed. The second treatment is composed of 55 grams of NaOH, 10 ml of lavender scent and 35 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed. The third treatment is composed of 55 grams of NaOH, 15 ml of lavender scent and 30 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed.D. Making of the soapAfter preparing the treatments. Put your gloves on and put two hundred milliliters of water in three containers labeled as T1, T2 and T3, then put 55 grams of NaOH in each container. Mixed it until the mixtures cloudy appearance disappears. And while the NaOH is almost ready, put six hundred milliliters of coconut oil in a pot to heat because the temperature of the oil needs to be at least five to ten Celsius apart from the temperature of the lye and if not, it can also react and burn. When the oil was heated, slowly put each container with two hundred milliliters of coconut oil. Mixed it very vigorously for about one and a half hour. As you mixed it, the mixture becomes dark. Then put the powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed into the mixture. For the container with a label of T1 put 25 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed and in T2 put 35 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed and in T3 put 30 grams of powdered swieteniamacrophylla seed. After that, we stirred it again with a spoon just until it became one whole liquid base. It had an unpleasing smell to it so add a Lavender scent to the mixture. For T1 put 20 ml of lavender scent, in T2 put 10 ml of lavender scent and in T3 put 15 ml of lavender scent. Then finally poured it into the molders and set it aside with a cloth on top of the molds so that it absorb the substances that it will release and help the increase the speed of hardening the soap. After a few days, the soap hardened enough for us to be able to take them out of their molds so we took them out of their molds then set it in a dry place to let the soap cure for about two months so it can finally be used.E. Procedure for testing the mahogany seed extract soapTo compare the scent, texture and soap suds among the treatments, 15 respondents will be used to test the soap. The test subjects will apply the said soap in their hands. They will use the soap twice a day for three days. F. Data GatheringTo compare the scent, texture and soap suds among the treatments, 15 respondents will be used to test the soap. The following Likert scale will be use:5- Very Good4- Good3- Mildly Good2- Slightly Good1- Not good at allEach respondents will have to test the three treatments.G. Statistical DesignAfter the test, the researcher will use the Freidman Test for Randomized Block Designs to determine if there is a significant difference among the treatments, LSD-fishermans Test to determine where the variation exists. The results will base on the 0.05 level of significance.

CHAPTER IVResults and DiscussionThis chapter presents the necessary gathered data, analyzed, and interpreted to answer the specific questions of this study. The gathered data were organized, tabulated, statistically treated and analyzed. Table 1aTexture Acceptability Test ResponsesSummation of RanksrespondentsRanks

T1T2T3

1254

2321

3345

4325

5432

6543

7425

8312

9435

10324

11235

12324

13435

14345

15243

of Ranks 484458

Table 1 shows the summation of ranks among the treatments. Among the three treatments, T3 has the highest summation of 58 which means that it is the best treatment in terms of acceptability of texture.Table 1bDifference in TasteAmong the Treatments under Friedmans TestNo. of RespondentsFrCritical ValueDfLevel of significance

105.1982.5820.05

Table 1cComparison of the Texture of different treatmentsComparison Rank-Sum of Compared TreatmentsRank-Sum DifferenceComparison with LSD RankInterpretation

T1 VS T248-444T1 VS T2 < 19.6not significant

T1 VS T348-58-10T1 VS T3 < 19.6not significant

T2 VS T344-58-14T2 VS T3 < 19.6not significant

It can be gleaned from the table that there is no significant difference among the different treatments of soap under study. All of the treatments did not show significant difference.Table 2aScent Acceptability Test ResponsesSummation of RanksrespondentsRanks

T1T2T3

1521

2531

3243

4523

5421

6541

7413

8342

9512

10423

11435

12341

13423

14325

15542

of Ranks 614036

Table 2a shows the summation of ranks among the treatments. Among the three treatments, T1 has the highest summation of 61 which means this is the best treatment in terms of the acceptability of scent.Table 2bDifference in Scent among the TreatmentsUnder Freidmans TestNo. of RespondentsFrCritical ValueDfLevel of significance

106.1233.1420.05

Table 2cComparison of the OdorOf different TreatmentsComparison Rank-Sum of Compared TreatmentsRank-Sum DifferenceComparison with LSD RankInterpretation

T1 VS T261-4021T1 VS T2 > 19.6significant

T1 VS T361-3625T1 VS T3 > 19.6significant

T2 VS T340-364T2 VS T3 < 19.6not significant

It is shown on the table that there is a significant difference among the different treatments of soap under study. Most of the treatments significantly differ aside from T2 vs T3 did not show significant differences.

Table 3aSoap suds Acceptability Test responsesSummation of ranksrespondentsRanks

T1T2T3

1523

2234

3432

4321

5423

6534

7423

8524

9523

10432

11423

12432

13532

14352

15523

of Ranks 623941

Table 3a shows the summation of ranks among the treatments. Among the three, T1 has the highest summation of 59 which means that this is the best treatment in terms of Soap suds.

