PASS Review
Stone Age Periods
• Old Stone Age -> Paleolithic
*hunters and gatherers
*stone tools
and weapons
*cave art /
NO written records
STONE AGE PERIODS
• New Stone Age -> Neolithic *man lived in larger groups *AGRICULTURE BEGAN *DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS *SURPLUS CROPS *SPECIALIZATION OF JOBS
Ice Man
FIRST CIVILIZATIONS!!
RIVER VALLEY
CIVILIZATIONS:
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• China
• India
River Valley Civilizations
Mesopotamia
In the FERTILE CRESCENT
Included Sumerian & Babylonian Empires *land between the rivers = TIGRIS & EUPHRATES
*Sargon -> created FIRST EMPIRE
*Hammurabi -> FIRST CODE OF LAWS
Hammurabi’s Code of Laws *Achievements: wheel, ZIGGURAT (religious center)
Hanging Gardens of Babylon, glass,
*WRITING = CUNEIFORM
Map of Fertile Crescent
Map of Mesopotamia
Sumerian Cuneiform
Hammurabi’s Code of Laws
ziggurat
Judaism
• Began in Fertile Crescent in Canaan
*FIRST MONOTHEISTIC Religion
*begun by Abraham
*holy text = Torah
*Ten Commandments
* Moses led Hebrews from Egypt to
Canaan
Torah
EgyptBegan along the NILE RIVER *Menes -> united Upper and Lower Egypt *Khufu -> (Cheops) Great Pyramid *Hatshepsut -> female pharaoh *Tutankhamun -> boy king, tomb found by Howard Carter *architecture = pyramids *writing = HIEROGLYPHICS on papyrus *government = pharaohs *economy = agriculture / FLOODING PRODUCED RICH SILT *religion = polytheistic *mummification
Egypt
Egypt
hieroglyphics
Great Pyramids of Giza
India
Began along the INDUS RIVER
*subcontinent of Asian Himalayas
cut it off from the rest of the continent
*cities = Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
sometimes called Harappan Civilization
*writing = SANSKRIT
*TWO religions began here = HINDUISM & BUDDHISM
Indus River Valley
Hinduism
• Polytheistic religion introduced by
the Aryans• Brahman = supreme being• holy text = Vedas / “Books of Knowledge”• CASTE SYSTEM = different levels in society• REINCARNATION = cycle of birth, death, &
rebirth• dharma = laws and duties of Hindus
Buddhism
• Founder = Siddhartha Gautama “the Buddha”• Beliefs = Four Noble Truths (Suffering in Life) Middle Way Eightfold Path to reach Nirvana Reincarnation• Karma = end result of good & bad acts• NO caste system
Four Noble Truths
The Buddha
China
• Began along HUANG RIVER or Yellow River (because of loess or silt)
• government = dynasties Shang was the first *Mandate of Heaven = right to rule from the gods• oracle bones = predict the future
China continued:
• architecture = Great Wall of China -> built to keep out the Mongols
• tomb for Shihuangdi 1,000s of clay soldiers & horses
• achievements = SILK, Silk Road, seismograph, new type of rice, gunpowder, woodblock moveable type
• TWO religions began here = Confucianism & Taoism or Daoism
Great Wall
Shihuangdi’s Tomb
Seismograph
Silk Road
Confucianism
• Founder = Confucius
• Social order, harmony, and
good government based
on STRONG FAMILY
RELATIONSHIPS
• 5 basic relationships
• Education important to
society
Taoism or Daoism
• Founder = Laozi
• People should live simple
lives in harmony with
nature
• There should be little
interference from the
government
Greece
• TWO important city-states -> ATHENS & SPARTA• Architecture = Parthenon in Athens / temple for the goddess Athena• acropolis = high hill in Greeks city-states• Sparta = military was important• Olympic Games• 7 Wonders of the Ancient World (man made)• writing = Greek alphabet / adopted from the Phoenicians • agora = market place
Ancient Greece
The Parthenon
Athens FIRST DEMOCRACY in the world!! *people have a voice in the government
Greece continuedPeople / Know: *Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle = (SPA) philosophers *Archimedes = scientist & mathematician developed concept of pi *Homer = epic poems “The Iliad” & “The Odyssey” *Pericles = rich & poor had a part in the government / built Parthenon
*Alexander the Great = King of Macedonia
•conquered land in Europe, Africa, and Asia •military & political leader • began the Hellenistic Age = the Greek culture spread to other parts of the world
Alexander’s Empire
Rome
• Created a large empire on 3 continents: Europe, Asia and Africa• Two groups of citizens = patricians
(wealthy) & plebeians (common)• TWELVE TABLES = first written laws
for Rome• Punic Wars = Rome fought Carthage and
won• Pompeii buried by Mt. Vesuvius
Rome continued:
• Government = REPUBLIC -> people choose representatives to run the government
*senators = patricians *tribunes represented plebeians *consuls = 2 elected officials /were supreme judges and commanders of the military
Roman Empire
Rome continued• People to know: *Julius Caesar = made himself dictator assassinated by friends *Augustus = (Octavian) first emperor ruled during Pax Romana *Constantine = Byzantine Empire / Eastern Roman Empire allowed Christianity• Two Roman Empires formed as Rome
declined *Western Roman Empire (Rome) fell first *Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) Constantinople lasted 1,000 more years
Rome continued
• JUSTINIAN CODE = created by Justinian of the Byzantine Empire-> strict but fair laws which gave the same rights to everyone, rich or poor
• Achievements = aqueducts, domes, arches, Pantheon, Colosseum, roads, alphabet, Roman numerals, Latin, laws, concrete, keystones, etc.
