Proceedings of the

SIXTH INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE ON RADIOACTIVE

WASTE MANAGEMENT ANDENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION

ICEM'97

held in

SINGAPOREOctober 12 16 1997

sponsored by

THE NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND THEENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISIONS ASME

in cooperation with

CHINESE NUCLEAR SOCIETYINTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONOECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY

US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

edited by

R Baker ADTECHS CorpS Slate Battelle Pacific NW National Lab

G Benda NUKEM Nuclear Technologies

T H E A M E R I C A N S O C I E T Y O F M E C H A N I C A L E N G I N E E R SUNITED ENGINEERING CENTER • 345 EAST 47TH STREET • NEW YORK NY 10017

UB/TIB Hannover 89OPnnted on Recycled Papei

Table ofContents

DESCRIPTIONS OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

IAEA s Project on Environmental Restoration Technology and the International Registry of RadioactivelyContaminated Sites 1Donald E Clark International Atomic Energy Agency

Recent Progress in Environmental Remediation of Historic Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites in Canada 5R L Zelmer R W Pollock B A McCallum C H Clement Low Level Radioactive Waste Management Office

Radioactive Waste Management A Service to National Community in Chile 11Azucena Sanhueza Mir Common Chilena de Enegia Nuclear

Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste Management in France 15J M Potter Andra

Cora Project — The Italian Way for Conditioning High and Low Level Liquid Radioactive Wastes 23Carlos A Calle Alfredo Luce ENEA CR Saluggia

Radioactive Waste Management in Lithuania 29Povdas Poskas Jonas Erdvilas Adomaitis -Lithuanian Energy Institute

The Role of Education in Radiological Environmental Management Challenges and Reality 33Victor V Projaev Alexander F Nechaev St Petersburg Institute of Technology

The Status of Radioactive Waste Management in Saudi Arabia 37RasheedAl Owain and Abdullah I Almarshad Institute of Atomic Energy Research

Contaminated Ground at UKAEA Sites 40 Years of Nuclear Operations Their Effect on the Environment and ItsRemediation 41D Graham Ukaea

Current Geological Disposal Issues in Slovak Republic 47Jan Timul dk Tibor Krajd Decom Slovakia Ltd Michal Lukaj Geological Office of Slovak Republic MariaVandhkovd Slovak Power Plants

Low & Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste Management in Spam 55Jose M Grdvalos Pablo Zuloaga Enresa

Nuclear Waste Management in Switzerland 63Gunter E Mauser Nord Ostschweizeriche Kraftwerke (NOK) Hans R Burn Electrowatt Engineering Ltd

j

Approaches to the Augmentation of Ecological Safety for Radioactive Wastes Management 69VI Geets A N Varbanets TI Berezhnaya Ukrainian Scientific Hygienic Center

Radiation Hygienic Situation in Forests Located in the Chernobyl Excluding Zone 71/ / Karachev Z V Kalashnikova Ukrainian Scientific Hygienic Center

Reprocessing A Proven Spent Fuel Management Route 75R Dodds MJ Dunn and 1R Tophss British Nuclear Fuels

The Nirex Approach to the Management of the Scientific Programme to Establish the Post Closure Performance of aDeep Repository for Long Lived Radioactive Waste 79J Holmes United Kingdom Nirex Ltd

Radioactive Waste Management at Magnox Electric pic Power Plant 85R E Streatfield Magnox Electric pic

Development Work on the Current Options for the Management of Magnox Electric pic Radioactive Wastes 89R E Streatfield Magnox Electric pic

Innovative Environmental Remediation Technologies 93Kevin M Kostelnik LMITCO

PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT, ECONOMICS, REGULATIONS ANDOTHER CROSS CUTTING ISSUES

Radioactive Waste Disposal Policy in Canada 97Peter A Brown and Geraldine A Underdown Natural Resources Canada

Analysis of Natural Radionuchdes in Lead and Environmental Management of Radioactive Lead 103Lu Quanxing and Tang Fanghua Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology (NINT)

Aspects of Waste Package Characterization Resulting from Transport Regulations 107F Nitsche F W Collin Bundesamtfur Strahlenschutz

Approaches for Regulating Management of Large Volumes of Waste Containing Natural Radionuchdes in EnhancedConcentrations 113L C Scholten J van der Steen KEMA

The National Approach to Radioactive Waste Management The Philippine Experience 119EM Valdezco EA Marcelo JB Junto AL Alamares andD S Salom Radiation Protection Service

Clarification of Radiation Uncertainties Public Expectations and Socio Economic Consequences 125Edward D Aluker NadezhdaL Aluker NinaG Malakhova AlexandarF Nechaev YuriN SagonovKemerovo State University Igor A Vasiliev Alelxander F Nechaev Kemerovo State University Igor AVasihev Alexander F Nechaev St Petersburg Institute of Technology Ilia M Obodovsky Science andTechnology Center of Applied Physics Vimos

Dynamic Assessment of Population Anxiety Changes Related the Chernobyl Accident 127I Zykova St Petersburg Institute of Radiation Hygiene

Development of Clean Up Standards for Rehabilitation of Radioactively Contaminated Land in South Africa 129IL Petr Council for Nuclear Safety

Toxicity of Radioactive Waste 133IL Petr Council for Nuclear Safety

Establishment of Clearance Levels and Regulation of Solid Radwaste in Taiwan 137Shan Wen Lin and Syh Tsong Chiou Atomic Energy Council

