ORANGE (Citrus sinesis) PEEL EXTRACT AS MOSQUITO( ) REPELLANT
A Science Investigatory Project
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
In Science and Technology III (Chemistry)
To:
Mr. Kenny Lloyd Angon
Chemistry Teacher
By:
Michell Hao
Johann Miro
Univeer Nudas
John Carlo Pancho
Alexis Salamilao
Christa Soledad
Justin Yap
March 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract i
Acknowledgement ii
List of Figures iii
List of Tables iv
List of Plates v
Table of Contents vi
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Significance of the Study 2
Scope and Limitation
2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature 3
Conceptual Framework 10
Hypothesis 10
Definition of Terms 11
METHODOLOGY
Materials 12
Collection of Orange 12
Disposal 13
Methodology Flow Chart 14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 15
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions 16
Recommendation 16
BIBLIOGRAPHY 17
DOCUMENTATION 18
APPENDICES
Curriculum Vitae 22
ABSTRACT
______________________________________________________________________
Orange (Citrus Sinesis) PEEL EXTRACT AS MOSQUITO (Varies) REPELLANT
Michell Grace Hao
Alexis Anne Salamilao
Johann Vincent Miro
John Carlo Pancho
Justin Yap
Univeer Taisho Nudas
Alessandra Soledad
Stella Maris Academy of Davao
N. Torres St. Obrero, Davao City
The researchers made this project to determine the effects of orange peel
extract. Also to help in finding simple ways to prevent mosquitoes from harming people.
The researchers first bought 9 oranges at the Agdao public market. Then the
researchers prepared the materials needed. First the researchers peeled the oranges,
the orange peels were grated. The grated orange peels were squeezed to get the
extract. Set A remained concentrated with 25% water, Set B with 50% water and set C
with 75% water. Then the researchers sprayed it to three different mosquitoes. The
result for set A showed the same outcome after three trials, the mosquito died. The
same process was done to set B and C. the researches then concluded that the more
concentrates the solutions is the more effective it is. The researches recommends that
more test should be conducted and with higher amount of mosquitoes used.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to thank the following people who extend their help to make this study successful:
To Sir Kenny Lloyd Angon, their Chemistry teacher for guiding them in their Science Investigatory Project.
To Mr. and Mrs. Hao for letting the researchers use their house to do their Science investigatory Project.
To their friends for inspiring them to persevere and be more serious in doing their science Investigatory project.
And above all, to God the Father for His undying guidance that he shed on us throughout this project.
M.A.J.J.J.U.C
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Title Page
1 Conceptual Paradigm
LIST OF TABLES
Table number Title Page
1 Effect of the Concentrated Orange Extract on the Mosquito
LIST OF PLATES
Plate Number Title Page
1 Preparation of Materials
2 Peeling of the Orange
3 Grating of the orange
4 Squeezing of the Orange Peel Extract
5 Separating of the Orange peel Extract
6 Spraying of the Extract on the Mosquito
7 Dead Mosquito
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Mosquitoes are a nuisance to the society especially in our health. Is a
common insect in the family Culicidae (from the Latin culex meaning midge orgnat).
There are about 3,500 species of mosquitoes found throughout the world. In some
species of mosquito, the females feed on humans, and are vectors for a number of
infectious diseases affecting millions of people per year. Some scientists believe
that eradicating mosquitoes would have serious consequences for any ecosystem.
The researchers chose this research to help in solving the increasing number of
people affected by diseases coming from mosquitoes. We observed that orange
absorbs water fast. During the process we observed that the odor of the orange peel
extract gets stronger as we squeeze it more thoroughly.
Researches and experiments evolve to investigate the effectiveness of orange
peel as a mosquito repellant. There were similar researches about this; they used
lemon peel to create a repellant. In this study we would like to prove the effectiveness of
orange peel as mosquito repellant. The other researches proved the different uses of
citrus fruits in preventing diseases.
