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Page 1: Prehistoric 2012

Prehistory

An Overview

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Dating Conventions and Abbreviations

B.C.=before Christ

B.C.E.=before the Common Era

A.D.=Anno Domini (the year of our Lord)

C.E.=Common Era

c. or ca.= circa

C.=century

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The Paleolithic period“old stone age”c. 500,000 BC - c. 6000 BCBasic features

Hunting and gatheringRemarkable art (and religion?)Simple tools of chipped stoneSimple sheltersFire

• c. 150,000 BCLanguage

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Homo habilis-lower Paleolithic

“Handy Man”

In Africa, an early ancestor of modern

humans, called Homo habilis

developed the earliest known stone tools.

These were relatively simple tools known

as choppers.

These humans likely

subsisted on scavenged

meat and wild plants,

rather than hunted prey. Poulnabrone dolmen in County Clare, Ireland

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Homo erectus

Upright man

About 1.3 to 1.8 million years ago.

The species originated in Africa and

spread as far as India, China and

Java

H. erectus learned to control

fire and created more complex

chopper tools, as well as

expanding out of Africa to reach

Asia.

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The Mysterious Neanderthal - Middle Paleolithic

This period began about 200,000 years ago

Neanderthals (closely related to

modern humans)

lived (c. 120,000–35,000 years ago)

This period began about 200,000 years

ago

Neanderthals (closely related to

modern humans)

lived (c. 120,000–35,000 years ago)

The stone artifact technology-

Mousterian.

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Extraordinary art!

Middle Paleolithic peoples demonstrate

the earliest undisputed evidence for art

other expressions of abstract thought such as intentional burial of the dead.

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Human evolution

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The Australopithecines

“Lucy”

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Middle Paleolithic religion

ritual burial

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Eating

Who was the more productive?

The hunter?

Or the gatherer?

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Homo sapiens –Upper Paleolithic

about 35,000 to 10,000 years ago

The cave art of Lascaux is an example

of Upper Paleolithic culture

Globally, societies were hunter-

gatherers

evidence of regional identities

begins to appear in the wide

variety of stone tool types being

developed to suit different

environments.

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Homo faber

B.

C.

Early stone tools

A. Homo habilis

B. Homo erectus

C. Neanderthal

A.

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Cave art

What general theme is evident here?

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Cave artists

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Settling down

Prerequisite to civilization

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The peripatetic life

Travelling from place to place

c

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The Neolithic periodBegan in Middle East around 6000 BC

Polished stone

tools

More settled, less

nomadic

lifestyles

“permanent”

villages

Population

increases

Development of a

more

complex and social

order

Food production

Basic features

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The Neolithic periodAdoption of agriculture &The development of pottery

More complex, larger settlements such as Catal Huyük and Jericho.

Agriculture and the culture it led to spread to the Mediterranean,

the Indus valley, China and Southeast Asia.

The first large-scale

constructions were built,

including settlement towers

and walls,

e.g.: Jericho and ceremonial

sites, Stonehenge Skara Brae, Scotland.

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The Fertile Crescent

Shaduf (Arabic) – irrigation tool originally developed in ancient Mesopotamia

The Fertile Crescent is a crescent-shaped region containing the comparatively moist and fertile land

Shaduf or shadoof

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Farming Development of Agriculture

Basis of civilization

innovations like the use of fire and

the development of agriculture

the development of tools, language and

writing. From Hunter/Gatherer to Horticulturist to Agriculturist

An important center appears to be Greater Mesopotamia (present day Iraq). This is a rich flood plain where wheat, barley, and oats are believed to have originated.

The image below shows the Zagros mountains of Iraq where the landscape appears much as it probably was 10,000yearsago.

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Age Period Tools Economy Dwelling Sites Society Religion

Stone

age

Paleolithic

Handmade tools and objects

found in nature – cudgel, club, sharpened

stone, chopper, handaxe,

scraper, spear, Bow and arrow,

harpoon, needle, scratch awl

Hunting and gathering

Mobile lifestyle –

caves, huts, tooth or

skin hovels, mostly by rivers and

lakes

A band of edible-plant

gatherers and

hunters (25-100 people)

Evidence for belief

in the afterlife

first appears in the Middle

Paleolithic or

Upper Paleolith

ic, marked by the

appearance of burial rituals and

ancestor worship. Priests

and sanctuar

y servants appear in the

prehistory.

Mesolithic (known as

the Epipalaeolithic in areas not effected by the Ice Age (such as Africa))

Handmade tools and

objects found in nature – bow and

arrow, fish – basket, boats

Tribes and

Bands

  Neolithic Handmade tools and objects found in nature – chisel, hoe, plough, yoke, reaping-hook, grain pourer, barley, loom, earthenware (pottery) and weapons

Agriculture Gathering,

hunting, fishing and

domestication

Farmsteads during the

Neolithic and the Bronze

Age Formation of cities during the Bronze

Age

Tribes and the

formation of

chiefdoms in some Neolithic

societies at the end of

the Neolithic period'

States and chiefdoms during the Bronze Age

Bronze Age Copper and bronze tools,

potter's wheel

Agriculture – cattle –

breeding, agriculture, craft, tradeIron Age Iron tools  

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Social Organization/Control

Hunting &Gathering Agriculture

communal life private life, property increasing

little specialization in social or economic roles

social and economic specialization

gender roles (?) gender-specific roles

relatively egalitarian social hierarchy emergescultural/technical

information is widely diffused

cultural/technical information expands and becomes a form of

property custom, tradition rule coercion becomes necessary

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Hunting & Gathering Agriculture

Small bands (25-250), semi-nomadic existence

sedentism, expanding population

seasonal migration permanent living sites

wide variety of food sources (typically 350 plant varieties)

replaces diversity with monoculture

exploits territory extensively exploits intensively

security through diversitysecurity through specialization

small (portable) tool kit tool kit, technology

expands exponentially

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Pottery

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Weaving ,metallurgy

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Domestication of animals and plants

Milk

Worker

Meat

To provide leather, wool,

hides

Manure for soil conditioning

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Tools

A wooden axe.

