ii

DAFTAR ISI

PENDAHULUAN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i

DAFTAR ISI -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii

DAFTAR TABEL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x

DAFTAR GAMBAR ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- xi

MODUL 1

Kelainan Pada Bibir ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1. Pendahuluan ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1

2. Relevansi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

3. Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1

4. Kegiatan Belajar -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

4.1. Kelainan Cacat Bawaan ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1

4.1.1. Sumbing Bibir --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

4.1.2. Cheilognathoschisis -------------------------------------------------------------- 2

4.1.3. Sumbing Palatum ----------------------------------------------------------------- 2

4.1.4. Cheilognathopalatoschisis ------------------------------------------------------ 2

4.1.5. Obique Facial Cleft -------------------------------------------------------------- 3

4.1.6. Transverse Facial Cleft ---------------------------------------------------------- 3

4.2. Radang ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

4.2.1. Cheilitis Vesikularis -------------------------------------------------------------- 3

4.2.2. Cheilosis --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

4.2.3. Radang Kronis Tidak Spesifik -------------------------------------------------- 3

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4.2.4. Radang Kronis Spesifik ---------------------------------------------------------- 4

4.3. Tumor -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

4.3.1. Tumor Jinak ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

4.3.2. Pseudo Tumor --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

4.3.2.1. Keratoacanthoma ------------------------------------------------------- 6

4.3.2.2. Granuloma Pyogenicum ----------------------------------------------- 6

4.3.2.3. Verruform Xanthoma --------------------------------------------------- 7

4.3.3. Tumor Ganas ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

4.3.3.1. Pendahuluan ------------------------------------------------------------- 8

4.3.3.2. Definisi ------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

4.3.3.3. Etiologi ------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

4.3.3.4. Gambaran Klinis -------------------------------------------------------- 11

4.3.3.5. Gambaran Histopatologis ---------------------------------------------- 12

4.3.3.6. Lokasi dan Insidensi ---------------------------------------------------- 12

4.3.3.7. Metastasis ---------------------------------------------------------------- 13

4.3.3.8. Diagnosis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14

4.3.3.9. Diferensial Diagnosa --------------------------------------------------- 15

4.3.3.10. Stadium ------------------------------------------------------------------ 15

4.3.3.11. Prognosa ---------------------------------------------------------------- 16

4.3.3.12. Terapi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

5. Rangkuman ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

6. Daftar Pustaka ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20

iv

MODUL 2

Kelainan Pada Mukosa Mulut ------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

1. Pendahuluan ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21

2. Relevansi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

3. Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus ----------------------------------------------------------------- 21