Roman aqueduct
Roman Colosseum
keystones
Christianity• Religion begun during the time of the
Roman Empire
• Founder = Jesus
• Holy Text = Bible
• Beliefs = monotheistic
People will gain salvation if they
follow the teachings of Jesus
• Three largest groups: Catholic, Protestant
& Eastern Orthodox
Religion of Islam
• Founder = Muhammad• Holy Text = Koran or Quran• Islamic God = Allah• Five Pillars of Faith: *Faith in Muhammad and Allah *Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca *Almsgiving -> give money to the poor *Fast during the month of Ramadan *Pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime
Map of West Africa
Geography of West Africa:Climate Zones from north to south:
• Mediterranean Sea
• Sahel “shore” of the Sahara Desert
• Sahara Desert (largest desert in the world)
• Savanna or grasslands (in the Sahel)
• Tropical Rainforest
Sahel
Sahara
Ghana• GHANA -> first great empire in WEST AFRICA
->controlled gold & salt trade
*resources included iron ore & gold
*used the iron ore to make tools & weapons
*used gold to trade with other nations
*MUSLIMS of North Africa were important trade partners with Ghana -> Muslims brought horses, cloth & SALT to trade with Ghana
*SALT-> important to preserve food &
to stay healthy
Mali• A great TRADE EMPIRE
• TIMBUKTU -> major trading city of Mali
• Trade with MUSLIMS was linked to the conversion of local people to the ISLAM religion
• Islamic influence was evident in government, education, & architecture
in west Africa
Songhai
• the largest of the three west Africa Empires
• developed along the Niger River
• it became a rich nation because of the large GOLD-SALT trade routes between Arabia, North Africa, & West Africa
Mesoamerica
• First people came from Asia by way of BERINGIA -> a land bridge that was formed during the Ice Age between Asia and North America
• Greatest civilizations in Mexico and Central AmericaMAYAS & AZTECS• slash and burn agriculture / grew maize• stone pyramids for religious purposes• steles = flat stones with glyphs (symbols)• codex = folding screen book• conquered by Spanish Conquistadors
Beringia
Mesoamerica
Mayan Pyramid
stele
codex
Incas
• Lived in the Andes Mountains in South America
• Cities = Machu Picchu & Cuzco
• NO written language
• Quipu = knotted cord used for record keeping
• Conquered by Spanish conquistadors
Inca Empire
quipu
Machu Picchu
Middle Ages
• Also known as MEDIEVAL
(Latin for “middle”)
• Period between AD 500-1400
• Between fall of the Roman Empire & the Modern Age
• FEUDALISM->way of life during the Middle Ages based on ownership of land and loyalty
Middle Ages continued• Society: *King or monarch *Lords *Vassals = lower lords *Knights = protected the land *serfs or peasants = worked the land• MANORS = lord’s estate / including castle,
farmland, & village• GUILDS = first workers’ unions of craftsmen /
set rules on quality of products and prices of products
Middle Ages continued• MAGNA CARTA = THE Great
Charter which for the first time limited the power of a king and gave more power to the nobility
• King John I = was forced to sign the Magna Carta
knight & castle
King John signing the Magna Carta
Medieval Guilds
Japanese and European Feudal System:
JAPAN EUROPE
*Emperor *King (Monarch)
*Shogun *Lord (Noble)
*Daimyo *Vassals
*Samurai *Knights
*Serfs or Peasants---------------------
Crusades
• HOLY WARS (1096-1272)
• Purpose = to regain the Holy Lands (Palestine) from the Muslim Turks
• Outcome = opened TRADE between Europe and Asia
• Important products that were traded = SPICES, silk, linen, coffee, jewels, etc.
Trade Items Included:
Bubonic Plaguefollowed Trade Routes from Asia
to Europe
Renaissance1400-1600
• REBIRTH of Greek & Roman
Culture
• Began in FLORENCE, ITALY
• Focus on HUMANISM, secular belief on education and what the individual could achieve during his/her lifetime
• MEDICI family were PATRONS of the arts
Renaissance People to Know:
• Leonardo da Vinci – “Mona Lisa” &
“The Last Supper”• Michelangelo – painted Sistine Chapel• Johannes Gutenberg – movable type
printing press• Martin Luther – protested ways of the
Catholic Church &
began Protestantism
Age of Exploration• People began to explore to find an all water route to
get to Asia to buy the products like spices and silk• There was already a land route = the Silk Road• Portugal led the way *Vasco da Gama-> rounded Africa to get to
Asia• Columbus (sponsored by Spain) went west
across the Atlantic Ocean to get to Asia * Columbus called the natives “Indians” because
he thought he was in the Indies *He NEVER realized he “discovered” a New World • Ferdinand Magellan-> FIRST TO
CIRCUMNAVIGATE the world
Vasco da Gama
Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
Columbian Exchange