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Next Gen CRM
Dick WolfSeptember, 2012
Command Skills
Role Model Performance
Command Skills
Briefings
Outlines Plans & DifferencesAllocates Tasks
Seeks InputChecks Understanding
Teamwork
Balances Rank AuthorityFlexible & