Download pdf - PLSQL Complete Reference

7/29/2019 PLSQL Complete Reference

1/92

1

PLSQL: Procedural Structured Query Language.

t is one of the comprehensive tools of the oracle that is helpful in adding the procedural

anguage features such as

Decision making, looping, exception handling etc... to the powerful SQL.

PLSQL Programs contains 3 sections.

1)Declaration section:In this section we declare the variables ,cursors etc

2)Executable section: In this section we do the looping, decision making and to the sq.

tatements

3)Exception section: In this section we handle the exceptions raised while using the sq.

tatements.

Every plsql statement should be terminated with semi colon(;)

Variable: A variable is a named location in memory to which a data can be assigned or from

which the data can be read.

Variable declaration: A variable is declared in the declaration section for the process of

elling the compiler,the name memory location its type and size.

Variable Declaration Syntax:

Variable_name datatype(size);

Ex: ln_num number;

Ln_flag char(1);

Ln_msg varchar2(10000);

Assigment Operator (:=)

This operator is used to assign the value on its right to the variable on its left.

EX: ln_num:= 0;

Ln_falg:= N;


2/92

2

Intialization:

This is process of assigning a variable an intial value at the time of declaration of the

variable.

Ex: ln_num NUMBER:= 0;

Ln_falg char(1):= N;

Server output:

t is an sql environment variable that tells whether the output of the plsql program has to be

hown, by default it is OFF;

nordet to ON please run the below command at the beginning of every session.

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE:

This is one of the built in package.function of the plsql that is used to print the output.

BLOCKS:

BLOCKS Reusability Stogare Scope

Anonymous Not there NO Until the session

Named Yes Yes Permanently

Lets write some anonymous blocks to get practiced of how to print a message and use the

variables and assign a value to it and also assign an intial value to it.


3/92

3

To Print a Message.

begin

dbms_output.put_line('Welcome to Plsql');

end;

/

declare

ln_msg varchar2(1000);

begin

dbms_output.put_line('Start');

ln_msg:= 'Welcome to Plsql';

dbms_output.put_line(ln_msg);

dbms_output.put_line('End');

end;

/

declare

ln_num number:=&parameter1;

begin


dbms_output.put_line(ln_num);


end;

/


4/92

4

1)Addtion of 2 numbers.declare

ln_num number:=0;

ln_num1 number:=&parameter1;


begin


ln_num := ln_num1 + ln_num2;

dbms_output.put_line('The sum of '||ln_num1||' and '||ln_num2||' is

'||chr(10)||ln_num);


end;

2) Substraction 2 numbers.3)Addition of 2 numbers and substracting the 3 number.4)Multiplication of 2 numbers.

Decision Making:f condition Syntax:

IF condition1 then

Statement1;

ELSIF condition2 then

Statement2;

ELSIF condition3 then

Statement3;

ELSE

Statement n;

END IF;


5/92

5

5) Display Max of 2 numbersdeclare



begin


IF ln_num1 > ln_num2 then

dbms_output.put_line('The smax number is '||ln_num1);

else

dbms_output.put_line('The smax number is '||ln_num2);

end if;


end;

/

7)Give input as 3 numbers and print the max number

8) Give input as 3 numbers and print the max number when added 2 numbers.


6/92

6

LOOPING:

Syntax: FOR variable in start..end

LOOP

--any action to be taken place

END LOOP;

EX: 1) Print the numbers from 1 to 100/.

declare

i number:= 0;

begin

for i in 1..100

loop

dbms_output.put_line('The number is ' ||i);

end loop;

end;

2) Print the odd numbers from 1 to 20.

declare

i number:= 0;

begin

for i in 1..20

loop

if mod(i,2)!= 0 then

dbms_output.put_line('The odd number is ' ||i);

end if;

end loop;end;

/


7/92

7

3) print the even numbers from 1 to 20.

declare

i number:= 0;

begin

for i in 1..20

loop

if mod(i,2) = 0 then


end if;

end loop;

end;

/


8/92

8

EXIT:

This is an oracle provided plsql keyword using which we can come out of the loop.

EX: Print the odd numbers from 1 to 50 and exit when ever you find the number 26 in the

oop..

declare

number:= 0;

begin

for i in 1..50

loop

if i = 26 then

exit;

else

if mod(i,2) != 0 then


end if;

end if;

end loop;

dbms_output.put_line('The end ');

end;

NOTE:

Whenever we write a sql statement in a plsql block we cannot use the column name directly

for any manipulation purpose etc.

We should fetch the values in to the local variables using INTO Clause.

Total No of column in the select clause should be equal to total number of variables in the

nto clause.

The order of selected columns data type and size sequence should be same as the order of

variables sequence data type and size in the into clause.


9/92

9

EX: Write a Simple plsql block to display employee name,number,salary.

declare

n_empno number:=0;

n_ename varchar2(100);

n_sal number;

begin

select empno,ename,sal

into ln_empno,ln_ename,ln_sal

from emp

where empno = &parameter1;

dbms_output.put_line('The ename is --'||ln_ename);

dbms_output.put_line('The sal is --'||ln_sal);

dbms_output.put_line('The empno is --'||ln_empno);

end;


10/92

10

%TYPE: This attribute is used to declare the plsql variables with the same definition as

column definition of a table.

Syntax: variable Name Table_Name.Column_Name%type;

EX: Write a Simple plsql block to display employee name,number,salary.

declare

n_empno emp.empno%type;

n_ename emp.ename%type;

n_sal emp.sal%type;

begin

select empno,ename,sal

into ln_empno,ln_ename,ln_sal

from emp

where empno = &parameter1;


dbms_output.put_line('The sal is --'||ln_sal);dbms_output.put_line('The empno is --'||ln_empno);

end;


11/92

11

Write a Simple plsql block to display employee name,number,salary, department name and

ocation.

declare



n_sal emp.sal%type;

n_dname dept.dname%type;

n_loc dept.loc%type;

begin

select empno,ename,sal,dname,loc

into ln_empno,ln_ename,ln_sal,ln_dname,ln_loc

from emp e,dept d

where empno = &parameter1

and e.deptno = d.deptno;



dbms_output.put_line('The empno is --'||ln_empno);dbms_output.put_line('The dpartment name is --'||ln_dname);

dbms_output.put_line('The location is --'||ln_loc);

end;


12/92

12

Write a simple plsql block to display maximum salary from the emp table.

declare

ln_sal emp.sal%type;

begin

select max(sal)

into ln_sal

from emp;

dbms_output.put_line('The max sal is --'||ln_sal);

end;

/


13/92

13

Procedure:

Create or replace procedure p_name(parameter1 datatype, parameter2 datatype)

Is

BEGIN

NULL;

END

Ex: create or replace procedure xx_max_sal

s


begin

select max(sal),deptno

into ln_sal

from emp;

dbms_output.put_line('The max sal is --'||ln_sal);

end;

/

Execution :begin

xx_max_sal;

end;

/

Exec xx_max_sal;


14/92

14

EX: Write a Simple proceudre to display employee name,number,salary, department name

and location.

create or replace procedure xx_emp_dtls(p_empno number)

s



n_sal emp.sal%type;



begin



from emp e,dept d

where empno = p_empno



dbms_output.put_line('The sal is --'||ln_sal);dbms_output.put_line('The empno is --'||ln_empno);

dbms_output.put_line('The dpartment name is --'||ln_dname);


end;


15/92

15

Exercise:

Write a procedure to print the student information and their total marks and grade.

how student marks,result,grade even if the student information doesnot exists

by passing input parameter as sno and grade.



by passing input parameter as sno and result.



by passing input parameter as sno and marks. The student marks should be greater then

marks parameter value.