Regulatory Framework for Exemption of Radioactive Waste from Regulatory Control in Ukraine 145L Bogdan Nuclear Regulatory Administration H Mikolaitchouk AtomauditLtd

Overview of the ISO 14000 Environmental Management Standards and their Impact on WasteManagement and Remediation 147Gary L Johnson U S Environmental Protection Agency

Collaborative Partnerships The Key to Successfully Siting Controversial Facilities 153Thomas A Kerr and William F Newberry LMITCO

On Equity — A Different Perspective 157Thor Strong Michigan Low Level Radioactive Waste Authority

VI

Recent Risk Assessment Initiatives in Support of Environmental Cleanup at the U S Nevada Test Site 161Edward J Bentz Jr CB BentzandTD O Hora EJ Bentz & Associates Inc Donald Baepler and DennisWeber Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies David L Hippensteel DEO/NV ETD

Performance Assessment — Risk Assessment Vive la Differences 167Robert L Nitschke LMITCO

Performance Assessment in Support of Compliance Certification Application for the WIPP Project 171Hong Nian Jow D R Anderson Mel Marietta Sandia National Laboratories John Helton Arizona StateUniversity George Basabilvazo Department of Energy

Major Technical Issues for the WIPP Performance Assessment 175R Thomas Peake Chuck By rum Shankar Ghose and Anthony Wolbarst U S Environmental Protection Agency

STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION, AND CONDITIONING OFSPENT NUCLEAR FUEL AND HLW

Embalse NPP Dry Spent Fuel Storage Facility — Safety Analysis 177H Perl Comisidn Nacional de Enertia Atomica

Development of a Container for Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposal in Clay 183Luc Janssen Guy Detnazy Synatom Michel Detilleux Tractebel Guy Nuyt Belgonucleaire

Interim Storage of Spent fuel in Belgium 189Michel De Valkeneer Tractebel Energy Engineering Paul Havard Electrabel Pierre Goldschmidt Synatom

Framatome ATEA Technologies for Fuel Pool Storage 193T Daffos B Kopecky F Marquet Framatome ATEA

Growth of a Dual Purpose Casks Family The TN 24 for LWR Spent Fuel Assemblies 197Vincent Roland Transnucleaire

High Sludge Loading Capacity Using Novel Granular Filters — Development and Experience from Russian NuclearFuel Industry 201Igor M Balakin Sergey L Nikuhn Elena I Rylova SverdNIIchimmash Vitahy P Ufimtsev Evgeniy GDzekun Pavel P Shevtsev Majak Production Association

Extractors of the Mixer Settler Type with Mechanical Phase Agitation and those with a Granular Layer for ReprocessingRadioactive Solutions 205Igor M Balakin Artur N Roshchin Vasfny T Iljinykh SverdNIIchimmash

Encapsulation of Spent Nuclear Fuel in Sweden 209Tommy Hedman Swedish Nuclear Waste Management CO (SKB)

Spent Fuel Characterisation for Burnup Credit Safeguards and Waste Disposal Applications 215AndrewS Chesterman BNFL Instruments Ltd

A Systems Engineering Approach for Evaluating Plasma Arc Vitreous Ceramic Processes for Stabilizing Pu Ash SandSlag and Crucibles and Other Pu Residues 223Xiangdong Feng Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

TREATMENT AND QUALIFICATION OF HIGH LEVEL WASTE FOR DISPOSALStudy on the Saline High Level Liquid Waste in China 225Liang Junfu Tian Guoxing Song Chongh Jiao Rongzhou Liu Binren Liu Xiuqin and Guo Tifei Institute ofNuclear Energy Technology

Extraction Ability of Podand PAIV for Some Elements of HLW 229Wu Qiuhn Tsinghua University

vu

Studies on the Solvent Extraction Separation of Amencium from Fission Product Lanthanides 233Yongjun Zhu Rongzhou Jiao and Jing Chen Tsinghua University

Ion Exchange Kinetics and the Hot Test for the Removal of Cesium from HLLW with Potasium Titanium (IV)Hexacyanoferrate (II) 237Xu Shiping Liang Junfu Wang Jianchen Song Chongh Tsinghua University

Removal of Cesium and Strontium from Highly Saline Acidic or Alkaline HLW using Pan Based Composite Absorbers 241F Sebesta J John A Motl Technical University in Prague \

SrTreat —A Highly Effective Ion Exchanger for the Removal of Radioactive Strontium from Nuclear Waste Solutions 245Jukka Lehto Leena Brodkin and Risto Harjula University of Helsinki

Development of Evaporation and Calcination Process for Radioactive Waste 249D P Pande Bhabha Atomic Research Center f

Long Lived Nuclides Separation Techniques for Advancing Purex Process 255G Uchiyama T Asakura S Hotoku and S Fujine Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)

Cost Assessment of a Commercial Scale DUPIC Fuel Fabrication 261Jongwon Choi Wonil Ko Jaesol Lee Myung Seung Yang and Hyunsoo Park Korea Atomic Energy ResearchInstitute

Application of the Cold Crucible Melting for Production of Rock Type Wasteforms 265IA Sobolev SV Stefanovsky OA Knyazev TN Lashtchenova and VI Vlasov SIA Radon DB LopukhUniversity of Electric Engineering

Immobilization of Plutonium from Solutions on Porous Matrices by the Method of High Temperature Adsorption 271A K Nardova EA Fihppov Russian Research Institute for Chemical Technology EG Kudnavtsev Ministryfor Atomic Energy of Russian Federation EG Dzekun KK Korchenkin AM Mashkin Mayak ProductionAssociation