As of now many people are suffering from different diseases caused by mosquito
bites. The numbers of affected people are rapidly increasing. This is now causing a
problem to the government because many of the affected people are dying. This gives
researches and experiments to think of applicable solutions to prevent these cases and
an orange peel as mosquito repellant is one of these researches. According to
the World Malaria Report 2010, there were 225 million cases of malaria and an
estimated 781 000 deaths in 2009, a decrease from 233 million cases and 985 000
deaths in 2000. Most deaths occur among children living in Africa where a child dies
every 45 seconds of malaria and the disease accounts for approximately 20% of all
childhood deaths.
Statement of the Problem:
Will the orange peel extract be able to repel mosquitoes?
What are the components of the orange peel extract that can repel mosquitoes?
Significance of the Study:
Using orange peel extract to repel mosquitoes would be a benefit to everybody
because it is cheap to make and made from recycling the peels of the oranges that you
eat. Now a days, diseases, sicknesses that are caused by mosquitoes are getting more
and more each day. Through this, we can help a lot of people and a lot of people would
be able to lessen the risks of the mosquitoes in their lives that are surrounding them.
Scope and Limitation:
This study focuses on how to lessen the risks that are caused by the mosquitoes
especially dengue fever that had been a threat to the people for quite some time now.
We also focus on how we can let people be able to reach their needs in life, that’s why
we used cheap materials to create a repellant that would lessen the risks to their health.
RELATED REVIEW OF LITERATURE (RRL)
Orange
The orange is a hybrid of ancient cultivated origin, possibly between pomelo (Citrus
maxima) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata). It is an evergreen flowering tree generally
growing to 9–10 m in height (although very old speciments have reached
15 m). The leaves are arranged alternately, are ovate in shape with crenulate margins
and are 4–10 cm long. The orange fruit is a hesperidium, a type of berry.
Orange trees are widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates for the delicious
sweet fruit, which is peeled or cut (to avoid the bitter rind) and eaten whole, or
processed to extract orange juice, and also for the fragrant peel.] In 2008, 68.5 million
tons of oranges were grown worldwide, primarily in Brazil and the state of Florida in the
US.
Oranges probably originated in Southeast Asia and were cultivated in China by 2500
BC. The fruit of Citrus sinensis is called sweet orange to distinguish it from Citrus
aurantium, the bitter orange. The name is thought to derive ultimately from
the Sanskrit[ for the orange tree, with its final form developing after passing through
numerous intermediate languages.In a number of languages, it is known as a "Chinese
apple" (e.g. Dutch Sinaasappel, "China's apple", or northern German Apfelsine). (In
English, however, "Chinese apple" generally refers to the pomegranate).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)
Vitamin C
Is needed for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body. It is used to
form an important protein used to make skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels,
heal wounds and form scar tissue repair and maintain cartilage, bones, and teeth.
Citrus
Citrus can refer to as a common term or a genus name. In general, citrus includes all
species and natural hybrids in Citrus and its closely related genera (sexually compatible
with each other to certain extent), such as Poncirus (trifoliate
orange), Fortunella (kumquat), Microcitrus (Australian wild lime),
and Eremocitrus (desert lime). They all belong to the family Rutaceae that is in the order
Sapindales, a sister taxon to Brassicales that contains Arabidopsis. The taxonomy of
citrus has been very controversial and inconsistent binomial naming are often seen.
Even some same species are prefixed with different genus names because some
researchers suggested all the above genera to be classified as one genus, Citrus.
However, many widely used binomial names, though known not true species, are in
popular use, such as sweet orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck).
From genomic perspectives, most citrus species are diploid (2n = 2x = 18), with
relatively small genomes; for instance, sweet orange has a genome of about 380Mb,
approximately three times the size of the 125Mb Arabidopsis genome. So far available
genomic resources include more than half millions citrus ESTs, most sweet orange
(~90%) and next following by Clementine, trifoliate orange, Satsuma, and other citrus
varieties; high density microarrays in several different platforms; several BAC libraries;
one sweet orange physical map; and high density linkage maps for sweet orange and
Clementine. One haploid Clementine genome are being sequenced using Sanger
technology, and one diploid sweet orange genome sequenced using Roche 454
technology. These genome sequence resources and tools will allow geneticists and
breeders to more effectively manipulate various traits in breeding programs, and
genomicists and bioinformaticians to preform comparative genomic studies on a new
taxonomic group.