16/92

16

EXCEPTIONS.

Exception is an abnormal condition that causes the termination of the program in the

middle of the execution.

Exception Handler:

It is a unit of plsql code that oracle engine raised when an exception is occurred.

When an exception is occurred,oracle engine identifies it and raises the exception to the

exception handler which scans the plsql program for the occurrence of exception section and

f found the exception handler then checks for the occurrence of the word when followed by

a predefined or user defined exception,which inturn followed by a then keyword and action

associated with that exception.

Exceptions are of 2 types:

1) Predefined exception.

2) User defined exception. these can be rasied explicitly by the user.

Some predefined exceptions examples:

1)Zero divide by

Occurs when the divisor is zero.

2) No_data_found Occurs when the sql select statement fetching the records intovariables retrieves no rows.

3) Too_many_rowsOccurs when the sql select statement fetching the records intovariables retrieves more then one row.

4) Others Any other type exceptions rasied will be handled using thisexception.


17/92

17

NOTE: Exception should be always placed between begin and end block and exactly before

he end.

Syntax: BEGIN

--Any sql Statement.

EXCEPTION

WHEN Exception Name THEN

Any action to be taken place (like printing a error message)

END;

n the above syntax there can be many when exception clauses and if we use others

exception clause then it should be placed at last always.

f iam using no_data_found,too_many_rows and others exception then the seq should be

always as per below example

BEGIN


EXCEPTION

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THENAny action to be taken place (like printing a error message);

WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN

Any action to be taken place (like printing a error message);

WHEN OTHERS THEN


END;


18/92

18

But if I write in below way that will error.

BEGIN


EXCEPTION

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN


WHEN OTHERS THEN




END;

BEGIN


EXCEPTION

WHEN OTHERS THEN

Any action to be taken place (like printing a error message);WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN




END;


19/92

19

SQLERRM:Sql Error Message

It is an oracle predefined keyword which holds oracle error message when any exception

aises.

Ex:1

create or replace procedure xx_emp_dtls(p_empno number)

s



n_sal emp.sal%type;



n_flag char(1):= 'N';

begin

BEGIN



from emp e,dept d

where empno = p_empnoand e.deptno = d.deptno;

exception

when no_data_found then

dbms_output.put_line('No data exists for the passed empno'||p_empno);

when too_many_rows then

dbms_output.put_line('too many rows for the passed');

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('Others exception raised'||substr(sqlerrm,1,250));

END;



20/92

20





exception

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('Error in the xx_emp_dtls proceudre'||substr(sqlerrm,1,250));

end;

Ex2: create or replace procedure xx_emp_dtls(p_deptno number)

s



n_sal emp.sal%type;




begin

BEGINselect empno,ename,sal,dname,loc


from emp e,dept d

where e.deptno = p_deptno


exception


dbms_output.put_line('No data exists for the passed empno'||p_deptno);

when too_many_rows then

dbms_output.put_line('too many rows for the passed');


21/92

21

when others then


END;






exception

when others then


end;

create or replace procedure xx_emp_dtls(p_deptno number)

s



n_sal emp.sal%type;

n_dname dept.dname%type;n_loc dept.loc%type;


begin

BEGIN



from emp e,dept d

where e.deptno = p_deptno


exception


22/92

22


null;

when others then


END;






exception

when others then


end;

Print the no of records exists for the passed deptno and also print the employee dtls for the

passed empno

create or replace procedure xx_dtls(p_deptno dept.deptno%type

,p_empno emp.empno%type)s

n_cnt number;



n_sal emp.sal%type;


n_loc dept.loc%type


23/92

23

BEGIN

elect count(*)

into ln_cnt

from emp

where deptno = p_deptno;

dbms_output.put_line('The no of records is '||ln_cnt);

- printing the emp details

BEGIN



from emp e,dept d

where e.empno = p_empno







exceptionwhen no_data_found then

null;

when others then


END;

exception

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('Error in the xx_dtls procedure '||substr(sqlerrm,1,250));

END;


24/92

24

Exercise: modify the written procedure by handling the exceptions in a right approach



by passing input parameter as sno and grade.



by passing input parameter as sno and result.



by passing input parameter as sno and marks. The student marks should be greater then

marks parameter value.

User defined Exception: This is a exception which is declared in the declaration section by

he user and rasie ir explicitly rasie keyword when ever we require..

Syntax: variable_name EXCEPTION.


25/92

25

Ex: create or replace procedure xx_dtls(p_deptno dept.deptno%type

,p_empno emp.empno%type)

is

ln_cnt number;

ln_empno emp.empno%type;

ln_ename emp.ename%type;


ln_dname dept.dname%type;

ln_loc dept.loc%type;

u_exp EXCEPTION;

BEGIN

select count(*)

into ln_cnt

from emp



if ln_cnt = 0 then

raise u_exp;end if;

-- printing the emp details

BEGIN



from emp e,dept d






26/92

26




exception


null;

when others then


END;

exception

when u_exp then

dbms_output.put_line('user defined exception rasied');

when others then


END;

/


27/92

27

Write a procedure to print the no of records for the passed deptno and print emp dtails for the

passes emp no. befire printing check if the flag value is Y. if it is other then Y or num or too

many rows in the table then rasie user defined exception and print a appropriate message.

Create table ckh_tble(flag char(1));

create or replace procedure xx_dtls(p_deptno dept.deptno%type

,p_empno emp.empno%type)

is

ln_cnt number;

ln_empno emp.empno%type;



ln_dname dept.dname%type;

ln_loc dept.loc%type;

u_exp EXCEPTION;

n_flag char(1);

BEGINbegin

select nvl(flag,N)

into ln_flag

from chk_tble;

exception


ln_flag := 'N' ;

when others then

ln_flag := 'N' ;

end;


28/92

28

f ln_flag = 'N' then

raise u_exp;

end if;

select count(*)

into ln_cnt

from emp



-- printing the emp details

BEGIN



from emp e,dept d






dbms_output.put_line('The dpartment name is --'||ln_dname);dbms_output.put_line('The location is --'||ln_loc);

exception


null;

when others then


END;

exception

when u_exp then

dbms_output.put_line('user defined exception rasied please check the chk_tble');


29/92

29

when others then


END;

nsert into table as valueYsuccess for printing

nsert into table as valueY,N etc multiple combinationsraise exception

nsert into table as valueNraise exception

nsert into table as valueNull value.raise exception


30/92

30

Cursors.

Cursors:

A cursor is a memory area in to which the rows of a select statement are loaded and

processed.

Records Pointer: When a cursor is created oracle creates a pointer called record pointer that

points to the current record among the set of the records in the cursor

Cursor attributes

A part from the creating a record pointer after the cursor is created oracle also creates some

variables

called cursor attributes which are used in knowing the status of the cursor like to know

whether the cursor is open,close,found,not found

1)%Open = Return the status of the cursor

2)%Found = Determines whether any records exists of that select stmt assigned to the

cursor

3)%NOT Found = Determines whether any records not exists of that select stmt assigned to

he cursor

4)%ROWCOUNT = gives the no of rows in the cursor...

---------------------------------------------------------------------


31/92

31

There are 2 types of cursors

1) Implicit cursor:

If the cursor is created by oracle then it is said to be Implicit Cursor

The Name of the Implicit cursor is always be SQL

Plsql Block to demostrate Implicit cursor....

Ex1:

Create or replace procedure p_upd_emp(p_deptno number)

s

begin

UPDATE EMP

SET sal = sal+100


IF SQL%FOUND THEN

dbms_output.put_line('Cursor found');END IF;

IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN

dbms_output.put_line('Cursor not found ');

END IF;

exception

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('Error in the p_upd_emp procedure'||sqlerrm);

End;

----------------------------------


32/92

32

plsql block to demostrate to kow how many records got deleted

or updated...


s

begin

UPDATE EMP

SET sal = sal+100


IF SQL%FOUND THEN

dbms_output.put_line('Cursor found');

END IF;



END IF;

dbms_output.put_line('no of records updated are '||sql%rowcount);

exceptionwhen others then


End;

-


s

n_cnt number;

begin

UPDATE EMP


33/92

33

SET sal = sal+100


IF SQL%FOUND THEN

dbms_output.put_line('Cursor found');

END IF;



END IF;

n_cnt:= sql%rowcount;

dbms_output.put_line('no of records updated are '||ln_cnt);

exception

when others then


End;

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2) Explicit cursor:If it is created by the programmer with the help of cursor keyword in the declaration

ections , it is called

explicit cursor...

The Name of the explicit cursor is user defined.....

Steps for creating the Explicit Cursor....

1) Declare the cursor in the declaration section via using the CURSOR Keyword...


34/92

34

Syntax: CURSOR CURSORNAME

IS Select Statement;

Ex: Cursor c_emp

is select * from emp;

When the above statement is executed then the pl/sql engine just makes a note of the cursor

name(c_emp) with its associated select statement but doesnot associate memory for the o/p

f the

elect statement.

Memory allocation is done only when the cursor is opened.

OIpen the cursor in the executable part...this is associated via the OPEN Keyword.

Syntax: Open cursor_name;

Ex: Open C_emp;

When the above select statement is executed then the pl/sql engine executes the select

tatement

associated with the cursor c_emp and then allocates memory for the output of the select

tatement.

Start the loop

Syntax :LOOP


35/92

35

Fetch the values of the current record from the cursor in to the variables which are already

declared.

SYNTAX: Fetch Cursor name into var1,var2....

Ex: Fetch c_emp into v_empno,v_ename

The Number of variables in the fetch stmt into clause must be same with the no of columns

present in the cursor.... in terms of both datatype and size.

EXIT when the cursor finds no records left to be processed in the loop

End the loop and CLOSE the Cursor

Ex: END LOOP;

EX: Close c_emp;

After close of the cursor the records in the cursor memory is released.

----------------------------------------------

EX: Print the empname,sal,comm,job,dname,locations for those whose

salary is greater then the min sal of the deptno 20;

Create or replace procedure xx_emp_dtls(p_deptno number)

s

cursor c_emp is

elect e.ename

,e.sal

-- ,nvl(e.comm,0) comm

-- ,e.job

-- ,d.dname


36/92

36

,d.loc

from emp e

,dept d

where d.deptno(+) = e.deptno

and sal >(select min(sal) from emp where deptno = p_deptno);

v_ename emp.ename%type;

v_sal number;

v_loc dept.loc%type;

begin

open c_emp;

LOOP

FETCH c_emp into v_ename,v_sal,v_loc;

EXIT WHEN c_emp%notfound;

dbms_output.put_line('ename'||v_ename);

dbms_output.put_line('salary'||v_sal);

dbms_output.put_line('location'||v_loc);

END LOOP;

-

close c_emp;END xx_emp_dtls;

EX: Print the empname,sal, locations by passing the deptno as parameter.

If no records found for the given deptno value then print invalid deptno and if

deptno is valid then print the emp details and if the deptno is passed as null then print

he data for all the deptno satisfying the query.


37/92

37

Create or replace procedure xx_emp_dtls(p_deptno number)

s

cursor c_emp is

elect e.ename

,e.sal

,d.loc

from emp e

,dept d

where d.deptno(+) = e.deptno

and e.deptno = nvl(p_deptno,e.deptno);

v_ename emp.ename%type;

v_sal number;

v_loc dept.loc%type;


begin

-

open c_emp;

LOOP

FETCH c_emp into v_ename,v_sal,v_loc;EXIT WHEN c_emp%notfound;

ln_flag:= 'Y';

dbms_output.put_line('emp detials are '||v_ename||'----'||v_sal||'----'||v_loc);

END LOOP;

-


dbms_output.put_line('Invalid deptno passed '||p_deptno);

end if;

close c_emp;

END xx_emp_dtls;


38/92

38

2) write a plsql procedure to increase the salary of the employee of the emp

able by 10% if job is manager

6% if job is clerk

5% is job is salesman

2% is any other.

