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Open Source Innovation

The « big bang » of Open X

Jean-François OMHOVERAssistant ProfessorArts et Métiers ParisTechNov. 2015, v1.7.2-EN,available at http://bit.ly/osinnovation

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Open Source Softwareaccepted by the market !

« market shares » of Linux-based OS by IT sectors[Linux/Wikipedia, 2013]

J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 2

Open what ?

Open Source Vehicle

www.osvehicle.com

J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech 3

http://www.osvehicle.com/

What ishappening ?

J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Sept. 2011 4


OPEN SOURCE INNOVATION

CONCEPTS

PLATFORMS

SOFTWARE

INNOVATION

BUSINESS MODELS

SHARINGHACKING

OPEN SOURCE

GOVERNANCE

INFRASTRUCTURES

COMMUNAUTIES

CONTRIBUTIONPARTICIPATION

CONTENT

PROPERTYLICENSES

FREEDOM

PROTECTION

PLATFORMSECOSYSTEMS OF INTERDEPENDANT INNOVATORS

Chapter I

6J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech

Platforms

• 1950-1970: vertical structure [Ong 2004]• Processors, OS, peripherals, applications…

• IBM only responsible to develop the applications for its clients, understanding and answering their needs

• Difficulty to change your supplier

• 1980’s: Personal Computer• « A processor in a box »

• Open to programming, to amateurs

• Become a generic tool, a generative tool [Zittrain 2008]

From full integration, to fragmentation

Hardware / Software


I/c

I/b

« Nobody gets firedfor buying IBM »

I/a

Platforms

Hardware / Software

Ong, C.A., 2004. (Re-) integration dynamics of the PC platform.Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [link]


http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/17804

Plateformes numériques

Communication

I/e


I/d

I/fI/e - Compuserve Interface, by HistoireInformatique.com [lien]

http://www.histoireinformatique.com/illustrations/chapitre-13-cisco-compuserve-aol/

Plateformes numériques

Communication


I/f – Mosaic navigator

I/e

I/d

I/f

Platforms

• Technologies, Products or Services

• Definition [Gawer 2000] [Cusumano 2010]

– Set of « building blocks »– Foundation for a set of firms/individuals– Develop other Techno / Products / Services– Interdependant manner

• Strategic and Industrial opportunity [Gawer 2009]

– Increases the intensity and diversity of innovation– Increases the size of the cake (not only one’s share)– Network effect, users and complementors

Towards a definition for these business interdependent, innovation eco-systems

« Plateforms » ?


CODE IT (AND SHARE IT) YOURSELFSHARING CODE, AND THE STRUGGLE ON PROPERTY

Chapter II


"The software industry is built on intellectual property. You own your technology, and if you get it widely disseminated you can coerce your

user base into buying new releases. We give up that control -- and those profits -- but that is exactly what is going to drive our success,

because that is what's best for the user.“(R. Young, Red Hat in 1998, quoted in [Harmon 1998])

Code It (and Share It) Yourself

• Sharing as a way to distribute effort– the “Share” initiative [Shell, 1959]

• Born in Aug. 1955, for the users of the IBM 704

– Cooperation between organisations• Standards for programming langages

• Sharing commun routines

• Motivations for sharing [Grier 2007]• Surplus of skills that the network can benefit from

• Share expertise, learning

Since the beginning of the computing era, sharing was perceived as important for product acceptance

SHARE, 1955



• Origins [Stallman, 2010]• 70’s : Community of developers/researchers around the

Digital/PDP platform, production of code/source shared amongresearchers

• 80’s : Progressive closure/locking of the architecture, the operating system, and increasing cost of licenses

• Objective• Full operating system, unix-like

• Text editors, compilators, shell…

• Based on unix, compatible with it

Hyper-collaboration for the design of an open operating system

GNU


Richard Stallman

Introduction

Linux

15J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech,

Linus TorvaldsO/b

The birth of a project

Introduction

GNU / Linux

16J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech,

Richard Stallman

Linus TorvaldsO/b


• Technical Infrastructure [Fogel, 2005]• Website, mailing list, version control, bug tracking, real-time

chat…

• Social Infrastructure [Klang, 2005]• FORKABILITY : Anybody can « take » the code, launch a new

project

• BENEVOLENT DICTATOR : regulating the project under the « pressure » of the community