Mesolithic Adze mounted directly onto

handle flint axe with wooden handle

Mesolithic Adze

Adze head on digging tool

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Beaker-period Flint arrowheads

Flint arrowhead, at least 4,000 years old

Arrows, as used c. 6000 BC

Early flint arrow

Flint Arrowheads, c. 2000 BC

Neolithic leaf-shaped Flint arrowheads

10000-year-old Sickle, Flint

Arrowheads

art work of flint head of

arrowthree drawings of flint

heads, traditional, missing, incurved

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The first writing

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Evolution of shelters

Hut

Lean to

Tent

Pit houses

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Paleolithic periodHut

Terra Amata, near Nice in France

between 450,000 and 380,000 BCE

The hut included a hearth, or

fireplace and was made by bracing

branches with a circle of large and

small stones.The hut was 8 meters long by 4 meters wide.

Hand-axes and other stone tools and flakes were found in

the vicinity

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Paleolithic period

tent

Plateau Parain in France.

Dated to about 15,000 to 10,000 BCE,

tent was suspended over a

wooden framework and held

down by stones.

It included a central hearth.

Stone tools were fond in the

area around this site.

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Paleolithic periodLean to

Le lazaret cave is located in southern

France .

Between 186,000 and 127,000 years

ago.

Area of the cave 32 by 11 feet.

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Neolithic period Stonehenge

Stonehenge is probably the most important prehistoric monument in the whole of Britain and has attracted visitors from earliest times. It stands as a timeless monument to the people who built it.The Stonehenge that we see today is the final stage that was completed about 3500 years ago,

The first Stonehenge was a large earthwork .

built around 3100 BC.

They form a circle

about 284 feet in

diameter.

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Neolithic period

The second and most dramatic stage of Stonehenge started around 2150 BC. Some 82 bluestones from the Preseli mountains, in south-west Wales were transported to the site.

During the same period the original entrance of the circular earthwork was widened and a pair of Heel Stones were erected. Also the nearer part of the Avenue was built, aligned with the midsummer sunrise.

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Neolithic period

The third stage of Stonehenge, about 2000 BC, saw the arrival of the Sarsen stones, which were almost certainly brought from the Marlborough Downs near Avebury, in north Wiltshire, about 25 miles north of Stonehenge. Modern calculations show that it would have taken 500 men using leather ropes to pull one stone, with an extra 100 men needed to lay the huge rollers in front of the sledge. These were arranged in

an outer circle with a continuous run of lintels. Inside the circle, five trilithons were placed in a horseshoe arrangement, whose remains we can still see today.

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Neolithic periodSkara brae

Skara Brae, situated near the Bay

of Skaill on Orkney's Mainland, is

unique: it is a complete village with

houses and streets. The houses are built closely

togetherand made of stone.

The spaces between the houses was filled with rubbish and turf for some kind of protection against the wind.

he houses, which measure from 4.3m x 4mto 6.4m x 6.1m, were probably roofed with timber, whalebone, turf and heather.

It is a free-standing structure, with a central hearth but no household furniture.

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Neolithic periodAin Mallaha

Ain mallaha ,near lake hulen,israel .Between 9000-8000 BC.There were about 5o dry stone huts on a open site of

some 2000sq.mMost of them circular, semi-subterranean and rock

lined, from 3m to 9m in dia.Beehive forms were constructed of reeds and were

supported on posts The huts were dug into the

bank on the upper side to a depth of about 1.3m and the entrance were located on the lower side.

Some of the huts had stone paved floors, and had walls finished with lime plaster painted red ochre

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Catal HüyükModern Turkey. 6500 BCE.Situated at the foot of the Taurus mountains

in Anatolia. It extended over 13 ha (32 acres) with a

population of 20000-60000 people.

Rectangular single roomed houses each about 25sq.mwith plastered walls and floors.

Densely packed with open courtyard .floor were covered with straw mats and wall designed with simple geometric designs.

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Catal Hüyük

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Animals were kept in very close proximity to human living quarters. The flat roof-tops of houses were used as living space in the evening. Later, open central courtyards were developed

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beidha The first hut in beidha (7000 -

6000BC),in southern Jordan.the dwellings and storerooms were grouped in clusters within walled courtyards,

Whole village was surrounded by a stone wall.

Each house had one room measuring 7mx9m.Floor and walls were plaster with red stripes

Anumber of shrine like buildings found at Jericho (7000 BC).

A small room ,consist of standing stone with in a niche. inner chamber containing a pair of

stone pillars symmetrically.

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Arphachiyah -5000bc

beehive shaped tholoi were built

in the Mesopotamian lowlands

during the Neolithic period .

it is in keyhole -shaped in plan.

Walls were 2m thick .

Rectangular anti rooms were up

to 19m long.

Domed chambers up to 10m

across.

Walls were plasters ,occasionally

painted red,

Roofs were thatched .

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Khirokitia

located in Cyprus -5650 BC.

Round houses 3m to 8m in

diameter.

Lower part of the walls were

made up of limestone.

Dome is constructed using mud

brick

Some houses had double wallsStone pillars were constructed to support the lofts Outbuilding used for grinding

corn,Storage, cooking andWorkshops.Wall courtyard