Citrus includes almost all commercially grown citrus species/cultivar groups, producing
diverse fruit types including sweet orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck), mandarin
(C. reticulata Blanco), grapefruit (C. paradisi Macfad.), lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm.), lime
(C. aurantifolia Christ.), pummelo (C. maxima Merril.), and citron (C. medica L.). Only
C. reticulata, C. maxima, and C. medica are believed true species, and the others
natural hybrids or introgressions, according to some characteristic traits and molecular
markers.
http://www.citrusgenomedb.org/organisms
Magnesium
Magnesium is needed for bone, protein, making new cells, activating B vitamins,
relaxing nerves and muscles, clotting blood, and in energy production.Insulin secretion
and function also requires magnesium. Magnesium also assists in the absorption of
calcium, vitamin C and potassium.Deficiency may result in fatigue, nervousness,
insomnia, heart problems, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, muscle weakness and
cramps.
Iron
Iron deficiency in infants can result in impaired learning ability and behavioral problems.
It can also affect the immune system and cause weakness and fatigue.To aid in the
absorption of iron; eat foods rich in vitamin C at the same time you eat the food
containing iron. The tannin in non-herbal tea can hinder absorption of iron. Take iron
supplements and your vitamin E at different times of the day, as the iron supplements
will tend to neutralize the vitamin E.
Zinc
Most at risk of iron deficiency are infants, adolescent girls and pregnant women.Iron
deficiency in infants can result in impaired learning ability and behavioral problems. It
can also affect the immune system and cause weakness and fatigue.
To aid in the absorption of iron, eat foods rich in vitamin C at the same time you eat the
food containing iron. The tannin in non-herbal tea can hinder absorption of iron.
Health Benefits
Orange peel also knows as orange zest (the shavings of the orange portion of the
peel) contain hespetidin (this compound is also present in orange flesh but in smaller
amount) an antioxidant that has a potential to lower cholesterol and helps normalize
blood pressure more effectively than some prescription drugs.
Orange peels contain natural oil which is utilized by the body to help keep the elasticity
of veins and arteries; it will also help keep skin strong, elastic and beautiful. Add some
orange peel to a bath and let your skin absorb these beneficial oils.
Orange peel is a good source of pectin a natural fiber that can help normalize blood
sugar level and helps prevent constipation. Additionally, pectin helps promote the
production of healthy bacteria in the intestines.
Pectin also works as a natural appetite suppressant, reducing the desire to overeat.
Orange peel tea can help with weight loss and weight management because it is
known to raise metabolism, improve stamina and energy, and speed up the elimination
of unwanted stored fat.
Orange peel can aid digestion and relieve gastrointestinal problems such as acidity,
heartburn, flatulence, diarrhea and the digestion of fatty foods.
Orange peel contains anti-inflammatory properties and has shown some promise in
fighting certain types of cancer including breast cancer.
Orange peel tea is a good remedy for insomnia.
http://len7288.hubpages.com/hub/Health-Benefits-of-Orange-Peel
Mosquito
Mosquito is a common insect in the family Culicidae (from
the Latin culex meaning midge orgnat). Mosquitoes resemble crane flies (family
Tipulidae) and chironomid flies (family Chironomidae), with which they are sometimes
confused by the casual observer.
Mosquitoes go through four stages in their life-cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and adult
or imago. Adult females lay their eggs in standing water, which can be a salt-marsh, a
lake, a puddle, a natural reservoir on a plant, or an artificial water container such as a
plastic bucket. The first three stages are aquatic and last 5–14 days, depending on the
species and the ambient temperature; eggs hatch to become larvae, then pupae. The
adult mosquito emerges from the pupa as it floats at the water surface. Bloodsucking
species of mosquitoes live as adults for periods ranging from a week or two to several
months, depending on the species, the gender, the season and the conditions. Some
species even overwinter as adults.
Mosquitoes have mouthparts that are adapted for piercing the skin of plants and
animals. While males typically feed on nectar and plant juices, the female needs to
obtain nutrients from a "blood meal" before she can produce eggs.