• Consensus, votes, tracability VS versioning

• Protection framework [Le Crosnier, 2009]• Emergence of the licenses for Free Software, GNUPL…

"well-run open source projects are parliamentary procedure on steroids" [Fogel 2005]

Infrastructures F/OSS


14/a

13/a


• Complexity of the motivations : economical, social and political [Pink 2010]– Extrinsic Motivations

• Career, learning, self-advancement, peer recognition, reputation, rewards, opportunities…

– Intrinsic Motivations

• Belonging to a community, altruism, political and social motives, hedonic motivation, playing, fun, pleasure to create

• Rises many research questions[Hertel 2003] [Li 2006] [Oreg 2008] [Bitzer 2007] [Baytiyeh 2010]

– Toward economic, social, individual and collective models

– Difficulty for the analysis : the diversity of community, of organisations

Individual Motivations

18J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Sept. 2011

[Baytiyeh 2010]

[Pink 2010]

How can it work socially ?

"Every good work of software starts by scratching a developer’s personal itch. [...] too often software

developers spend their days grinding away for pay at programs they neither need nor love.“ [Raymond 2001]

DYNAMICS OF COMMUNITIESPRODUCTION, TRANSMISSION,AND PARTICIPATION AROUND CONTENT

Chapter III


III/a

Dynamics of communities

• A dynamic similar to F/OSS• Strong intrinsic motivations

• Highly distributed functioning (and free)

• A similar technical infrastructure (« web 2.0 »)

• Legal protection of content

• « Versioning » ? (does a city have versions ?)

• For profit / Non profit ? [Kazman 2009]• Youtube, Facebook, MySpace, Blogger…

• Mechanical turk,

• “CrowdFunding” (ex : KickStarter)

With the standardisation of the publication technologies, it’s now possible to producecontent in the crowd, like we did with code

« Crowdsourcing »


III/b

III/c


« Crowdsourcing »


III/b – Help for Haiti, a tool for building a collective cartographyof emergencies by collecting information in real time

III/b

III/c


« Crowdsourcing »


III/c – Fold-It, a serious game for protein folding, cf [Khatib 2011]

III/b

III/c

Production in Community

“Crowdsourcing is the act of sourcing tasks traditionally performed by specific individuals to an undefined large group of people or community (crowd) through an open call." [Wikipedia EN, Jan. 2011]

“Crowdsourcing is a process that involves outsourcing tasks to a distributed group of people. This process can occur both online and offline. Crowdsourcing is different from an ordinary outsourcing since it is a task or problem that is outsourced to an undefined public rather than a specific body.” [Wikipedia EN, Fev. 2013]

“Crowdsourcing is the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people, and especially from an online community, rather than from traditional employees or suppliers.“ [Wikipedia EN, Jan. 2015]

“Channeling the experts’ desire to solve a problem then freely share the answer with everyone” [Van Ess, 2010]

commons-based peer production [Kazman 2009]

« Crowdsourcing »


An appearing (and real) dynamic, difficult to encapsulate within a definition

19/a

19/b

19/c :o)



Modelization in layers

The Metropolis Model, taken from [Kazman, 2009]

COLLECTIVE PROPERTYCAN WE PROTECT COLLECTIVE INNOVATION ?CAN WE MAKE SOME PROFIT FROM IT ?

Chapter IV


IV/a

Collective Property

• The GNU manifesto• “GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to

modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further redistribution.” [GNU Manifesto, 1985]

• “Free” is ambiguous• “free beer” or “free speech” ?

• Divergences in approaches• Open source = development methodology

• Free software = an ethical point of view, the respect of the freedom of users [Stallman 2007]

Copyleft : the only limit is freedom !

« Free » Software ?


Richard Stallman

Collective Property

• New models of intellectual property• Paternity

• Commercial use (or not)

• Modification (or not)

• Share-Alike (transitivity)

• « Creative Commons »

• Aligned with the « dynamic » of innovation• An innovation is based on others

• Interdependant building / design

• Sharing richness

How to understand « intellectual property » in different communities ?