Problems of Removal and Containment of High Level Radioactive Polonium from Accelerator Driven TransmutationSystem Using Liquid Lead Bismuth Target 273Evgeny Yefimov Dmitry Pankratov and Sviatoslav Ignatiev Institute of Physics and Power Engineering

Application of a Liquid Membrane for Extraction of Europium from HLW 277Mikhail A Afonin VadimV Romanovsky St Petersburg Institute of Technology Vyacheslav M EsimantovskyValeriy N Romanovsky Science and Production Association Radium Institute

WASTE FORM PERFORMANCE AND CONTAMINANTMIGRATION IN DEEP REPOSITORIES

Immobilization of Cesium Loaded Potassium Titanium Hexacyanoferrate Inorganic Ion Exchanger m Titanate Ceramic 281Liyu Li Weimin Bao Chongli Song Yongjun Zhu and Jirong Zhang Tsinghua University

Investigation of Sorption of 137Cs on Clay 285Tang Fanghua Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology

Compaction and its Effect on the Permeability of Crushed Salt with Added Brine or Bentonite 289Chunhang Zhang Dieter Stuhrenberg Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)

The Geological Barrier for High Level Waste Disposal — Investigations of the Excavation Disturbed Zones inUnderground Hard Rock Laboratories 295Volkmar Brauer Jurgen Sonnke and Hua Shao Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)

Contribution on Hydraulic Properties of Salt Under Repository Conditions 299Edward D Aluker NadezhdaL Aluker NinaG Malakhova YuriN Safonov Kemerovo State University IgorA Vasihev Alexander F Nechaev St Petersburg Institute of Technology IhaM Obodovsky Science andTechnology Center of Applied Physics Vimos

viu

A Radiation Annealing Model for Maintenance of Crystallinity in Self Damaged Actinide Dioxides 303Yehuda Eyal Techmon Isreal Institute of Technology

Uncertainty Analysis of the Performance of Engineered Barrier System for Geological Disposal of High Level Radwaste 309Masaki Tsukamoto and Tomonari Fujita Central Research Institute fo Electric Power Industry

A Study on the Water Transport in Backfill Material 315Jae seok Lee Jooho Whang Kyung Hee University

Advanced High Level Waste Forms Study 319SV loudintsev BS NikonovandBI Omelianenko Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits SV Stefanovsky SI A

Radon

Study of Glass Ceramic Waste Forms Prepared in System CaO TiO2 SiO2 A1O3 Ce2O3 ZrO2 (Cr2O3) 323SV loudintsev BS NikonovandBI Omelianenko Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits TN Lashtchenovaand S V Stefanovsky SIA Radon

The Dose Rate Effects in the Borosihcate Wasteforms 327Alexander F Nechaev OlegA Suvorov St Petersburg Institute of Technology SV Stefanovsky Moscow SIA

Radon

Diffusion of 237NP 239pR a nd MI A M in Glasses Simulating Vitrified Radioactive Waste 329IA IvanovandAN Gulin Institute of Technology SV Stefanovsky SIA Radon

EPR of Paramagnetic Ions m Synthetic Zirconolite 333O A Knyazev S V Stefanovsky SIA Radon

EPR of V(IV) in Sodium Sulfate Vanadate Phosphate Glasses 3375 V Stefanovsky O A Troole SIA Radon

Diffusion of Radionuchdes in Synroc and Synroc Like Ceramics 341Igor A Ivanov Victor I Tsvetkov Alexander F Nechaev Saint Petersburg State Institute of TechnologySergey V Stefanovsky Moscow SIA Radon

Geological Aspects of Disposal of High Level Waste (HLW) in Deep Drill Hole Repositories (DDHR) 345BN Khakhaev LA Pevzner VN Kozyrev State Scientific Industrial Enterprise on Superdeep Drilling andComprehensive Investigations of the Earth s Interior

Backfill — Development and Placement of an Engineered Barrier 347A McCall J Holmes M Harrison A Francis Nirex

Clustering of Radioactive Tank Waste Data and Comparison with Historical Models 353Kirk M Remud Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Brett C Simpson Lockheed Martin Hanford Company

Implementation of Chemical Controls through a Backfill System for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) 357R Vann Bynum Science Applications International Corporation Christine Stockman Yifeng Wang AndrewPeterson JimKrumhansl Jim Nowak and Margaret S Y Chu Sandia National Laboratories Jeff Cotton andStanley J Patchett Westinghouse Electric Corporation

Scientific Studies in Support of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Repository 363Margaret S Y Chu and Wendell D Weart Sandia National Laboratories

What are the Atnbutes of a Good Waste Isolation Strategy'' 367Leon Reiter U S Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board

CHARACTERIZATION, SAFETY ANALYSIS, ANDDESIGN FACILITIES FOR HLW AND SPENT FUEL

Simulation Study of Stability for the Purposed Formulation of Granite Fissure Water using MINTEQA2 371Wei jun Shi Yiao Jin Lu Wen Bin Zhou and Xue Li Li East China Geological Institute

IX

Reference Biosphere Approach for HLW Repository Post Closure Assessment *— Presentation of the Cold Steppe Biosphere — 373M Menut and C Valentin Ranc ANDRA

Results of an International Research Program on the Causes and Consequences of Gas Generation in Different HostRocks 377WD ThelenandH Kannen Institutfur Sicherheitstechnologie (ISTec) GmbH Koln