Pass deptno and empno as parameters and do the updation for all the records if the

deptno and empno is passed as null and for the passed combination of deptno,empno

values if there are no records in the query then print the message no data exists for the

passed input values

Create or replace procedure xx_upate_sal(p_deptno number,p_empno number)

s

cursor c_emp is

elect ename,job,empno,sal

from emp

where deptno = nvl(p_deptno,deptno)

and empno = nvl(p_empno,empno);

v_ename emp.ename%type;v_job emp.job%type;

v_empno emp.empno%type;

v_sal emp.sal%type;


begin

open c_emp;

LOOP

FETCH c_emp into v_ename,v_job,v_empno,v_sal;


ln_flag:= 'Y';


39/92

39

dbms_output.put_line('old sal '||v_sal||' for empno '||v_empno);

IF upper(v_job) = 'MANAGER' THEN

UPDATE emp

set sal = sal + (sal * 10/100)

where empno = v_empno;

ELSIF upper(v_job) = 'CLERK' THEN

UPDATE emp



ELSIF upper(v_job) = 'SALESMAN' THEN

UPDATE emp



ELSE

UPDATE emp



END IF;

END LOOP;close c_emp;

COMMIT;


dbms_output.put_line('Invalid input parameters');

end if;

END;

How to declare the cursor variable....


40/92

40

%ROWTYPE:

t is used to assign the cursor records structure to a variable. Instead of fetching the values in

o independent local variable we can dump them in to one local variable by declaring the

variable with the data type as cursor%rowtype.

--

Execises:

write a plsql procedure to increase the salary of the employee of the emp


6% if job is clerk


2% is any other.

Pass deptno and empno as parameters and do the updation for all the records if the

deptno and empno is passed as null and for the passed combination of deptno,empno

values if there are no records in the query then print the message no data exists for the

passed input values.

Print the old salary and as well new updated salary laong with the employee name and

ob.

Also include no of records getting printed.

EX:

create or replace procedure xx_rk_sal(p_deptno number,p_empno number)

s

cursor c_emp is


from emp

where deptno =nvl(p_deptno,deptno)

and empno =nvl(p_empno,empno);

ln_flag char(1):='N';


41/92

41

v_cnt number:=0;

v_newsal number;

r_emp c_emp%rowtype;

begin

open c_emp;

LOOP

FETCH c_emp into r_emp;


ln_flag:='y';

F upper(r_emp.job)='MANAGER'THEN

UPDATE emp

SET sal=sal+(sal*10/100)

WHERE empno = r_emp.empno;

v_newsal:=r_emp.sal+(r_emp.sal*10/100);

ELSIF upper(r_emp.job)='CLERK'THEN

UPDATE emp

et sal= sal+(sal*6/100)

where empno = r_emp.empno;

v_newsal:=r_emp.sal+(r_emp.sal*6/100);ELSIF upper(r_emp.job)='SALESMAN' THEN

UPDATE emp




ELSE

UPDATE emp

et sal=sal+(sal*2/100)




42/92

42

end if;

v_cnt:=v_cnt+sql%rowcount;

dbms_output.put_line('old sal was '||r_emp.sal||'for empno is '||r_emp.empno||'and new salary

s'||v_newsal);

end loop;

close c_emp;

commit;

dbms_output.put_line('No of rows updated = '||v_cnt);

F ln_flag ='N' then

dbms_output.put_line('invalid input parameters');

end if;

END;

write a plsql procedure to display all student marks,grade,name,sex,age

details by passing sno as paramter.

f the passed sno is invalid

print the message as Invalid sno passed,if sno is passed as null print all the detials

-write a plsql procedure to display all transaction details by passing acctno as paramter.

f the passed acctno is invalid or

f there are no tansactions for the passed acctno then

print the message as Invalid acctno or no transactions for the [passed

account no...


43/92


44/92

44

Exercise:


s

cursor c_emp is


from emp

where deptno =nvl(p_deptno,deptno)

and empno =nvl(p_empno,empno);


v_cnt number:=0;

v_newsal number;

r_emp c_emp%rowtype;

begin

FOR r_emp in c_emp

LOOP

n_flag:='Y';


UPDATE emp





UPDATE emp


45/92

45




ELSIF upper(r_emp.job)='SALESMAN' THEN

UPDATE emp




ELSE

UPDATE emp




end if;


dbms_output.put_line('old sal was '||r_emp.sal||'for empno is '||r_emp.empno||'and new salary

s'||v_newsal);

END LOOP;

commit;


F ln_flag ='N' then


end if;

END;

----------------------------------------


46/92

46

Write a plsql proceudre to increase the salary of the employee of the emp


6% if job is clerk


2% is any other

f no of records updated is more then that means

he data will repeatedly updated which is wrong...

whenever this happens donot do any updation just rollback everything...


s


v_cnt number:=0;

v_newsal number;

u_exp exception;

begin

FOR r_emp in (select ename,job,empno,sal,deptno

from emp

where deptno =nvl(p_deptno,deptno)and empno =nvl(p_empno,empno))

LOOP

n_flag:='Y';


UPDATE emp





UPDATE emp


47/92

47


where deptno = r_emp.deptno;


ELSIF upper(r_emp.job)='SALESMAN' THEN

UPDATE emp




ELSE

UPDATE emp




end if;

f sql%rowcount > 1 then

raise u_exp;

end if;


dbms_output.put_line('old sal was '||r_emp.sal||'for empno is '||r_emp.empno||'and new salarys'||v_newsal);

END LOOP;

commit;


F ln_flag ='N' then


end if;

exception

when u_exp then

rollback;


48/92

48

dbms_output.put_line('no of records updation is greater then 1, please contact IT suppprt

eam');

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('Error in the main procedure '||sqlerrm);

END;

write a plsql procedure to increase the salary of the employee of the emp

able by 10% passing the salgrade as the parameter.Print the emp names ,empno, old

alary and new salary and no of records being updated.if the passed salgrade is invalid

print the appropriate message.

f the value of parameter is null then update all the records

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Parameterized cursors

Ex: print the dept name and the employees for those deptnames

create or replace procedure xx_dtls(p_deptno number)

s

cursor c_dept is select * from dept where deptno = nvl(p_deptno,deptno);

cursor c_emp(v_deptno number)

s select * from emp where deptno = v_deptno;

begin

for r_dept in c_dept

loop

dbms_output.put_line('----------------------');

dbms_output.put_line(r_dept.dname);


49/92

49

for r_emp in c_emp(r_dept.deptno)

loop

dbms_output.put_line(r_emp.ename);

end loop;

end loop;

exception

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('Error ins the xx_dtls procedure');

END;

exception

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('Error ins the xx_dtls procedure');

END;

---

Print the deptno details and then print the emp details for each deptno and no of

employees working in that deptno.If no employees working for them then print it as no

employees exists for that deptno.