4. Kegiatan Belajar -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

4.1. Radang ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

4.1.1. Ginggivo-Stomatitis Herpetika Acuta ----------------------------------------- 22

4.1.2. Stomatitis Acuta Fibronosa ----------------------------------------------------- 23

4.1.3. Ginggivitis Ulcerative Nekroticans -------------------------------------------- 23

4.1.4. Angina Ludwig -------------------------------------------------------------------- 23

4.1.5. Stomatitis Acuta Catarrhalis----------------------------------------------------- 23

4.1.6. Stomatitis Nicotina --------------------------------------------------------------- 23

4.1.7. Stomatitis Aphtosa ---------------------------------------------------------------- 24

4.2. Pigmentasi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

4.2.1. Tatto Amalgam -------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

4.2.2. Argyria ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

4.2.3. Plumbism --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

4.2.4. Melanosis -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

4.3. Tumor Jinak ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

4.3.1. Papiloma --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

4.3.2. Fibroma ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29

4.3.3. Lipoma ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

4.3.4. Hemangioma ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

v

4.3.5. Limfangioma ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

4.3.6. Neurofibroma --------------------------------------------------------------------- 34

4.3.7. Rhabdomyoma --------------------------------------------------------------------- 35

4.3.7.1. Pendahuluan ------------------------------------------------------------- 35

4.3.3.2. Klasifikasi----------------------------------------------------------------- 36

4.4. Epulis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40

4.4.1. Epulis Granulomatosa ----------------------------------------------------------- 40

4.4.2. Epulis Angiomatosa -------------------------------------------------------------- 41

4.4.3. Epulis Fibromatosa --------------------------------------------------------------- 41

4.4.3. Epulis Gigantocellulare ---------------------------------------------------------- 42

4.4.5. Epulis Fissuratum ---------------------------------------------------------------- 42

4.4.6. Epulis Gravidarum --------------------------------------------------------------- 43

5. Rangkuman ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

6. Daftar Pustaka ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44

MODUL 3

Kelainan Pada Lidah ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45

1. Pendahuluan ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45

2. Relevansi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

3. Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus ----------------------------------------------------------------- 45

4. Kegiatan Belajar -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

4.1. Kelainan Kongenital --------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

4.1.1. Mikroglosia ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45

4.1.2. Makroglosia ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 46

vi

4.1.3. Lingual Thyroid ------------------------------------------------------------------- 46

4.1.4. Median Rhomboid Glossitis ----------------------------------------------------- 47

4.1.5. Bifid Tongue------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48

4.2. Radang ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48

4.2.1. Radang Akut ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 48

4.2.1.1. Glossitis Akuta ----------------------------------------------------------- 48

4.2.1.2. Stomatitis Scarlanita ---------------------------------------------------- 48

4.2.2. Radang Khronis Spesifik -------------------------------------------------------- 49

4.2.2.1. Tuberculosis ------------------------------------------------------------- 49

4.2.2.2. Sifilis ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 49

4.2.3. Radang Kronis Yang Tidak Spesifik ------------------------------------------- 49

4.2.3.1. Geographic Tounge ----------------------------------------------------- 49

4.2.3.2. Hairy Tounge ------------------------------------------------------------ 50

4.3. Lesi-lesi Prekanker ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 51

4.3.1. Leukoplakia ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51

4.3.2. Erythroplakia ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

4.3.3. Karsinoma In Situ ---------------------------------------------------------------- 57

4.4. Lesi-lesi yang Lain ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

4.4.1. Lichen Planus --------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

4.4.2. Nevus Pigmentosus --------------------------------------------------------------- 60

4.5. Neoplasma --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62

4.5.1. Pendahuluan ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 63

4.5.2. Tipe-tipe Rhabdomiosarkoma -------------------------------------------------- 64

4.5.3. Sistem Staging -------------------------------------------------------------------- 65

vii

4.5.4. Prognosis --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68

4.5.5. Perawatan -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69

4.2.3.1. Tindakan Pembedahan ------------------------------------------------- 71

4.2.3.2. Terapi Radiasi ----------------------------------------------------------- 71

5. Rangkuman ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73

6. Daftar Pustaka ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74

MODUL 4

Kelainan Pada Gigi dan Tulang Rahang ------------------------------------------------------- 75

1. Pendahuluan ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 75

2. Relevansi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75

3. Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus ----------------------------------------------------------------- 75

4. Kegiatan Belajar -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75

4.1. Patogenesis Kelainan Cacat Bawaan -------------------------------------------------- 75

4.1.1. Dentinogenesis Imperfecta ------------------------------------------------------ 76

4.1.2. Amelogenesis Imperfecta -------------------------------------------------------- 76

4.1.3. Hipoplasia Email ----------------------------------------------------------------- 77

4.1.4. Anodontia -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77

4.1.5. Microdontia ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 78

4.1.6. Macrodontia ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 78

4.1.7. Agnathia ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78

4.1.8. Micrognathia ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 79

4.1.9. Macrognathia --------------------------------------------------------------------- 79

4.1.10. Acromegalia --------------------------------------------------------------------- 79

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5. Rangkuman ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101

6. Daftar Pustaka ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101

MODUL 5

Kelainan Pada Lidah ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 102

1. Pendahuluan ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 102

2. Relevansi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102

3. Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus ----------------------------------------------------------------- 102