State of Research and Development in the Field of Final Disposal of Heat Generating Radioactive Wastes in DeepGeological Formations in Russia and the Other CIS States 381L Schneider Ch Herzog B Liebscher Stoller Ingenieurtechnik GmbH E B Anderson V G Khlopin RadiumInstitute A K Pikaev Institute of Physical Chemistry of Russian Acadamy of Sciences

Study of Sorption/Desorption Behavior of Selected Fission Products and Actinides with Soil and Rock Formations of aFew Radioactive Waste Disposal Sites in India 385C P Kaushik M R Joshi R G Yeotikar Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

Method of Geological Expertize for Site Selection for HLW Disposal 391B T Kochkm BI Omelyanenko Russian Academy of Sciences

Geological Factors Determining the Migration of Radio Nuchdes in Geological Environment of the PO Mayak TerritoryChelyabinsk Region Russia 395VI Velichkin NN Tarasov VA Petrov VI My skin VV Poluektov and B S Nikonov Russian Academy ofSciences

Geological Aspects of Solidified High Level Radioactive Waste (HLW) Disposal Problem at PA MayakChelyabinsk District Russia 399VI Vehchkin BI Omelianenko NN Tarasov VA Petrov VV Poluektov VI My skin A A AsaduhnRussian Academy of Sciences

Modeling of Solute Transport in Fractured Media by Using a Channel Network Model 403BjornGylling Luis Moreno and Ivars Neretnieks Royal Institute of Technology \

Swiss Underground Rock Laboratones in Crystalline and Clay Rationale for Technical Programme Choice 409C McCombie W Kickmaier I McKinley M Thury NAGRA

How Accoutning A New Technique to Improve Repository Site Characterization from the Nuchde TransportViewpoint 415J Black and L Wei Golder Associates (UK) Ltd C Chakrabarty Golder Associates Ltd

Cnticahty Safety of Waste Packages Containing Fissile Material in a Deep Waste Repository 419John Palmer Simon Wisbey Michelle Wise United Kingdom Nirex Ltd

Conceptual Models Difficulties in the WIPP Compliance Certification Application 423Lokesh Chaturvedi Tom Clemo and Matthew K Silva Environmental Evaluation Group William W L LeeConsultant

TREATMENT OF LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL WASTEThe New Method of Concentration of Liquid Radioactive Wastes by Electrodialysis 429G A Martoian M P Demirchian and G G Karamian Scientific Productive Incorporation AMROTS

Aspects of Solid Radioactive Waste Treatment System from Experimental Reactor PWR Type Developed to the CentroExperimental Aramar — CEA — Brazil 431Andre W O Andrade CTMSP

Investigation of Protective Coating System for Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Solid Waste Packages 435Gu Binxi and Zhang Xiaoyu Beijing Institute of Nuclear Engineering Liu Youping and Song Yixin BeijingUniversity of Chemical Technology

A Preliminary Experiment of Sand Volume Reduction by Compressing 439Yu Mingde Liang Ying Chang Jiang Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology

Reduction of Technical Solid Rad Waste During Power Plant Outages 441Jing zhi Gu HP Branch ofDaya Bay Nuclear Power Plant

Properties of Complexes of UO22+ TH(IV) and Heavy Metals with Schiff Bases 443

Caifeng Bi Yuhua Fan Shandong Institute of Building Materials Shanggeng Luo Institute of Atomic Energy

Destruction of Organic Waste from Nuclear Industry Dodecane and Tnbutylphosphate Hydrothermal Oxidation 451C Joussot Dubien C Perre and M Carles Commissariat a I Energie Atomique (CEA) Y Garrabos ICMCB

Radioactive Incinerator Ashes Volume Reduction and Conditioning by Plasma Arc Centrifugal Furnace at CadaracheResearch Center France 455H Massit and J P Turchet Commissariat a I Energie Atomique (CEA) R Atabek Commissariat a I EnergieAtomique (CEA)

New Treatment Centers for Radioactive Waste from Russian Designed VVER Reactors 459A Chrubasik NUKEM GmbH

Use of Selective Sorbents for Waste Water Purification in NNPS Results from a Pilot Facility at NPP Balkovo 463J Korchagin S Khubetsov L Khamianov VNIIAES A Chrubasik NUKEM GmbH !

International Co Operation in the Development of In Container Microwave Vitrification of Radioactive Slurries 465A Chrubasik NUKEM GmbH GB Borisov A V Nazarov VNIINM MN Molokhov NIKIMT

Supercompaction —A Reliable Solution to Volume Reduce Much More the Low Level — Dry Active Waste 467Michael Szukala Hansa Projekt Anlagentechnik GmbH

Inertisation of Clinical Radioactive Wastes by Coal Ashes Vitrification 471George Usai University of Caglian

Immobilization of y Radionuchdes by Polymer Solution 475WZ Oh BG Ahn CH Jung WK Choi SY Park and HJ Won Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

Spent Bead Resin Pyrolysis for Volume Reduction and Disposal 481Nonkazu Higashiura and Takuya Kitabata PNC

Application of Super Cement Solidification to Low Level Waste from PWRS 485T Sasaki S Mihara K Suzuki JGC Corp M Kiyomoto Y Karasawa K Ikeda Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd

Radwaste Management Programs at Kuosheng Nuclear Power Station 491S C Shen T S Shyru and C R Lee Taiwan Power Company C C Lin National Tsing Hua University