Take the deptno as parameter and if the value is passed as null then pick all deptno

nformation and if the value passed is invalid then print as invalid deptno passed

Print the subtotal salary for each deptno

Print the total salary for all the deptnos

o/p :


50/92

50

----------------------Start of the report-----------------------------------------------

The Deptno is 10

The Department Name is Accounting

The Location is Newyork

The ename is rakesh patel

The empno is 1234

The salary is 1000

------

The ename is ankul

The empno is 123

The salary is 1000

The total salary for deptno 10 is 2000

The total no of employees working in the deptno 10 is 2

The total salary for all deptnos is 10000

-------------------------End of the Report -------------------------------------------------

Output :


51/92

51

create or replace procedure dept_dtls(p_deptno number)

s

cursor c_dept

is select *

from dept_ank

where deptno = nvl(p_deptno,deptno);

cursor c_emp(v_deptno number) /*Parameterised Cursor*/

s select *

from emp_ank

where deptno = v_deptno;

*Variables*/

dept_tot_sal number:=0;

emp_cnt number:=0;

ot_sal number:=0;

v_flag number:=0;

*Execution Section*/

begin

dbms_output.put_line('----------------------Start of the report-------------------------');for r_dept in c_dept

loop

v_flag:=1;

dept_tot_sal:=0;

emp_cnt:=0;

dbms_output.put_line('Department No is: '||r_dept.deptno);

dbms_output.put_line('Department Name is: '||r_dept.dname);

dbms_output.put_line('Department Location is: '||r_dept.loc);

dbms_output.put_line('------------------------------------');



52/92

52

loop

dbms_output.put_line('Employee Number: '||r_emp.empno);

dbms_output.put_line('Employee Name: '||r_emp.ename);

dbms_output.put_line('Salary: '||r_emp.sal);

dbms_output.put_line('---------------------------------');

dept_tot_sal:=dept_tot_sal+r_emp.sal;

emp_cnt:=emp_cnt+1;

end loop;

if emp_cnt=0 then

dbms_output.put_line('No employee working for department no' ||r_dept.deptno);

else

dbms_output.put_line('The total no of employees working in deptno'||r_dept.deptno|| ' is '

emp_cnt);

dbms_output.put_line('The total salary for deptno'||r_dept.deptno|| ' is ' ||dept_tot_sal);

end if;

dbms_output.put_line('*****************************************************');

ot_sal:=tot_sal+dept_tot_sal;

end loop;

f v_flag=0 thendbms_output.put_line('Invalid department number. Please enter the valid department

number.');

else

dbms_output.put_line('The total salary of all the departments is ' ||tot_sal);

end if;

dbms_output.put_line('--------------------------End of the Report------------------------');

exception

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('Error ins the dept_dtls procedure'||sqlerrm);

END;


53/92

53

Using a loop in a loop,.

You can use either parameterized cursors or we can use below way as well

create or replace procedure dept_dtls(p_deptno number)

s

*Variables*/


emp_cnt number:=0;

ot_sal number:=0;

v_flag number:=0;


begin

dbms_output.put_line('----------------------Start of the report-------------------------');

for r_dept in (select *

from dept_ank

where deptno = nvl(p_deptno,deptno))

loopv_flag:=1;

dept_tot_sal:=0;

emp_cnt:=0;

dbms_output.put_line('Department No is: '||r_dept.deptno);

dbms_output.put_line('Department Name is: '||r_dept.dname);

dbms_output.put_line('Department Location is: '||r_dept.loc);

dbms_output.put_line('------------------------------------');

for r_emp in (select *

from emp_ank

where deptno = r_dept.deptno)


54/92

54

loop

dbms_output.put_line('Employee Number: '||r_emp.empno);

dbms_output.put_line('Employee Name: '||r_emp.ename);

dbms_output.put_line('Salary: '||r_emp.sal);

dbms_output.put_line('---------------------------------');


emp_cnt:=emp_cnt+1;

end loop;

if emp_cnt=0 then

dbms_output.put_line('No employee working for department no' ||r_dept.deptno);

else

dbms_output.put_line('The total no of employees working in deptno'||r_dept.deptno|| ' is '

emp_cnt);

dbms_output.put_line('The total salary for deptno'||r_dept.deptno|| ' is ' ||dept_tot_sal);

end if;

dbms_output.put_line('*****************************************************');


end loop;

f v_flag=0 thendbms_output.put_line('Invalid department number. Please enter the valid department

number.');

else

dbms_output.put_line('The total salary of all the departments is ' ||tot_sal);

end if;

dbms_output.put_line('--------------------------End of the Report------------------------');

exception

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('Error ins the dept_dtls procedure'||sqlerrm);

END;


55/92

55

--

Ex:

----------------------------

2)Print the account details and print the transaction details for each accno and no of

ransactions takes palce for each accno. Pass the accno as parameter and if the accno

parameter value is passed as null then print for all accnos else if it is passed and if

hat accno is invalid then print the appro[riate message as invalid parameter value.

Different modes of parameters:

N : The default parameter is IN. the value should be passed in to procedure mandatory.

OUT: Need to pass some variable where using out mode we can fetch the value from the

procedure

NOUT: Pass the input values and assign some other value in the procedure and print it

outside the procedure by fetching it in to variable.

create or replace procedure p_dept_dtls(p_deptno number,p_count out number)s

cursor c_emp

s

elect *

from emp

where deptno=nvl(p_deptno,deptno);


n_cnt number:= 0;

begin

for r_emp in c_emp


56/92

56

loop

ln_flag := 'Y';

ln_cnt := ln_cnt+1;

dbms_output.put_line('ename is '||r_emp.ename);

end loop;


dbms_output.put_line('No data exists for the deptno');

end if;

p_count :=ln_cnt;

exception

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('error in the procedure '||sqlerrm);

end;

declare

n_count number:=0;

beginp_dept_dtls(20,ln_count);

dbms_output.put_line('the count is '||ln_count);

end;

create or replace procedure p_emp_out(p_empno number

,p_ename out varchar2

,p_sal out number)

s

BEGIN

BEGIN


57/92

57

select ename,sal

into p_ename,p_sal

from emp

where empno = p_empno;

EXCEPTION


p_ename := null;

p_sal := null;

WHEN OTHERS THEN

dbms_output.put_line('Error in the select statement'||SQLERRM);

END;

EXCEPTION

WHEN OTHERS THEN

dbms_output.put_line('Error in the main proceudre'||SQLERRM);

END p_emp_out;

declare



begin

p_emp_out(7369,ln_ename,ln_sal);

dbms_output.put_line('Ename is -->'||ln_ename);

dbms_output.put_line('Salary is -->'||ln_sal);

end;


58/92

58

nout example

--------------------------

create or replace procedure p_emp_out(p_empno in out number

,p_ename out varchar2

,p_sal out number)

s

BEGIN

BEGIN

select ename,sal

into p_ename,p_sal

from emp


p_empno := 9999;

EXCEPTION


p_empno := 0000;

p_ename := null;

p_sal := null;WHEN OTHERS THEN

dbms_output.put_line('Error in the select statement'||SQLERRM);

END;

EXCEPTION

WHEN OTHERS THEN

dbms_output.put_line('Error in the main proceudre'||SQLERRM);

END p_emp_out;

declare



59/92

59


ln_empno number := 7369;

begin

p_emp_out(ln_empno,ln_ename,ln_sal);

dbms_output.put_line('Ename is -->'||ln_ename);

dbms_output.put_line('Salary is -->'||ln_sal);

dbms_output.put_line('empno -->'||ln_empno);

end;

Procedures or functions:

t is a collection of sql and plsql blocks of codes used to prevent the representation of coding

by making it occur only one time.