4. Kegiatan Belajar -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102

4.1. Sialadenitis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103

4.2. Mucocele ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104

4.3. Mikulicz’s Disease ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 105

4.4. Mikulicz’s Syndrome --------------------------------------------------------------------- 105

4.5. Sjogren Syndrome ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105

4.6. Tumor Jinak Kelenjar Ludah ----------------------------------------------------------- 106

4.6.1. Pendahuluan ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 106

4.6.2. Patogenesis ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 107

4.6.3. Klasifikasi Tumor Jinak Kelenjar Ludah -------------------------------------- 109

4.6.3.1. Pleomorfik Adenoma --------------------------------------------------- 109

4.6.3.2. Monomorfik Adenoma -------------------------------------------------- 111

4.6.3.3. Ductal Papiloma -------------------------------------------------------- 120

4.7. Tumor Ganas Kelenjar Ludah ---------------------------------------------------------- 122

4.7.1. Pendahuluan ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 122

4.7.2. Klasifikasi ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123

ix

5. Rangkuman ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129

6. Daftar Pustaka ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130

MODUL 6

Cara Pengambilan, Pengiriman dan Dasar Penilaian Biopsi/ Sitologi -------------------- 131

1. Pendahuluan ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 131

2. Relevansi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 131

3. Tujuan Pembelajaran Khusus ----------------------------------------------------------------- 131

4. Kegiatan Belajar -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 131

4.1. Prinsip Dasar Fiksasi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 131

4.2. Macam-Macam Cairan Fiksasi --------------------------------------------------------- 132

4.3. Cara Pengiriman Sediaan Biopsi ------------------------------------------------------- 135

4.4. Cara Pengiriman Sediaan Sitologi ----------------------------------------------------- 135

4.5. Pengelolaan Jaringan -------------------------------------------------------------------- 136

4.6. Interpretasi Hasil Pemeriksaan Biopsi ------------------------------------------------ 140

4.7. Interpretasi Hasil Pemeriksaan Sitologis ---------------------------------------------- 140

4.8. Klasifikasi Diagnosa Sitologi ----------------------------------------------------------- 141

5. Rangkuman ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 141

6. Daftar Pustaka ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 142

LATIHAN PENGUASAAN DAN PENERAPAN TEORI ------------------------------ 143

x

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1. Faktor Penyebab Karsinoma Sel Squamous -------------------------------------- 10

Tabel 1.2. TNM Untuk Malignansi Pada Tumor Rongga Mulut --------------------------- 16

Tabel 1.3. Stadium Untuk Karsinoma Rongga Mulut --------------------------------------- 17

Tabel 2.1. Gambaran Klinis Variasi Klasifikasi Rhabdomyoma --------------------------- 36

Tabel 3.1. Sistem Pengelompokan Menurut Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma

Study Group (IRS) -------------------------------------------------------------------- 66

Tabel 3.2. Sistem Staging dengan G-TNM ---------------------------------------------------- 67

Tabel 3.3. Pengelompokan Stadium dan Angka Bertahan Hidup -------------------------- 69

Tabel 6.1. Klasifikasi Diagnosa Sitologis ----------------------------------------------------- 141

xi

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1.1. Gambaran Klinis Moniliasis pada Bibir --------------------------------------- 4

Gambar 1.2. Gambaran Klinis dan Histopatologis Granuloma Pyogenicum

Pada bibir --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Gambar 1.3. Karsinoma Sel Squamous Pada Bibir dan Lidah ------------------------------ 11

Gambar 1.4. Gambaran Histopatologis karsinoma Sel Squamous

Well Differentiated ---------------------------------------------------------------- 13

Gambar 2.1. Gambaran Klinis dan Histopatologis Stomatitis Nikotina ------------------- 24

Gambar 2.2 Gambaran Histopatologis Tubercle Pada Tuberculosis ---------------------- 25