There are about 3,500 species of mosquitoes found throughout the world. In some
species of mosquito, the females feed on humans, and are vectors for a number of
infectious diseases affecting millions of people per year. Some scientists believe
that eradicating mosquitoes would not have serious consequences for the ecosystem.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito
Conceptual Framework
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Fig.1 Conceptual Paradigm of the Study
Hypothesis
1. The orange will be able to kill the mosquito because it has properties that is
hazardous to the mosquito.
2. The orange will be able to kill other insects.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Culicidae - a family of slender long
legged dipteran flies having the bodyand appendages partly covered with hairs or
scales and themouthparts adapted for piercing and sucking, comprising themosq
uitoes, and having active aquatic larvae known as wrigglers
Genome - All of the genetic information, the entire genetic complement, all of the
hereditary material possessed by an organism.
Brassicales - are an order of flowering plant s, belonging to the eurosids ii group
of dicotyledon s under the apg ii system.
Arabidopsis - a genus of the mustard family having white or yellow or purplish
flowers; closely related to genus Arabis
Reticulate - the formation or presence of a network.
Maxima - the greatest possible, or actual, effect or quantity.
Medica - practitioner from New Mexico, of Curanderismo, the Mexican-American
healing system.
Introgressions - Infiltration of the genes of one species into the gene pool of
another through repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid with one of its
parents.
Gastrointestinal - (Life Sciences & Allied Applications / Anatomy) of or relating to
the stomach and intestinal tract Vector
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials that were used in this study were, orange peels, a spray
container, mosquitoes and extractor. We used these materials to be able to make a
mosquito repellent . These are all the materials used.
Collection
We bought 8 pieces of oranges in Agdao public market, Agdao, Davao
City. We caught 5 mosquitoes outside our house, Ecoland, Davao City.
Procedure
A. Measurement of the Materials Needed
One(1) orange peel at a time were put in the mortar and pestle. Then they
were squished and extracted the extract from the orange peel.
B. Preparation of the set up
Three (3) set ups were prepared; set-up one (1) was made up of the
extract from three (3) orange peels from different oranges and 20% of water.; set-up
two (2) was made up of the extract from three (3) orange peels from different oranges
and 40% of water., and set-up three (3) was made up of the extract from three (3)
orange peels from different oranges and 60% of water.
C. Preparation of the Orange Peels
The researchers peeled the peel of the oranges and put it in a container, and we grated the orange peels to turn it into smaller pieces.
D. Extraction
The researchers added a little bit of water and we pounded and sqeezed the grated orange peels in a container.
E. Application of the Orange peel Extract
The researchers sprayed the 1st set-up to mosquito A, the 2nd set-up to
mosquito B, the 3rd setup to mosquito C at the same time. Then, the researchers
waited for two minutes to see the results.
Disposal
A. Disposal of Oranges Used
The researchers threw the used orange peels in a biodegradable
container.
B. Disposal of the Dead Mosquitoes
The researchers threw the ten mosquitoes also in a biodegradable
container.
METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART
Preparation of the Materials
Preparation of the Set-up
Preparation of the Orange Peels
Extraction
Application of the Orange Peel Extract
Evaluation of Data
Fig. 2 Flowchart on Orange Peel Extract as Mosquito Repellent
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The effects that were recorded focused more on the concentration of the
extracted orange peel.
Table 1. Effect of the Concentrated Orange Extract on the Mosquito
Trial 1 Set A Set B Set C
Mosquito 1The mosquito died. The mosquito
showed dizziness.Nothing happened to the mosquito.
Mosquito 2The mosquito died. The mosquito
showed dizziness.Nothing happened to the mosquito.
Mosquito 3The mosquito died. The mosquito
showed dizziness.Nothing happened to the mosquito.
Trial 2 Set A Set B Set C
Mosquito 1 The mosquito died.The mosquito showed dizziness.
Nothing happened to the mosquito.
Mosquito 2 The mosquito died.The mosquito showed dizziness.
Nothing happened to the mosquito.
Mosquito 3 The mosquito died.The mosquito showed dizziness.
Nothing happened to the mosquito.
Trial 3 Set A Set B Set C
Mosquito 1 The mosquito died.The mosquito showed dizziness.
Nothing happened to the mosquito.
Mosquito 2 The mosquito died.The mosquito showed dizziness.
