Lic. Gabriela A. Llaneza

The Restoration

English Constitutional Monarchy

The Stuart Monarchy

The Puritans• They wanted the Anglican church to become more

Presbyterian

Reduce the power of the bishops. Reduce Sunday pleasures Ban Catholics from the country Reading of the bible

• Radical Puritans were punished and this increased the fear of “Popery”

The Beheading of Charles I, 1649

Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658]The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660]

† The Commonwealth(1649-1653)

† The Protectorate(1654-1660)

The Commonwealth(1649-1653)

PAX QUÆRITUR BELLO

Republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660.

For the first two years of the Commonwealth, the Rump faced economic depression and the risk of invasion from Scotland and Ireland.

Painting of Charles I's children. The future Charles II is depicted at centre,

stroking the dog

The Restoration

England needed both

King and Parliament

Monarchy

Puritans had proved as

dangerous as Catholics

Anglican Church

Common people could be

dangerous to order.

Aristocracy

Declaration of Breda (1660)

• A general pardon would be issued

• Offered religious toleration

• Security for private property would be

assured.

King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] Had charm, poise, &

political skills.

Restored the theaters and reopened the pubs and brothels closed during the Protectorate.

Favored religious toleration.

Had secret Catholic sympathies.

Realized that he could not repeat the mistakes his father had made.

Absolutist at heart

• Intelligent, approachable and

witty.

• Great patron of the arts and

science

• Introduced new fashion and

pleasures in his court

• Had no legitimate children

• Spent most of his money on

parties and entertainment.

The Merry Monarch

His women

Queen Catherine of Braganza

Nell Gwyn

Royalists

Restore the Great Chain of Being

Restore Anglican Church

Eliminate Puritans from public life

♣ 1661 “Cavalier” Parliament [filled with Royalists] Disbanded the Puritan army.

Pardoned most Puritan rebels.

Restored the authority of the Church of England.

Limitations to Charles’ power

• King

Power to make peace or war

Call or prorrogue parliament

Name government officials & remove judges

Call out the militia Dispense law when needed Finantial settlement,

customs duties and restored lands

• Parliament

E Right to vote money for a standard army

E Parliament had to be called every three years.

E They could empeach government officials

E It was up to the gentry to gather forces

E They could decide when it was really necessary.

E Estimates failed

Main problems Charles II faced

• Financial Problems: • Sovereignty:• Local Control:• Religion:• Foreign Policy

Religion: Clarendon Code Though Charles had promised religious toleration Parliament was

tough on dissenters.

♣ 1661 Corporation Act Pardoned most Puritan rebels.

Restored the authority of the Church of England.

♣ 1662 Quaker Act

♣ 1662 Act of Uniformity All clergy & church officials had to conform to the Anglican

Book of Common Prayer.

It forbade “non-conformists” to worship publicly, teach their faith, or attend English universities.

♣ Licensing Act

♣ Five- mile Act

♣ Conventicler Act

Sovereignty

English Sovereignty was shared with Parliament

Absolute monarchs didn’t depend on a Parliament to get money or decide religion

Charles could not turn towards Absolutism without money.

To the English Absolute Monarchy was the same as Roman Catholicism.

Fear of Absolutism and Roman Catholicism was evident during the Exclusion Crisis

Great London Plague, 1665

The Great Fire of London

The Great Fire of London

Anglo-Dutch Wars

Continuous opposition for trade. By the early 1680s Britain established supremacy: Commercial Revolution

* First Anglo-Dutch War: 1660-1665

* Second Anglo-Dutch War: 1665-1667

* Third Anglo-Dutch War: 1672-1674

Charles II’s Foreign Policy

1665 – 1668: Second Anglo-Dutch War

Charles tried to save money and that gave headway to the Dutch

Disastrous fire to the English navy

England got New York

Charles II’s Foreign Policy1672 – 1674: Third Anglo-Dutch War

To Charles II, Louis XIV is an ideal ally against the Dutch.

1670 Treaty of Dover: Charles would help Louis XIV with the navy and receive money in return.

Charles could do without Parliament for a while but when the war failed….

Parliament demanded the repeal of the Declaration of Indulgence.

Peace with the Dutch 1674

King Charles II r. 1660-1685

1670 Declaration of Indulgence

Charles granted religious toleration to Catholics and Protestants

1673 Test Act

Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from civilian and military positions.[to the Anglican gentry, the Puritans were considered “radicals” and the Catholics were seen as “traitors!”]

Danby’s Policy

Control of expenses and increase central control to raise more money

Rear Mary and Anne as Protestants

The Franco-Dutch War 1672-1678 (English trade boomed)

Give pensions and offices to peers who supported the king in Parliament

Charles became more powerful and some dissenters grew uneasy.

Country Block

The Popish Plot 1678

National Hysteria

Innocent people attacked and imprisoned

Impeachment of Danby and Queen accused of high treason

Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament

1679 Habeas Corpus Act

Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus compelling the govt. to explain why he had lost his liberty.