Table 3bDifference in Soap suds Acceptability among The treatments under the Friedmans TestNo. of RespondentsFrCritical ValueDfLevel of significance

105.1482.5820.05

Table 3cComparison of the Soap suds AcceptabilityOf different treatmentsComparison Rank-Sum of Compared TreatmentsRank-Sum DifferenceComparison with LSD RankInterpretation

T1 VS T262-3923T1 VS T2> 19.6significant

T1 VS T362-4121T1 VS T3> 19.6significant

T2 VS T339-41-2T2 VS T3 < 19.6significant

It is shown on the table that there is a significant difference among the different treatments of soap under study. Most of the treatments significantly differ aside from T2 vs T3 did not show significant differences.

CHAPTER VSummary, Conclusion and RecommendationSummaryIn summary, the experiment still turned out to be pretty successful. For me, first time making soap, the results were very good. The outcome was not perfect for a few reasons like the solution seemed burnt, the mixture didnt reach trace with our efforts of mixing and the soap itself looked a little bit too oily which could have caused it to not solidify properly but its actually fine. The oil turned out to be too hot compared to the NaOH so the NaOH reacted to the oil and burned. Then after that I think that I did not stir the mixture properly enough to the stage that it would be able to be molded into soap or is called by soap makers as trace.Soap making is not an easy task to do especially because you are dealing with sodium hydroxide that is a very reactive chemical. My goal was to make cheap and organic skin care soap. But the truth is that there is really no such thing as a one hundred percent organic soap because the main ingredient needed for it is NaOH, which is a chemical itself.I conclude that making soap is fun and can be easy but requires much research before even daring to deal with it. I definitely did not lack in research but I was short on some materials. I did not have a thermometer at that instance which is important for people who arent experienced in making soap and measuring the temperature of the NaOH and oil so the mixture burnt a little bit and that is why I think that my soap solution did not reach saponification properly. I also did not have an electric mixer that is required when making soap so that the solution thickens up easily and that is the reason I assume why the solution just did not thicken at all. I learn through the experiment that exact measurements were really needed so that the mixture saponificates.

ConclusionBased from the result of the study, the researcher came up with the following conclusions:1. There is a significant difference among the three treatments of Swietenia macrophylla seed as an additive in making soap.2. Swietenia Macrophylla seed is effective as a soap.3. It is possible to use Swietenia macrophylla seed as soap.4. Treatment 1 is the best treatment in soap suds and texture.

RecommendationsI suggest that to anyone who is thinking of making soap for themselves for and reason should do some proper research before deciding to do it. In some instances, buying soap could be more preferable or ideal than taking a risk and making your own because not everyone is successful on their first or even second try. But if you really want to make your own soap, do not just research, try to ask someone who has already made soap or is making it for a living for advice. And finally, if you are set on making soap, be sure to have the proper and complete materials you need; like a thermometer and electric mixer especially when it is your first time making soap.If you try or attempt making soap for the time, we would strongly suggest for you to use a large pot when mixing the oil(s) with the NaOH because if you make a mistake like me on getting the right temperature, the mixture will react and will bubble a lot and if youre not doing it in a large pot, it overflows and it will certainly get very messy; you would not want that to happen. Also be sure to have proper measuring materials that will withstand NaOH and high temperatures. And if youre going to use a spoon or any other mixing apparatus besides an electric mixer, make sure it is made of a material that wouldnt possibly melt in NaOH. And of course, safety is important so wear gloves, goggles and a mask when you are doing the procedure and always have vinegar near you so in case you get NaOH on your hands or any other part of your body, you can easily wash it off with vinegar as water wouldnt work.

Bibliography Reid T. (2013). How to make soap at home using all natural ingredients. Retrieved from http://www.thediyworld.com/articles/3419/how-to-make-soap-at-home-using-all-natural-ingredients/ on September 26, 2013.Guevera AP, Apilado A, Sakarai H, Kozuka M, Tokunda H. Anti-inflammatory, antimutagenecity and antitumor activity of mahagony seeds Swieteniamacrophylla (Meliaceae) Phill J of Sc. 1996;Bitter behind the savor sky fruit. Retrieved from http://foodtohealthy.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/bitter-behind-savor-sky-fruit.html (Accessed on 20/3/2013) Laura (2011). The importance of soap. Retrieved from http://daily-survival.blogspot.com/2011/12/importance-of-soap.html on October 12, 2013.Skyfruit (FructuseSwieteniaMacrophylla)Retrieved fromhttps://greentropicals.wordpress.com/2013/06/15/sky-fruit-fructuse-swietenia-macrophylla/Wyman E. What is Sodium Hydroxide? - Formula & ReactionsRetrieved fromhttp://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-sodium-hydroxide-formula-reactions-quiz.html

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