PASS Review

Stone Age Periods

• Old Stone Age -> Paleolithic

*hunters and gatherers

*stone tools

and weapons

*cave art /

NO written records

STONE AGE PERIODS

• New Stone Age -> Neolithic *man lived in larger groups *AGRICULTURE BEGAN *DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS *SURPLUS CROPS *SPECIALIZATION OF JOBS

Ice Man

FIRST CIVILIZATIONS!!

RIVER VALLEY

CIVILIZATIONS:

• Mesopotamia

• Egypt

• China

• India

River Valley Civilizations

Mesopotamia

In the FERTILE CRESCENT

Included Sumerian & Babylonian Empires *land between the rivers = TIGRIS & EUPHRATES

*Sargon -> created FIRST EMPIRE

*Hammurabi -> FIRST CODE OF LAWS

Hammurabi’s Code of Laws *Achievements: wheel, ZIGGURAT (religious center)

Hanging Gardens of Babylon, glass,

*WRITING = CUNEIFORM

Map of Fertile Crescent

Map of Mesopotamia

Sumerian Cuneiform

Hammurabi’s Code of Laws

ziggurat

Judaism

• Began in Fertile Crescent in Canaan

*FIRST MONOTHEISTIC Religion

*begun by Abraham

*holy text = Torah

*Ten Commandments

* Moses led Hebrews from Egypt to

Canaan

Torah

EgyptBegan along the NILE RIVER *Menes -> united Upper and Lower Egypt *Khufu -> (Cheops) Great Pyramid *Hatshepsut -> female pharaoh *Tutankhamun -> boy king, tomb found by Howard Carter *architecture = pyramids *writing = HIEROGLYPHICS on papyrus *government = pharaohs *economy = agriculture / FLOODING PRODUCED RICH SILT *religion = polytheistic *mummification

Egypt

Egypt

hieroglyphics

Great Pyramids of Giza

India

Began along the INDUS RIVER

*subcontinent of Asian Himalayas

cut it off from the rest of the continent

*cities = Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

sometimes called Harappan Civilization

*writing = SANSKRIT

*TWO religions began here = HINDUISM & BUDDHISM

Indus River Valley

Hinduism

• Polytheistic religion introduced by

the Aryans• Brahman = supreme being• holy text = Vedas / “Books of Knowledge”• CASTE SYSTEM = different levels in society• REINCARNATION = cycle of birth, death, &

rebirth• dharma = laws and duties of Hindus

Buddhism

• Founder = Siddhartha Gautama “the Buddha”• Beliefs = Four Noble Truths (Suffering in Life) Middle Way Eightfold Path to reach Nirvana Reincarnation• Karma = end result of good & bad acts• NO caste system

Four Noble Truths

The Buddha

China

• Began along HUANG RIVER or Yellow River (because of loess or silt)

• government = dynasties Shang was the first *Mandate of Heaven = right to rule from the gods• oracle bones = predict the future

China continued:

• architecture = Great Wall of China -> built to keep out the Mongols

• tomb for Shihuangdi 1,000s of clay soldiers & horses

• achievements = SILK, Silk Road, seismograph, new type of rice, gunpowder, woodblock moveable type

• TWO religions began here = Confucianism & Taoism or Daoism

Great Wall

Shihuangdi’s Tomb

Seismograph

Silk Road

Confucianism

• Founder = Confucius

• Social order, harmony, and

good government based

on STRONG FAMILY

RELATIONSHIPS

• 5 basic relationships

• Education important to

society

Taoism or Daoism

• Founder = Laozi

• People should live simple

lives in harmony with

nature

• There should be little

interference from the

government

Greece

• TWO important city-states -> ATHENS & SPARTA• Architecture = Parthenon in Athens / temple for the goddess Athena• acropolis = high hill in Greeks city-states• Sparta = military was important• Olympic Games• 7 Wonders of the Ancient World (man made)• writing = Greek alphabet / adopted from the Phoenicians • agora = market place

Ancient Greece

The Parthenon

Athens FIRST DEMOCRACY in the world!! *people have a voice in the government

Greece continuedPeople / Know: *Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle = (SPA) philosophers *Archimedes = scientist & mathematician developed concept of pi *Homer = epic poems “The Iliad” & “The Odyssey” *Pericles = rich & poor had a part in the government / built Parthenon

*Alexander the Great = King of Macedonia

•conquered land in Europe, Africa, and Asia •military & political leader • began the Hellenistic Age = the Greek culture spread to other parts of the world

Alexander’s Empire

Rome

• Created a large empire on 3 continents: Europe, Asia and Africa• Two groups of citizens = patricians

(wealthy) & plebeians (common)• TWELVE TABLES = first written laws

for Rome• Punic Wars = Rome fought Carthage and

won• Pompeii buried by Mt. Vesuvius

Rome continued:

• Government = REPUBLIC -> people choose representatives to run the government

*senators = patricians *tribunes represented plebeians *consuls = 2 elected officials /were supreme judges and commanders of the military

Roman Empire

Rome continued• People to know: *Julius Caesar = made himself dictator assassinated by friends *Augustus = (Octavian) first emperor ruled during Pax Romana *Constantine = Byzantine Empire / Eastern Roman Empire allowed Christianity• Two Roman Empires formed as Rome

declined *Western Roman Empire (Rome) fell first *Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) Constantinople lasted 1,000 more years

Rome continued

• JUSTINIAN CODE = created by Justinian of the Byzantine Empire-> strict but fair laws which gave the same rights to everyone, rich or poor

• Achievements = aqueducts, domes, arches, Pantheon, Colosseum, roads, alphabet, Roman numerals, Latin, laws, concrete, keystones, etc.