Reprocessing of Depleted Uranium Hexafluonde 495Alexander V Ivanov Vyacheslav M Abashkin Evgeny A Filippov Russian Research Institute of ChemicalTechnology Yury N Tumanov Russian Scientific Center Kurchatov Institute

Technologically Enhanced Radiation Background Problem of Potential Exposure in the Course of Welding 499Anatohy A Persinen Igor A Vasiliev St Petersburg Institute of Technology Yuri D Brusnitsyn CentralResearch Institute of Structural Materials Prometey

Processing of High Salted Low and Intermediate Levels Liquid Radioactive Waste First Principles of TechnologyOrganization and Experimental Substantiation 503Alexanders Tchugunov Alexander F Nechaev St Peterburg State Institute of Technology Sergey N ShibkovLTWT Nauka Ltd Sergey A Dmitnev FedorA Lifanov SIA Radon

The Method of Purification of Waste Water from Petroleum Oil using Basalt Fibers and UV Radiation 507Vladimir V Kulemin Viacheslav I Kareta Institute of Physical Chemistry

Method for Treatment of Radioactive Silts and Grounds 511IA Sobolev AS Bannov SA Dmitnev AP Varlakov SV KarhnandFA Lifanov Moscow SIA Radon

XI

Development and Field Tests of Technology for Decontamination of Special Sewage Water from Radionuchdes 515Vitaly V Milyutin Vladimir M Gehs Russian Academy of Sciences Alexander 1 Bardov ProductionAssociation Mayak

New Process for Treatment of Evaporator Concentrates 519Alfred Chrubasik Nukem GmbH L Khamianov S Khubetsov J Korchagin VNIIAES S Dmitnev FLifanov RADON Scientific and Industrial Firm V Kremniev G Chechelmtsky DECOM Engineering

Solvent Extraction of Cesium 137 from Nitric Acid Waste using Crown Ethers 523Evgeny A Filippov Vyacheslav M Abashkin Anna K Nardova and Igor V Mamakin Russian ResearchInstitute of Chemical Technology

Purification of Slightly Contaminated Low Salt Water from the Long Lived Radionuchdes 527Valeny A Doilnitsyn Alexander F Nechaev St Petersburg Institute of Technology Alexanders VolkovMoscow SIA Radon Sergei N Shibkov LTWT Nauka Ltd

Analysis of Possibilities for Long Lived Low and Intermediate Radwaste Management in Slovenia 529BoStjan Duhovnik StaneArh MarkoJeran IBE Consulting Engineers Borut Petkovsek ZAG Janko UrbaneGZL IGGG

Integrated Management Incineration and Disposal of Low Level Radioactive Waste at a Research BasedPharmaceutical Company J 533Scott A Lauer Superintendent of Incineration Bradley S Elrod Environmental Project Engineer DenisePacana Health Physicist

System for Decision Analysis Support on Complex Waste Management Issues (1) 537David E Shropshire LMITCO

Destruction of Hazardous and Mixed Wastes Using Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation in a AG(II)/HNO3

Bench Scale System 541Bryan Balazs ZoherChiba Peter Hsu Pat Lewis Laura Murguia Martyn Adamson Lawrence LivermoreNational Laboratory

Electrosorption on Carbon Aerogel Electrodes as a Means of Treating Low Level Radioactive Wastes and RemediatingContaminated Ground Water 547TnD Tran Joseph C Farmer Jean H De Pruneda and Jeffery H Richardson University of California

Destruction of Organic Wastes by Ammonium Peroxydisulfate with Electrolytic Regeneration of the Oxidant 555John F Cooper Francis T Wang Roger Krueger Ken King Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Pollution Prevention m Electroplating and Metal Finishing at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 561J W Dim Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Development of Concrete Composition in Radioactive Waste Management 565/ PlecaS and S Pavlovic Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca

LLW DISPOSAL AND NEAR SURFACE CONTAMINANT MIGRATIONThe Project to Establish an Australian National Low Level Radioactive Waste Repository 567John R Harries Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Patrick J Davoren Department ofPnmary Industries and Energy Simon M Veitch National Resource Information Centre

Impacts of Waste Disposal for Nuclear and Non Nuclear Electricity Generation Comparative Assessment 571Roger R Seitz International Atomic Energy Agency

The Safety Assessment of the Gioania Repository 577Paulo Fernando Lavalle Heilbron Filho Ana Maria Xavier Elaine Rochedo Brazilian Nuclear EnergyCommission

xn

Experimental Determination of the Radionuchdes Dispersion Coefficient in Porous Media 581P F L Heilbron Filho J ME dos Santos and E Figueira da Silva Comissao Nacional de Energia NuclearR de Souza Universidade Federaldo Rio de Janeiro

Studying the Effect of Radioactive Waste Storage Sites on Environment 587N Golikova I Rolevich A Gvozdev G Serebryanyi S Starobinets Institute of Radioecological Problems ofAcademy of Sciences

PRESDSA A Computer Program Used for Calculating Radiological Consequence of Shallow Land Disposal ofLLW and ILW 589Zhiming Wang Honggui Zhou Jinsheng Wang Zhijie Gu and Shushen Li China Institute for RadiationProtection

Characteristics of Carbonate Rocks and Disposal of Solid Low/Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes in And Areas 593Chen Jianjie Chu Yucheng Zhou Fusheng Mao Songlin Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology

The Cuban Treatment and Storage Facility for Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes 599J C Benitez N Garcia M Salgado Center for Radiation Protection and Hygiene