Protection / Commons


22/a

EXPANSION OF THE OPEN GALAXYPRODUCTION, DESIGN, EDUCATION,SCIENCE, GOVERNMENT

Partie V


Open Hardware

The Arduino UNO board www.arduino.cc


http://www.arduino.cc/

Open Hardware

OpenMoko / Neo1973 CAD files wiki.openmoko.org


http://wiki.openmoko.org/

Open Hardware

Poppy the open source humanoid platform

www.poppy-project.org


http://www.poppy-project.org/

Open Hardware

Open Source Vehicle

www.osvehicle.com


http://www.osvehicle.com/

Open Hardware

OpenROV the submarine roveropenrov.com


http://openrov.com/

Open Satellite !!!

ArduSat www.ardusat.org www.spire.com


http://www.ardusat.org/

http://www.spire.com/

Production & Design

Cornell, Creative Machines, Food Printing [link]


http://creativemachines.cornell.edu/node/194

Production & Design

• Not limited to companies or laboratories

• Technology usable by « the masses » ?• Starting at 300$

• Kits DIY (printed boards, controllets…)

• Standard and mutualized

• FabLabs [Gershenfeld 2006]• Open workshops

• Production means made available to the public

• Self learning

Open Source Prototyping

DIY machines

Open Fabrication


V/a

V/b

V/c

Open Design

Page Opener, http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1120


http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1120

Production & Design

• Free means [Bowyer 2011]• Prototyping, design software

• Online exchange and transmission of models

• CC Licences

• Diversification of solutions (micro-needs)• Products to download, products to optimize

• Ex : micro market, no distribution circuits

• Communities• Sharing models, evolutions, corrections

• Prosumers : designers, engineers, manufacturers

• Thingiverse, etc…

Community of designers

Sharing models

Open Design


V/d

V/e

V/f

Production & Design

Funding platforms for innovative projects

CrowdFunding


Education & Development

• Open Course Ware• Freely available contents [Unesco, 2011]

• Ex : MIT OCW

• Open modules, contributive classes (MOOC)• First MOOCs : Stanford, AI-class / ML-class.org

• How to retain subscribers along the process

• Collecting data on students

Opening the schools, the means, supports for education

Open Education


V/g

V/h

V/i

Education & Development

• Open access to publications• Free distribution circuits

• Platforms for publishing and reviewing

• Collaboration• Research social media (ex: ResearchGate)

• Bibliography (ex: Mendeley, Zotero)

• Reviewing (ex: Hypothes.is, science.I/O)

• Distributed teams

• Crowdfunding research

Open Science


(back to) an open research, open laboratories and open collaboration betweeninternational research units [Nielsen, 2011]

Open Data

Thanks to the detailed topographic data released by the city of Rennes (France), Handimap can propose an application that computes the best path if you are in a wheelchair - www.handimap.org


http://www.handimap.org/

Open Government

Regards Citoyens, study of the lobbying within the french parliement reports,July 2011 [link]


http://www.regardscitoyens.org/transparence-france/etude-lobbying/

… AND INTO THE DARK MATTERWHAT COULD GO WRONG ?

Chapter VI


Open technology über cool

Watch parts 1950, made with embedded radium, used by a swedish (theysay so) to experiment nuclear reaction in his kitchen [link], cf "Atomsplitting in my kitchen was a hobby, man tells Swedish police", The Guardian, Aug. 3rd 2011


Open technology über cool

The « Liberator » is the first gun entirely printed with 3D printers, it canbe downloader online (Credit: Screenshot by Dara Kerr/CNET) [link]


http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57583919-76/the-pirate-bay-now-offering-banned-3d-printed-gun-files/

Crowdfunding fail or fraud ?