Nothing happened to the mosquito.
Mosquito 3 The mosquito died.
The mosquito showed dizziness.
Nothing happened to the mosquito.
Table 1 shows the effect of orange peel extract on the mosquito during 3 trials. As the
table shows the more concentrated the solution is, the more grave is its effect on the
mosquito.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Based from the given data gathered, the researchers conclude that the mixture of
orange peel and 25% water was the most effective among the solutions/setups of
orange peel and water. Furthermore, it was also concluded that the more concentrated
the solution the more it is to repel or kill mosquitos.
Recommendations
Based from the drawn conclusions, the researchers recommend the following:
1. Conduct more reliable tests using varied levels of water.
2. Use other fruits in testing the efficiency of the given product.
3. To test with more mosquitoes to see the range of the product when used.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit) ,
http://www.citrusgenomedb.org/organisms
http://len7288.hubpages.com/hub/Health-Benefits-of-Orange-Peel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito
Mcohee, John.Oranges(1996)
Train, John. Orange Fruits (2006)
Bones, Barry. Uses of Orange Peel in the Garden(2007)
DOCUMENTATION
Plate 1: Preparation of Materials
Plate 2: Peeling of the Orange
Plate 3: Grating of the Orange
Plate 4: Squeezing of the Orange Peel
Plate 5: Separating of the Orange Peel Extract
Plate 6: Spraying of the Extract on the Mosquito
Plate 7: Dead Mosquito
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Michell Grace Hao
Address: 9 Villafuerte St. Calinan Davao City
Age: 15 years old
Birthday: September 20, 1996
Mother’s Name: Helen Hao
Father’s Name: Luis Hao
Email Address: [email protected]
Contact Number: 09228383113
Educational Background:
Pre-school: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
Grade school: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
High School: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
Name: Alexis Salamilao
Address: Blk. 17 L7 isiah St. Emily Homes, Cabntian Davao City
Age: 15 years old
Birthday: February 18,1996
Mother’s Name: Nora N. Salamilao
Father’s Name: Simon S. Salamilao
Email Address: [email protected]
Contact Number: 09232509573
Educational Background:
Pre-school: Ebenzer Christian School
Grade school: Holy Cross of Davao City
High School: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
Name: Alessandra Christa L. Soledad
Address: 8 Acacia St. Phase 5 Blk2 Lot1
Age: 15 years old
Birthday: February 27, 1996
Mother’s Name: Haydee olive L. Soledad
Father’s Name: Ruel Ignatius D. Soledad
Email Address: [email protected]
Contact Number: 09326933360
Educational Background:
Pre-school: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
Grade school: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
High School: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
Name: Univeer Taisho Nudas
Address: 37 Loyola St. Bo. Obrero, Davao City
Age: 15 years old
Birthday: April 23, 1996
Mother’s Name: Lourdes Nudas
Father’s Name: Billy Nudas
Email Address: [email protected]
Contact Number: 09223020083
Educational Background:
Pre-school: Holistic Learning Center
Grade school: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
High School: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
Name: Justin Louis O. Yap
Address: 45 Cervantes St. Davao City
Age: 15 years old
Birthday: June 15, 1996
Mother’s Name: Jopsephine Yap
Father’s Name: Lencio Yap
Email Address: [email protected]
Contact Number:
Educational Background:
Pre-school: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
Grade school: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
High School: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
Name: John Carlo Pancho
Address: 7 Anthurium st. phase 4-a Elrio Vista Davao City
Age: 14 years old
Birthday: October 13 1996
Mother’s Name: Merlina Pancho
Father’s Name: Celstino Pancho
Email Address: [email protected]
Contact Number: 09235140757
Educational Background:
Pre-school: Methodist Davao City
Grade school: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
High School: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
Name: Johann Vincent D. Miro
Address: 31 Zuelig St., South Villa, Mara, Davao City
Age: 15 years old
, 1996Birthday: June 11.
Mother’s Name: Claire D. Miro
Father’s Name: Julieto R. Miro
Email Address: [email protected]
Contact Number: 09232864316
Educational Background:
Pre-school: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
Grade school: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
High School: Stella Maris Academy of Davao
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