Technical Economical Study for Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes Disposal in Cuba 603G Chales Sudrez J L Peralta Vital R Gil Castillo R Franklin Sabundo A Rodriquez Reyes R CastilloGdmez Nuclear Energy Agency

Hydrogen Generation in Repositories for Radioactive Waste in Deep Geological Formations 607W Noack and P Brennecke Bundesamtfur Strahlenschutz R Schenk Sulzer Innotec Ltd

Low and Intermediate Level Waste Repository Site Selection Process in Hungary 611P Ormai F Fngyesi Paks Nuclear Power Plant Ltd Z Balla Geological Institute of Hungary J SolymosiI Gresits Technical University of Budapest

Performance Assessment of the Geological Barrier above the Morsleben Repository Germany 617Jurgen Wollrath Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) Simon Low Colenco Power Engineering LtdBernhard Ehrminger Colenco Power Engineering Ltd

Evaluation of NSARS — Test Case 2c and Lessons Learned for its Application to Turkish LLW Sites 623Ibrahim Uslu Oguz Ahefendioglu Turkish Atomic Energy Authority

The Preliminary Results of the Site Selection for the Radioactive Waste Disposal m Ukraine 627B P Zlobenko E V Sobotovich State Scientific Center of Environmental Radiogeochemistry

Thermal Modelling of Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes Disposal 631H Beale BJ McKirdyandJD Palmer UK Nirex Limited

Design Options for Near Surface Repositories for Low and Intermediate Level Wastes 635Ian G Fearnley British Nuclear Fuels pic

Development Construction and Commissioning of a Near Surface Repository for Low and Intermediate LevelWastes 639MJ Holker British Nuclear Fuels pic

A Three Dimensional Numerical Model for the Evaluation of Intrinsic Biodegradation and RemedialActions at Groundwater Contaminated Sites Near Los Angeles California 645Ming Zhu and Andrew Barnes Dames & Moore Chen Chiang Curt Stanley and Gary Raven Shell OilCompany Tom Vmckier Dames & Moore

Bioremediation and Clean Site — Closure of a Contaminated Aquifer 655CY Chiang and PD Petkovsky Shell Oil Product Company SJ Rouse Shell Western E&P Inc

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Remedial Alternatives for a VOC Impacted Groundwater Basin in SouthernCalifornia 659Hooshang Nezafati Natalia Raykhman John Dolegowski Andy Piszkin CH2M HILL Inc

X l l l

Overview for Decommissioning and Decontamination of Sites Containing Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials(NORM) Related to Private Industrial Operations 661J Bntt Qumby Dames & Moore David Bradley University of Malaya Carlyle Roberts Dames & Moore

A Model for the Direct Removal of Solid Waste Caused by a Drilling Intrusion into a WIPP Panel 663Jerry W Berglund New Mexico Engineering Research Institute

Effects of Various Regulatory Requirements on Waste Acceptance Criteria 669Gary B Merrell Nam Chau and A A Sutherland Rogers & Associates Engineering Corporation

Yugoslav Disposal Facility for Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste Materials Preliminary Repository Design 673Aleksandar Pen Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca

CHARACTERIZATION AND REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SITESPlutonium Contamination at Marahnga Clean up Criteria and Verification Monitoring 679MB Cooper LJ Martin and G A Williams Australian Radiation Laboratory JR Harries AustralianNuclear Science & Technology Organization

Choice of Forest Harvesting and Forest Recovering Works Strategy in the Forests of Belarus of the Chernobyl Zoneby the Method of Mathematical Modeling of Dose Rate for Equipment and Personnel 685IA Savushkin OB Gurko El Ravkova A V Lukjanov Academy of Sciences

Management of Radioactive Wastes Generated at the Territories of Belarus Contaminated with Radionuchdes 689VV Skurat ML Zhemzhurov A A Gvozdev GA Kavkhuta Institute of Radioecological Problems

Gasification Method Effectiveness at Radioactive Wood Waste Treatment 693IA Savushkin OB Gurko VN Solovjev El Ravkova Academy of Sciences

First Three Years Operational Experience in the New CILVA Installations at Belgoprocess 697J Deckers P Luycx R Vanbrabant Belgoprocess M Detilleux Ph Beguin Belgatom

Studies on Radiation Environmental Protection in INPC 703Yuan Guoqi China Academy of Engineering Physics

Determination of I29I in Environmental Water 707Xie Yunmian Ban Ying Jiang Songsheng He Ming Jiang Shan China Institute of Atomic Energy

Deep Geological Repository Siting Evaluation of Pre Existing Geological Information 709Frantisek Woller Nuclear Research Institute

Melting as Part of the Remediation Programme for the Chernobyl Exclusion Area 715W Steinwarz Siempelkamp Foundry

The Wimsut Experience in Management of Large Scale Remediation Projects 719M Hagen and A T Jakubick Wismut GmbH

Comparing Remediation Costs of Uranium Production an International Perspective 727Rimbert Gatzweiler Wismut GmbH Diethard Mager Federal Ministry of Economics

Basic Problems in Evaluating Radiation Exposures from Mining Residues 733E Ettenhuber W Kraus M Kummel S Przyborowskt Bundesamtfur Strahlenschutz