« He raises 123000 $ on Kickstarters, cancels the project and spends all the money », Journal du Gamer, 26/07/2013 [link]


http://www.journaldugamer.com/2013/07/26/kickstarter-jeu-plateau-fraude

Crowdsourced« Human Flesh Search »

« Brown University student falsely identified as Boston bombing suspect found dead in Providence River — NBC News (@NBCNews) 25 avril 2013[link]


http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2013/04/25/attentat-boston-sunil-tripathi-retrouve-mort_n_3155073.html

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Engage, 2009, Engage: Getting on with Government 2.0, a publication of the government 2.0 taskforce, Dec 2009, http://bit.ly/bU8CrD

Bitzer, J., Schrettl, W. & Schroder, P.J.H., 2007. Intrinsic motivation in open source software development. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35(1), p.160–169 [lien]

Bowyer A., Cuartilles D., 2011. Mechatronics: Arduino & RepRap - Creating Wealth by Giving it Away (Keynote). International Conference on Engineering Design - ICED'11. [lien]

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Capra, E. et al., 2011. Firms’ involvement in Open Source projects: A trade-off between software structural quality and popularity. Journal of Systems and Software, 84(1), p.144-161. [lien]

Cusumano, M., 2010. Technology strategy and management: The evolution of platform thinking. Communications of the ACM, 53(1), p.32. [lien]

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Fogel, K., 2005. Producing Open Source Software : How to Run a Successful Free Software Project, O’Reilly ed.. [lien]

Gawer A., 2000. The organization of platform leadership: an empirical investigation of intel’s management processes aimed at fostering complementary innovation by third parties. Report of the Sloan School of Management [lien]

Gawer, 2009. Platforms, Markets and Innovation, Ed. Edward Elgar Publishing

Gershenfeld N., 2006, Fab Labs, TED, [lien]

Gonon, 2011, Universités et réseaux sociaux, web [lien]

Grier, D.A., 2007. Working Class Hero. The Known World, IEEE Computer Society Podcasts, 03/05/2007, [lien]

Harmon, A., 1998. For Sale: Free Software; Backers of Linux Say System Is Basis For Revolutionizing Computer Business. New York Times. 28/09/1998

Hertel, G., 2003. Motivation of software developers in Open Source projects: an Internet-based survey of contributors to the Linux kernel. Research Policy, 32(7), p.1159-1177.

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IllustrationsO/a – Mail d’origine de Linux, by Linux History [lien]

O/b – “Linux Distro Timeline” unknown origin, found at [lien]

I/a – IBM logo

I/b - IBM System 360, by Michael Coté, on Flickr, CC-by [lien]

I/c - Mike Licht, NotionsCapital.com, on Flickr, CC-by [lien]

I/d – exemple de Bulletin Board System, [lien]

I/e - Compuserve Interface, by HistoireInformatique.com [lien]

I/f – Mosaic navigator

II/f – an assembly :o)

III/a - MIT team wins Darpa's treasure hunt in less than one day, The Guardian, Dec 2009, http://bit.ly/cBRF2c

III/b – Project for Haiti, cartography of the information relevant for targeting rescue [lien]

III/c – Fold-It, a serious game on folding molecules, cf [Khatib 2011]

IV/a - Workers manufacture Guy Fawkes masks at a factory in São Gonçalo, Brazil in July. Reuters

IV/b - Creative Commons, the different contracts, http://bit.ly/9mjzHC

V/a - MakerBot Thing-O-Matic

V/b - eMaker Huxley

V/c - Fab@Home

V/d - FreeCAD

V/e - Page Opener, [lien]

V/f - HTC Evo 3D extended battery case, [lien]

V/g – MIT Open Course Ware [lien]

V/h – Mascotte du cours Machine Learning [lien]

V/i – logo Coursera [lien]

http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/linux.history.html

http://pascal.albertyorban.be/permalink/linux/linux-distro-timeline

http://www.flickr.com/photos/cote/54408562/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/notionscapital/6036834071/

http://www.anairo.tv/thisoldnet/2011/12/this-old-net-2-it-all-started-with-the-cold/

http://www.histoireinformatique.com/illustrations/chapitre-13-cisco-compuserve-aol/

http://bit.ly/cBRF2c

http://azarask.in/projects/haiti/

http://bit.ly/9mjzHC

http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1120

http://www.thingiverse.com/image:73545

http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm

https://www.coursera.org/course/ml

https://www.coursera.org/