Procedures or functions are stored n the database.

When a call to procedure or functions is made in the database server it loads the current

procedures or functions in to the memory which respond to many requests of the same

equirements.

SYNTAX: CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE

PROCEDURE_NAME(PARAMETERS)

IS

--DECLARE ANY VARIBES,CURSORS ETC.

BEGIN

--ANY ACTION TO BE DONE IN EXECUTABLE SECTION.EXCEPTION SECTION

END PROCEDURE NAME;


60/92

60

SYNTAX: CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION FUNCTION_NAME(PARAMETERS)

RETURN DATATYPE

IS

--DECLARE ANY VARIBES,CUSRSORS ETC.

BEGIN

--ANY ACTION TO BE DONE IN EXECUTABLE SECTION.

RETURN VALUE;

EXCEPTION SECTION

END FUCNTION_NAME;

Ex: write a function to accept dept no as parameter and return the department name.

Create or replace function xx_dept_1(p_deptno number)

Return varchar2

Is

--declaration variables


Begin

Select dname

Into ln_dnameFrom dept

Where deptno = p_deptno;

Return ln_dname;

Exception

When no_data_found then

Return null;

Dbms_output.put_line(No data found);

When others then

Return null;

Dbms_output.put_line(Error in the xx_dept function||sqlerrm);


61/92

61

End xx_dept_1;

Execution of a functions:

Method1: select xx_dept_1(10) from dual;

Method2: declare

Ln_val varchar2(100);

Begin

Ln_val := xx_dept_1(0);

Dbms_output.put_line(ln_val);

End;

9652203300

1) Write a function to print grade of the employee by passing empno.2) Write a function to print the ename of the employee by passing empno.3) Write a function to print the student grade by passing std no.4)

Write a function to print the sum of salaries for the passed deptno parameter.

5) Write as function to print the salary by deducting 7.65% from that salary by passingemp no.

6) Write a function to print the 3 highest paid employee name no parameters to bepassed.

7) Write a function to print the total deposited amount from the trx_table by passingaccno.

Packages:

They are nothing but clubbing of functions, procedures as one unit.

t consists of 2 parts:


62/92

62

1) Package Specification:

In this section we declare the functions, procedures etc.

2) Package Body:

We write the procedure, functions body which is declared in the package specification.

Note: when the procedure or functions are declared in the package specification, their body

must be written in the package body.

Syntax:

Create or replace package Package_name

Is

Begin

Procedure p1(parameters);

Function f1(parameters) return number;

Procedure p2(parameters);

End;

Create or replace package body package_nameIs

Procedure p1(parameters)

Is

Begin

-----action;

End p1;

--

Procedure p2(parameters)

Is

Begin


63/92

63

-----action;

End p2;

fucntion f1(parameters)

Is

Begin

-----action;

End f1;

End package_name;

----------------------------------------------------

EX1:

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE XX_EMP_PKG

IS

PROCEDURE P_EMP_DTLS(P_DEPTNO NUMBER);

FUNCTION F_SALGRADE(P_EMPNO NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2;

PROCEDURE P_OUTPUT(P_STRING VARCHAR2);

END XX_EMP_PKG;

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY XX_EMP_PKG

S

FUNCTION F_SALGRADE(P_EMPNO NUMBER)

RETURN VARCHAR2

s

v_grade salgrade_ank.grade%type;

begin

select grade

into v_grade


64/92

64

from salgrade_ank sg, emp_ank e


and e.sal between sg.lowsal and sg.highsal;

return v_grade;

exception


return null;

P_OUTPUT ('No data found');

when others then

return null;

P_OUTPUT ('Error in the F_SALGRADE function'||sqlerrm);

end F_SALGRADE;

-

PROCEDURE P_EMP_DTLS(P_DEPTNO NUMBER)

S

cursor c_dept is select * from dept_ank where deptno = nvl(p_deptno,deptno);


s select * from emp_ank where deptno = v_deptno;

*Variables*/


emp_cnt number:=0;

ot_sal number:=0;

v_flag number:=0;


begin


65/92

65

P_OUTPUT ('----------------------Start of the report-------------------------');



loop

v_flag:=1;

dept_tot_sal:=0;

emp_cnt:=0;

P_OUTPUT ('Department No is: '||r_dept.deptno);

P_OUTPUT ('Department Name is: '||r_dept.dname);

P_OUTPUT ('Department Location is: '||r_dept.loc);

P_OUTPUT ('------------------------------------');


loop

P_OUTPUT ('Employee Number: '||r_emp.empno);

P_OUTPUT ('Employee Name: '||r_emp.ename);

P_OUTPUT ('Salary: '||r_emp.sal);

P_OUTPUT ('------');dept_tot_sal:=dept_tot_sal+r_emp.sal;

emp_cnt:=emp_cnt+1;

end loop;

if emp_cnt=0 then

P_OUTPUT ('No employee working for department no' ||r_dept.deptno);

else

P_OUTPUT ('The total no of employees working in deptno'||r_dept.deptno|| ' is ' ||emp_cnt);

end if;

P_OUTPUT ('The total salary for deptno'||r_dept.deptno|| ' is ' ||dept_tot_sal);

P_OUTPUT ('*****************************************************');


66/92

66


end loop;

f v_flag=0 then

P_OUTPUT ('Invalid department number. Please enter the valid department number.');

end if;

f v_flag=1 and p_deptno is null then

P_OUTPUT ('The total salary of all the departments is ' ||tot_sal);

end if;

P_OUTPUT('--------------------------End of the Report------------------------');

exception

when others then

P_OUTPUT('Error in the P_EMP_DTLS procedure'||SQLERRM);END P_EMP_DTLS;

-

PROCEDURE P_OUTPUT(P_STRING VARCHAR2)

IS

BEGIN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(P_STRING);

EXCEPTION

WHEN OTHERS THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ERROR IN THE P_OUTPUT

PROCEDURE||SQLERRM);


67/92

67

END P_OUTPUT;

---

END XX_EMP_PKG;

---------------------------------------------------

EX2: MAKING P_OUTPUT PROCEDURE AS PRVATE PROCEDURE..