Geochemistry of Natural and Contaminated Underground Waters in the Area of Surface and Underground Storages ofLiquid Radioactive Wastes (Chelyabinsk and Tomsk Oblasts of Russia) 737IgorN Solodov AleksandrD Khoteev Mikhail B Chertok and Vladimir A Zadvornov Institute of Geology ofOre Deposits

xiv

The Electromembrane Method of Soil Cleaning from Radionuchdes 743Y V Karlin L B Prozorov V Y Chuikov V N Kropotov M Y Scheglov Moscow Scientific and IndustrialAssociation (Mos SIA) Radon

Specific Features of Phy tobiogenesis Formation Under Conditions of Radioactive Contamination of Agricultural Lands 745A S Filipas E P Pimenov N S Stepanchikova Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and AgroecologyNP Archipov International Centre of Researches

Technogenous Contamination of the Environment and Problems of Obtaining Clean Agricultural Products 749LN Oulianenko IV Diachenko SP Ancheva Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology

Choice of Safe Sites for Radioactive Waste Disposal Based on Geological and Hydrogeological Analysis 753L B Prozorov A V Tkachenko V V Martyanov Scientific and Industrial Association (SIA) Radon

Process Modeling for Storage of Radioactive Tank Sludge 757Elena V Zakharova Vyacheslav M Ermolaev Russian Academy of Sciences Yury A Revenko Yury PSorokin Edward M Kostin Chemical and Mining Enterprise

New Approaches to Monitoring and Characterization in the Remediation of Nuclear Sites 761R D Gunn and C H Orr BNFL Instruments Ltd

First Remediation Project in Slovenia 765Irena Mele Agency for Radwaste Management

Leaching or Size Separation for Soil Decontamination 769James D Navratil and R Douglas Greenwell Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Company Fedor MacasekComenius University

The Rehabilitation Program for Territory of Town Zhovty Vody after 40 Years of Uranium Ores Output 773Y Soroka A Molchanov N Isayeva Ukrainian R&D Institute for Industrial Technology O Bednank S&RInstitute on Occupational Hygiene and Professional Diseases

Substantiation of Selection of the First Priority Sites for Rehabihtaion 777Natalia G Isayeva Yuri N Soroka Ukrainian R&D Institute for Industrial Technology

Post Operational Clean Out Success in Fuel Storage Ponds and Waste Silos at BNFL Sellafield UK 781EJ Williamson DH Norton BNFL Sellafield

Site Characterization and Environmental Monitoring at the U S Department of Energy Pantex Plant 787Robert H Gray Battelle Pantex

Remediation of Uranium Milling Sites in the United States 793Gerald R Thiers Morrison Knudsen Corporation

DECONTAMINATION AND DECOMMISSIONING TECHNOLOGIES AND EXPERIENCEThe BR3 — PWR Pilot Decommissioning Project First PWR Dismantled in Europe 797Y Massaut M Klein CEN SCK A Lefebvre Belgatom

Nuclear Reprocessing and Recycling An Industry Dedicated to the Environment 803Ph de I Epine COGEMA

MOX Fuel Development and Industrial Performances 809G Lebastard COGEMA

French Industrial Experience in HLW Vitrification 813Jean Louis Desvaux COGEMA

Dismantling and Removal of the Karlstein Superheated Steam Reactor (HDR) 815L Valencia E Prechtl Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH

xv

Treatment of Large Components — Mass and Activity Distribution Costs — 821C Rittmeyer R Pfeiffer and W Schwarzkopf Karlsruhe Research Center

Experience with Recycling of Radioactive Scrap Metal 825M Sappok Siempelkamp Giesserei GmbH & Co

Decontamination and Decommissioning Programme at the Eurex Reprocessing Pilot Plant (Italy) 827Carlos A Calle Michele Gill and Alfredo Luce ENEA CR Saluggia

Computer Simulation Systems for Analyzing Optimum Dismantling Procedures on Nuclear Facilities 831Mitsuo Tachibana Taro Shimada Satoshi Yanagihara Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

Radioactive Metals Management in Russia Status and Outlook 835A T Nester VP Buntushkin Joing Stock Company ECOMET S SA Medvedev A F Nechaev SaintPetersburg State Institute of Technology

Slovak Decommissioning Strategy and Technology 837Jana Burclova Nuclear Regulatory Authority of Slovak Republic

Decommissioning of NPP after Life Extension from the Point of View of Reactor VVER 440/213 ComponentsActivation and Related Doses 841Vladimir Michal DECOM Slovakia Ltd

The OECD/NEA Co Operative Programme on Decommissioning Evolution Over Eleven Years 847Ulnch Loschhorn Liaison Committee Lucien Teuncken Technical Advisory Group Shankar MenonOECD/NEA

Waste Retrieval and Decommissioning an Overview of Decommissioning and Decontamination TechnologiesUtilized at BNFL Sellafield 853David A Gamberim BNFL

In Situ Residual Plutonium Assay and Spatial Imaging to Support Safe Glovebox Decommissioning 857Chnstopher H Orr J P Ronaldson R J Sharpe BNFL Instruments Ltd

Decommissioning of the First Primary Separation Plant at Sellafield U K 861SF Chalhnor BNFL

Decommissioning of the Fast Breeder Reactor Fuel Element Production Plant at BNFL Sellafield 867K Burns and A Frost BNFL pic

Decontamination and Decommissioning Technologies 873Jerry M Hyde US Department of Energy

Planning and Estimating Software Tools for the Decommissioning and Decontamination of Nuclear Facilities 879Raymond W Durante Durante Associates Carl Williams Nuclear Expertise Inc

Recycling of Scrap Metals Contaminated with Naturally Occurring Radioactivity (Norm) Results of a Feasibility Study 885Jean Claude Dehmel and Sanford Cohen S Cohen & Associates Inc