Gambar 2.3. Gambaran Klinis Tatoo Amalgam ---------------------------------------------- 26

Gambar 2.4. Gambaran Histopatologis Tatto Amalgam ------------------------------------ 27

Gambar 2.5. Gambaran Klinis Papiloma Pada Lidah ---------------------------------------- 28

Gambar 2.6. Gambaran Histopatologis Papiloma -------------------------------------------- 29

Gambar 2.7. Gambaran Klinis Fibroma Rongga Mulut ------------------------------------- 30

Gambar 2.8. Gambaran Histopathologis Fibroma -------------------------------------------- 30

Gambar 2.9. Gambaran Klinis Lipoma Rongga Mulut -------------------------------------- 31

Gambar 2.10. Gambaran Histologis Lipoma -------------------------------------------------- 31

Gambar 2.11. Gambaran Klinis Hemangioma ------------------------------------------------ `32

Gambar 2.12. Gambaran Histopatologis Hemangioma Cavernosum

dan Hemangioma Capilare ---------------------------------------------------- 33

Gambar 2.13. Gambaran Klinis dan Histopatologis Limfangioma ------------------------ 34

Gambar 2.14. Gambaran Klinis Epulis Pada Gusi ------------------------------------------- 40

Gambar 2.15. Gambaran Histopatologis Epulis Granulomatosa -------------------------- 41

xii

Gambar 2.16. Gambaran Histopatologis Giant Cell Epulis --------------------------------- 42

Gambar 2.17. Gambaran Klinis Epulis Fissuratum ------------------------------------------ 43

Gambar 3.1. Gambaran Klinis Median Rhomboid Glossitis -------------------------------- 47

Gambar 3.2. Gambaran Histopatologis Median Rhomboid Glossitis --------------------- 48

Gambar 3.3. Gambaran Klinis Leukoplakia Pada Lidah dan Mukosa Bukal ------------- 54

Gambar 3.4. Gambaran Histopatologis Leukloplakia ---------------------------------------- 56

Gambar 3.5. Gambaran Klinis Erythroplakia yang Bercampur

dengan Leukoplakia --------------------------------------------------------------- 57

Gambar 3.6. Gambaran Klinis Lichen Planus, Reticular Form

dan Hyperthropyform ------------------------------------------------------------- 59

Gambar 4.1. Gambaran Klinis Ameloblastoma ----------------------------------------------- 83

Gambar 4.2. Gambaran Histopatologis Ameloblastoma Tipe Follikeler ------------------ 84

Gambar 4.3. Gambaran Histopatologis Ameloblastoma Tipe Plexiform ------------------ 84

Gambar 4.4. Gambaran Histopatologis Ameloblastoma Tipe Akantomatous ------------ 85

Gambar 4.5. Gambaran Klinis Torus Palatinus ---------------------------------------------- 99

Gambar 4.6. Gambaran Klinis Torus Mandibularis ----------------------------------------- 99

Gambar 4.7. Gambaran Mikroskopis Oswteogenic Sarcoma ------------------------------- 100

Gambar 5.1. Gambaran Klinis dan Histopatologis Mucocele ------------------------------ 105

Gambar 5.2. Gambaran Klinis Pleomorfik Adenoma Kelenjar Parotis -------------------- 110

Gambar 5.3. Gambaran Histopatologis Pleomorfik Adenoma ------------------------------ 111

Gambar 5.4. Gambaran Histopatologis Onkositoma ----------------------------------------- 111

Gambar 5.5. Gambaran Klinis Tumor Warthin Pasda Kelenjar Parotis ------------------- 119

Gambar 5.6. Gambaran Histopatologis Tumor Warthin ------------------------------------- 120

xiii

Gambar 5.7. Gambaran Histopatologis Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

Low Grade Malignancy --------------------------------------------------------- 125

Gambar 5.8. Gambaran Histopatologis Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma ----------------------- 126

Gambar 5.9. Gambaran Histopatologis Acinic Cell Carcinoma ---------------------------- 127