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE XX_EMP_PKG

IS

PROCEDURE P_EMP_DTLS(P_DEPTNO NUMBER);

FUNCTION F_SALGRADE(P_EMPNO NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2;

END XX_EMP_PKG;

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY XX_EMP_PKG

S

-

PROCEDURE P_OUTPUT(P_STRING VARCHAR2)IS

BEGIN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(P_STRING);

EXCEPTION

WHEN OTHERS THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ERROR IN THE P_OUTPUT

PROCEDURE||SQLERRM);

END P_OUTPUT;

---


68/92

68

FUNCTION F_SALGRADE(P_EMPNO NUMBER)

RETURN VARCHAR2

s


begin

select grade

into v_grade




return v_grade;

exception


return null;


when others then

return null;P_OUTPUT ('Error in the F_SALGRADE function'||sqlerrm);

end F_SALGRADE;

-


S




*Variables*/


69/92

69


emp_cnt number:=0;

ot_sal number:=0;

v_flag number:=0;


begin




loop

v_flag:=1;

dept_tot_sal:=0;

emp_cnt:=0;



P_OUTPUT ('Department Location is: '||r_dept.loc);P_OUTPUT ('------------------------------------');


loop




P_OUTPUT ('------');


emp_cnt:=emp_cnt+1;


70/92

70

end loop;

if emp_cnt=0 then


else


end if;


P_OUTPUT ('*****************************************************');


end loop;

f v_flag=0 then


end if;

f v_flag=1 and p_deptno is null then

P_OUTPUT ('The total salary of all the departments is ' ||tot_sal);end if;


exception

when others then

P_OUTPUT('Error in the P_EMP_DTLS procedure'||SQLERRM);

END P_EMP_DTLS;

-


71/92


72/92

72

select ename,sal

into p_ename,p_sal

from emp


EXCEPTION


p_ename := null;

p_sal := null;

WHEN OTHERS THEN

P_OUTPUT('Error in the select statement'||SQLERRM);

END;

EXCEPTION

WHEN OTHERS THEN

P_OUTPUT('Error in the main proceudre'||SQLERRM);

END p_emp_out;

--

FUNCTION F_SALGRADE(P_EMPNO NUMBER)RETURN VARCHAR2

s


begin

select grade

into v_grade





73/92

73

return v_grade;

exception


return null;


when others then

return null;

P_OUTPUT ('Error in the F_SALGRADE function'||sqlerrm);

end F_SALGRADE;

-


S




*Variables*/

dept_tot_sal number:=0;emp_cnt number:=0;

ot_sal number:=0;

v_flag number:=0;

LN_GRADE VARCHAR2(1);

LN_ENAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE;

LN_SAL EMP.SAL%TYPE;


begin


74/92

74




loop

v_flag:=1;

dept_tot_sal:=0;

emp_cnt:=0;



P_OUTPUT ('Department Location is: '||r_dept.loc);

P_OUTPUT ('------------------------------------');


loop

--CALLING THE FUNCTION INORDER TO FETCH THE SALGRADE OF A

EMPLOYEE

LN_GRADE := F_SALGRADE(r_emp.empno);

--CALLING THE PROCEDURE TO FETCH DETIALS.p_emp_out(r_emp.empno,LN_ENAME,LN_SAL);

P_OUTPUT ('TEST PROVATE PROC Employee NAME: '|| LN_ENAME);

P_OUTPUT ('TEST PROVATE PROC SAL: '|| LN_SAL);




P_OUTPUT (SALGRADE IS : '|| LN_GRADE);

P_OUTPUT ('------');


emp_cnt:=emp_cnt+1;


75/92

75

LN_GRADE := NULL;

end loop;

if emp_cnt=0 then


else


end if;


P_OUTPUT ('*****************************************************');


end loop;

f v_flag=0 then


end if;

f v_flag=1 and p_deptno is null thenP_OUTPUT ('The total salary of all the departments is ' ||tot_sal);

end if;


exception

when others then

P_OUTPUT('Error in the P_EMP_DTLS procedure'||SQLERRM);

END P_EMP_DTLS;

-

END XX_EMP_PKG;


76/92


77/92


78/92

78

collections can have only one dimension, you can model multi-dimensional arrays by

creating collections whose elements are also collections.

*To use collections in an application, you define one or more PL/SQL types, then define

variables of those types. You can define collection types in a procedure, function, or

package. You can pass collection variables as parameters, to move data between client-side

applications and stored subprograms.

To look up data that is more complex than single values, you can store PL/SQL records or

SQL object types in collections. Nested tables and varrays can also be attributes of object

ypes.

*(REFERENCE FROMhttp://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01) USED IN THIS ANSWER

BY RAKESH PATEL.)

PL/SQL offers these collection types:

Index-by tables, also known as associative arrays, let you look up elementsusing arbitrary numbers and strings for subscript values. (They are similar

to hash tables in other programming languages.)

Nested tables hold an arbitrary number of elements. They use sequentialnumbers as subscripts. You can define equivalent SQL types, allowing nested

tables to be stored in database tables and manipulated through SQL.

Varrays (short for variable-size arrays) hold a fixed number of elements(although you can change the number of elements at runtime). They use

sequential numbers as subscripts. You can define equivalent SQL types,

allowing varrays to be stored in database tables. They can be stored and

retrieved through SQL, but with less flexibility than nested tables.
http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01


79/92

79

Collection attribute:

Table_type.first

Table_type.last

Table_type.count

Table_type.delete

3) what is difference between record type and table type.

Record Type: This is a user defined data type that groups a bunch of fields togetherinto a single structure. In C the reserved word struct is used to define this.

EX: type t_rec is record(empno emp.empno%type

,dname dept.dname%type

,ename emp.ename%type;

,loc dept.loc%type

,message varchar2(1000));

Table type: is better and more accurately known as a collection or an array. an arrayis typically a list of records ("standard variables"). A collection is typically a list of

objects ("object variables/pointers")

Ex:

ype t1 is table of emp.empno%type index by binary_integer;

ype t1 is table of VARCHAR2(100) index by binary_integer;

ype t1 is table of emp%rowtype index by binary_integer;

ype t1 is table of cursor%rowtype index by binary_integer;


80/92

80

4) what is bulk binding?

bulk binds" was added to PL/SQL back in Oracle 8i. Bulk binds enable a PL/SQL program

o fetch many rows from a cursor in one call instead of fetching one row at a time. Bulk

binds also allow many similar DML statements to be executed with one call instead of

equiring a separate call for each. For certain types of PL/SQL programs, using bulk binds

will reduce CPU usage and make the code run faster.

A context switch occurs every time the PL/SQL engine calls the SQL engine to parse,

execute, or fetch from a cursor. Since context switches use CPU time, reducing the number

of context switches will reduce the amount of CPU time used. In addition, the SQL engine

can often reduce the number of logical reads required when multiple rows are fetched in one

call. Reducing logical reads also saves CPU time.