Roman aqueduct

Roman Colosseum

keystones

Christianity• Religion begun during the time of the

Roman Empire

• Founder = Jesus

• Holy Text = Bible

• Beliefs = monotheistic

People will gain salvation if they

follow the teachings of Jesus

• Three largest groups: Catholic, Protestant

& Eastern Orthodox

Religion of Islam

• Founder = Muhammad• Holy Text = Koran or Quran• Islamic God = Allah• Five Pillars of Faith: *Faith in Muhammad and Allah *Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca *Almsgiving -> give money to the poor *Fast during the month of Ramadan *Pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime

Map of West Africa

Geography of West Africa:Climate Zones from north to south:

• Mediterranean Sea

• Sahel “shore” of the Sahara Desert

• Sahara Desert (largest desert in the world)

• Savanna or grasslands (in the Sahel)

• Tropical Rainforest

Sahel

Sahara

Ghana• GHANA -> first great empire in WEST AFRICA

->controlled gold & salt trade

*resources included iron ore & gold

*used the iron ore to make tools & weapons

*used gold to trade with other nations

*MUSLIMS of North Africa were important trade partners with Ghana -> Muslims brought horses, cloth & SALT to trade with Ghana

*SALT-> important to preserve food &

to stay healthy

Mali• A great TRADE EMPIRE

• TIMBUKTU -> major trading city of Mali

• Trade with MUSLIMS was linked to the conversion of local people to the ISLAM religion

• Islamic influence was evident in government, education, & architecture

in west Africa

Songhai

• the largest of the three west Africa Empires

• developed along the Niger River

• it became a rich nation because of the large GOLD-SALT trade routes between Arabia, North Africa, & West Africa

Mesoamerica

• First people came from Asia by way of BERINGIA -> a land bridge that was formed during the Ice Age between Asia and North America

• Greatest civilizations in Mexico and Central AmericaMAYAS & AZTECS• slash and burn agriculture / grew maize• stone pyramids for religious purposes• steles = flat stones with glyphs (symbols)• codex = folding screen book• conquered by Spanish Conquistadors

Beringia

Mesoamerica

Mayan Pyramid

stele

codex

Incas

• Lived in the Andes Mountains in South America

• Cities = Machu Picchu & Cuzco

• NO written language

• Quipu = knotted cord used for record keeping

• Conquered by Spanish conquistadors

Inca Empire

quipu

Machu Picchu

Middle Ages

• Also known as MEDIEVAL

(Latin for “middle”)

• Period between AD 500-1400

• Between fall of the Roman Empire & the Modern Age

• FEUDALISM->way of life during the Middle Ages based on ownership of land and loyalty

Middle Ages continued• Society: *King or monarch *Lords *Vassals = lower lords *Knights = protected the land *serfs or peasants = worked the land• MANORS = lord’s estate / including castle,

farmland, & village• GUILDS = first workers’ unions of craftsmen /

set rules on quality of products and prices of products

Middle Ages continued• MAGNA CARTA = THE Great

Charter which for the first time limited the power of a king and gave more power to the nobility

• King John I = was forced to sign the Magna Carta

knight & castle

King John signing the Magna Carta

Medieval Guilds

Japanese and European Feudal System:

JAPAN EUROPE

*Emperor *King (Monarch)

*Shogun *Lord (Noble)

*Daimyo *Vassals

*Samurai *Knights

*Serfs or Peasants---------------------

Crusades

• HOLY WARS (1096-1272)

• Purpose = to regain the Holy Lands (Palestine) from the Muslim Turks

• Outcome = opened TRADE between Europe and Asia

• Important products that were traded = SPICES, silk, linen, coffee, jewels, etc.

Trade Items Included:

Bubonic Plaguefollowed Trade Routes from Asia

to Europe

Renaissance1400-1600

• REBIRTH of Greek & Roman

Culture

• Began in FLORENCE, ITALY

• Focus on HUMANISM, secular belief on education and what the individual could achieve during his/her lifetime

• MEDICI family were PATRONS of the arts

Renaissance People to Know:

• Leonardo da Vinci – “Mona Lisa” &

“The Last Supper”• Michelangelo – painted Sistine Chapel• Johannes Gutenberg – movable type

printing press• Martin Luther – protested ways of the

Catholic Church &

began Protestantism

Age of Exploration• People began to explore to find an all water route to

get to Asia to buy the products like spices and silk• There was already a land route = the Silk Road• Portugal led the way *Vasco da Gama-> rounded Africa to get to

Asia• Columbus (sponsored by Spain) went west

across the Atlantic Ocean to get to Asia * Columbus called the natives “Indians” because

he thought he was in the Indies *He NEVER realized he “discovered” a New World • Ferdinand Magellan-> FIRST TO

CIRCUMNAVIGATE the world

Vasco da Gama

Christopher Columbus

Ferdinand Magellan

Columbian Exchange