MANAGEMENT APPROACHES AND TOOLS FOR NORMAL ANDSPECIAL WASTE (SEALED SOURCES)

Quality Assurance Program Applied to Radioactive Waste Management 889Telma Rosa Ramallo Marta H de Pahissa Myriam Lavalle Mana Marta Mazzini Common Nacional deEnergia Atomica

IAEA s Activities on Technological Aspects of Quality Assurance in Radioactive Waste Management 893A Bonne R Burel J Heinone K W Han International Atomic Energy Agency

Radioactive Source Management in Daya Bay NPP 895Yang Mao Chun Daya Bay NPP

xvi

Internal Irradiation Dose Monitoring for Radiation Operating Personnel 899Shanqiang Wang and Junfeng Gao Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology

Intercompanson Test for Quality Assurance of Activity Measurements 901W Muller H Kannen Institutfur Sicherheitstechnologie (ISTec) GmbH Koln

Quality Assurance and Control for Radioactive Waste Packages in Germany 905B R Martens Federal Office for Radiation Protection

Management and Management of Sealed Sources and Wastes from Radioisotope Users 909E Neeman S Brenner and B Shabtai Ministry of the Environment S Abramovich Israel Export Institute

Management of Spent Sealed Sources and Wastes from Radioisotope Users in Peru ~ 913M Mallaupoma Gutierrez Nuclear Research Center RACSO

Management of Spent Sealed Radiation Sources at Regional Specialized Facilities in Russian Federation 915IA Sobolev EM Timofeev Ml Ojovan MB Kachalov VV Shiryaev AE Arustamov SIA Radon

Quality Assurance and Quality Control Requirements for Management of Locally Generated Radwastes 919A Mamoon 11 Kutbi and A Al Marshad King Abdulaziz University

Developing Radwaste Regulations in Saudi Arabia 923AM Al Arfaj K M AL Sulaiman A O Bagazi and M F Ahmed King Abdulaziz City for Science andTechnology

Environmental Radioactivity Surveillance System in Ukraine Condition and Problems 927/ Semenova N Steinberg Atomaudit

Radioactive Sealed Sources An Analysis of Currently Used Accountability Exemption and Licensing ActivityThreshold Values 933David W Lee Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)

Preliminary Source Term Assessment of the Abadia de Goias Repository Using Fuzzy Sets 941Francisco Luiz de Lemos Cento de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear Terry Sullivan BrookhavenNational Laboratory

Waste Management Integrated Budget Analysis Tool 947James V Johnson Department of Energy

Avoiding Potential Problems from Radionuchdes in Municipal Wastewater 949M L. Miller Roy F Weston Inc C R Bowman and M G Garcia City of Albuquerque Waste Water UtilityDivision

Risk Assessment A Tool to Facilitate Solutions to Environmental Challenges Within the Governing Legal Scheme 955Evansto J Bonano Ph D and Alberto A Ledn J D PhD Beta Corporation International

CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL WASTESome Features of Chemical Composition of Liquid Decontamination Waste of Chernobyl Origin 959V Zabrodsky Y Davydov A Grebenkov Institute of Radioecological Problems

Determination and Declaration of Critical Nuchdes Inventories in Belgian NPP Radwaste Streams 963A Lemmens Electrabel K Mannaerts B Centner and Ph Beguin Tractebel Energy Engineering

Source Term Investigation for Radioactive Contamination in Large Areas 969Xu Zhenhua Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology

Active and Passive Computed Tomography TEMISEC a New Tool for Characterization of Low and Medium Waste Drums 971J L Pettier B Chabaher N Huot CEA/Cadarache DCC/DESD/SCCD

Total Gamma Stations 975Bodo Krebs Rados Technology GmbH

xvn

Data Processing System for Tracking and Documenting Radioactive Wastes and Residues 981Detlef Grundler and Wolfgang Wringer Institut fur Sicherheitstechnologie (ISTec) GmbH

Development of Scaling Factor Prediction Method for the Korean Nuclear Power Plant 987Jin Beak Park and Kun Jai Lee Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Duck Won Kang andKyung Rok Park Korea Electric Power Research Institute

Meaningful Characterisation of High Beta Gamma Radwaste by Radiometnc Instrumentation 991Alan P Simpson BNFL Instruments Ltd

Validated NDA Systems for Accurate Characterization of Transuranic and Low Level Waste 997D R Davidson R D McElroy D B Brochu and IJ Koskelo Canberra Industries

GE Gamma Spectroscopy Characterization Tools for Contaminated Materials in Buildings Boxes and Dirt 1003FrazierL Branson Canberra Industries

Problems with Data Used in the WIPP Certification Application Performance Assessment 1009Tom Clemo Lokesh Chaturvedi and W W L Lee Environmental Evaluation Group

Mathematical Calibration of GE Detectors for Gamma Spectroscopic Analysis of Large Samples 1013F L Bronson and Brian Young Canberra Industries

ADDENDUM

Non Combustible Solid Waste Treatment System 1021Hitoshi Ohata Akihiho Aoyama Takafumi Kurahashi Katsutoshi Tonta NGK Insulators Ltd

Management of Sealed Sources and Wastes from Radioisotope Users m Pakistan 1027Munir Ahmed Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology

Innovative Cross Flow Membrane System for Volume Reduction Mixed Waste 1029William A Greene SpinTek Membrane Systems Inc

Author Index 1033