Using bulk binding we can reduce the context switched between sql and plsql engines

*(REFERENCE FROMhttp://www.dbspecialists.com/files/presentations/bulk_binds.html

USED IN THIS ANSWER BY RAKESH PATEL.)

5) Difference between bulk collect and forall

Using bulk collect we can fetch the records at once from the sql engine.

Bulk Collect is for quickly loading a cursor generally into a table type variable within a

procedure.
http://www.dbspecialists.com/files/presentations/bulk_binds.htmlhttp://www.dbspecialists.com/files/presentations/bulk_binds.htmlhttp://www.dbspecialists.com/files/presentations/bulk_binds.htmlhttp://www.dbspecialists.com/files/presentations/bulk_binds.html


81/92

81

ex. Fetch curs BULK_COLLECT into table_var LIMIT 200;

FORALL is for processing the table variable once it is loaded. FORALL is much faster than

ooping through a table index.

ex.

FORALL j in t_tbl.first..t_tbl.last

nsert into some_table

values t_tbl(j);

This is much faster than:

For j in t_tbl.first..t_tbl.last loop

nsert into some_table

values t_tbl(j);

end loop;

NOTE: FORALL statement is limited to performing one and only one DML statement.

*(REFERENCE FROMhttp://dba-blog.blogspot.com/2005/08/using-of-bulk-collect-and-

forall-for.htmlUSED IN THIS ANSWER BY RAKESH PATEL.)
http://www.dbapool.com/forumthread/topic_24227.htmlhttp://dba-blog.blogspot.com/2005/08/using-of-bulk-collect-and-forall-for.htmlhttp://dba-blog.blogspot.com/2005/08/using-of-bulk-collect-and-forall-for.htmlhttp://dba-blog.blogspot.com/2005/08/using-of-bulk-collect-and-forall-for.htmlhttp://dba-blog.blogspot.com/2005/08/using-of-bulk-collect-and-forall-for.htmlhttp://dba-blog.blogspot.com/2005/08/using-of-bulk-collect-and-forall-for.htmlhttp://www.dbapool.com/forumthread/topic_24227.html


82/92

82

Ex:


s

cursor c_emp

is select empno,ename,sal

from emp


ype t_emp is table of c_emp%rowtype index by binary_integer;

r_emp t_emp;

begin

open c_emp;

fetch c_emp bulk collect into r_emp;

close c_emp;

for i in 1..r_emp.count

loop

dbms_output.put_line('ename'||r_emp(i).ename);

for r_dept in (select dname from dept where deptno = r_emp(i).deptno)

loop

dbms_output.put_line('dname is '||r_dept.dname);

end loop;

end loop;

exception

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('Error in the main procedure'||sqlerrm);

End xx_emp_dtls;


83/92


84/92

84

end loop;

r_emp.delete;

end loop;

exception

when others then


End xx_emp_dtls;


s

cursor c_dept

s select deptno,dname,loc

from dept


cursor c_emp(v_deptno number)

is select empno,ename,salfrom emp


ype t_dept is table of c_dept%rowtype index by binary_integer;

r_dept t_dept;

ype t_emp is table of c_emp%rowtype index by binary_integer;

r_emp t_emp;

begin

open c_dept;

fetch c_dept bulk collect into r_dept;

close c_dept;


85/92


86/92

86


type t_dept is table of c_dept%rowtype index by binary_integer;

r_dept t_dept;

type t_emp is table of c_emp%rowtype index by binary_integer;

r_emp t_emp;

begin

open c_dept;

fetch c_dept bulk collect into r_dept;

close c_dept;

for i in 1..r_dept.count

loop

dbms_output.put_line('dname is '||r_dept(i).dname);

open c_emp(r_dept(i).deptno);

fetch c_emp bulk collect into r_emp;

close c_emp;

for j in 1.. r_emp.count

loop

dbms_output.put_line('ename'||r_emp(j).ename);

end loop;r_emp.delete;

end loop;

FORALL i in 1..r_dept.count

-- insert into xx_dept_test values r_dept(i);

insert into (select deptno,dname,loc

from x_dept_test1) values r_dept(i);

exception

when others then


End xx_emp_dtls;


87/92


88/92

88

1 t1;

ype t_ref is REF CURSOR;

_ref t_ref;

begin

IF p_flag = 'Y' then

OPEN r_ref for select empno,ename,sal,nvl(comm,100),dname

from emp e,dept d

where e.deptno = d.deptno

and sal 5000;

END IF;

FETCH r_ref bulk collect into r1;

close r_ref;

FOR I in 1..r1.count

LOOPDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Ename -->'||r1(i).ename);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('salary -->'||r1(i).sal);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('dname -->'||r1(i).dname);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('comm -->'||r1(i).comm);

END LOOP;

exception

when others then

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error ocured in procedure'||SQLERRM);

END ;


89/92

89

7) What is execute immediate?

The EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement executes a dynamic SQL statement or anonymous

PL/SQL block. You can use it to issue SQL statements that cannot be represented directly in

PL/SQL, or to build up statements where you do not know all the table names, WHERE

clauses, and so on in advance.

CREATE OR REPLACE procedure emp_dtls_dynamic(p_flag IN varchar2)

s

ype t_rec is RECORD (empno emp.empno%type

,ename emp.ename%type

,sal emp.sal%type

,comm emp.comm%type

,dname dept.dname%type);

ype t1 is table of t_rec index by binary_integer;

1 t1;

ype t_ref is REF CURSOR;

_ref t_ref;

n_flag char(1):='N';begin

IF p_flag = 'Y' then

OPEN r_ref for select empno,ename,sal,nvl(comm,100),dname

from emp e,dept d

where e.deptno = d.deptno

and sal


90/92

90

and sal > 2000;

END IF;

FETCH r_ref bulk collect into r1;

close r_ref;


LOOP

ln_flag := 'Y';

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Ename -->'||r1(i).ename);




END LOOP;

if ln_flag = 'Y' then

execute immediate 'truncate table emp_backup1';

else

dbms_output.put_line('No data found');

end if;

FORALL i in 1..r1.count

insert into emp_backup1 values r1(i);commit;

exception

when others then

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error ocured in procedure'||SQLERRM);

END ;


91/92


92/92

execute immediate v_sql bulk collect into r1 using p_deptno ;


LOOP

ln_flag := 'Y';

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Ename -->'||r1(i).ename);




END LOOP;

if ln_flag = 'Y' then

execute immediate 'truncate table emp_backup1';

else

dbms_output.put_line('No data found');

end if;

FORALL i in 1..r1.count

insert into emp_backup1 values r1(i);

commit;

exception

when others thenDBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error ocured in procedure'||SQLERRM);

END ;

*(REFERENCE FROMhttp://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500 01) USED IN THIS ANSWER
http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10500_01