Exclusion Crisis

Charles stood by the Queen

Sent James Duke of York out of the country

Made some consetions to pacify Anglicans

Waited for a royalist reaction against

Listening task : First Political Parties: Whigs vs. Tories

* Exclude James from the succession in favour of illegitimate Monmouth WH

* Hereditary succession and passive obedience TO

* Pro-Dutch policy WH* Dutch perceived as trading rivals TO* Supremacy of Anglicanism BOTH* Anti-Catholic but in favour of any type of

Protestantism WH* Upheld the theory of the GREAT CHAIN OF

BEING T* Embrace Locke’s theory of SOCIAL CONTRACT

Listening task : First Political Parties: Whigs vs. Tories

* Parliament should be more powerful than king WH

* King more powerful that Parliament TO* Lavish funds for the court TO* Limited funds for the court WH* Claimed to represent country values WH* Claimed to stand for court and city values TO* Commissioned propaganda and used the

church TO* Commissioned propaganda and pamphlets WH* Met at Coffee Houses and organized dinner

parties to spread their ideas BOTH

Exclusion Crisis: Whigs• Exclude James from the succession in favour of Monmouth• Parliament should be more powerful than king• Limited funds for the court• Pro-Dutch policy• Anti-Catholic • Claimed to represent country values• Commissioned propaganda and pamphlets• Embrace Locke’s theory of SOCIAL CONTRACT• Met at Coffee Houses and organized dinner parties to spread their

ideas

Exclusion Crisis: Tories• Hereditary succession• King more powerful that Parliament• Lavish funds for the court• Dutch perceived as trading rivals• Supremacy of Anglicanism • Claimed to stand for court and city values• Commissioned propaganda and used the church• Upheld the theory of the GREAT CHAIN OF BEING• Met at Coffee Houses and organized dinner

parties to spread their ideas

Charles’ policies to support Tories

Corporation Act: Redraw district to favour Tories

Cut expenses to avoid calling Parliament before elections

Commercial Revolution (more revenue)Secret money from Louis XIVPlease and promote Anglican ChurchDiscovered Whig plans to kill him and

James

Restoration Literature

• Neo-Classicism• Neo-Classicism means a return to the

Classic ideals of: clearness, elegance, symmetry, and repose produced by attention to traditional forms. It was sometimes synonymous with excellence or artistic quality of high distinction. Also, the term refers to the admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, and architecture.

King James II [r. 1685-1688]

! Was a bigoted convert to Catholicism without any of Charles II’s shrewdness or ability to compromise.

! Alienated even the Tories.

! Provoked the revolution that Charles II had succeeded in avoiding!

Monmouth's Rebellion (1685). • The Parliament granted customs revenues for life as well

as emergency military aid to suppress the rebellion• The Duke of Monmouth and Shaftesbury recruited

tradesmen and farmers as he marched through the west country

• Defeated Sedgemoor.• Monmouth was executed• Bloody Assizes (1685): more than 600 of his supporters

were either hanged or deported

King James II [r. 1685-1688] Introduced Catholics into the

High Command of both thearmy and navy.

Camped a standing army a fewmiles outside of London.

Surrounded himself with Catholic advisors & attackedAnglican control of theuniversities.

Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament.

1687 Declaration of Liberty of Conscience

He extended religious toleration without Parliament’s approval or support.

The Glorious Revolution• James II angered his subjects and clashed with

Parliament.– tried Anglicans who opposed religious

toleration

• James’ wife had a son, who would certainly be raised a Catholic.

• Parliamentary leaders invited William and Mary to become rulers of England.

• When William and Mary landed in England, James II fled to France.

• This bloodless overthrow of a king became known as the Glorious Revolution.

The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688 James II’s daughter Mary

[raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange.

He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV.

He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause.

He wanted to protect Mary’s claim to the English throne

He needed English resources to fight Louis.

William III and Mary IIBefore they could be crowned, William and Mary

had to accept the English Bill of Rights, which: ensured superiority of Parliament over

the monarchy. gave the House of Commons “power of

the purse.” prohibited a monarch from interfering

with Parliament. barred any Roman Catholic from sitting

on the throne. restated the rights of English citizens.

English Bill of Rights [1689]

Main provisions:

1. The King could not suspend the operation of laws.

2. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice.

3. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent.

4. Freedom of speech in Parliament.

5. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently.

6. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment.

7. The monarch must be a Protestant.

8. Freedom from arbitrary arrest.

9. Censorship of the press was dropped.

10.Religious toleration.

English Bill of Rights [1689]

It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament.

It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights.

It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in England.

Why Glorious Revolution?

There was no bloodshed It was orderly The ruling class remained in chargeThere were good Protestant omens It marked a definite break with Medieval

thought It clearly established the sovereignty of

ParliamentBritain and Netherlands were allied

against FranceDissenters gained more powerGentry became more directly involved in

government administration.

James II in Ireland (1689)• Campaign to regain England• He promised Catholic emancipation• After initial success they fail to take

Londonderry• William III arrived in 1690 to aid Protestants• Battle of Boyne

James never returned

Read this poem:

How does the form of the poem relate to the topic? What were the initial terms of the Treaty?

What party got the worst in the bargain?

The Treaty of Limerick

The Penal Code

The Seesaw of King & Parliament:

1603-1689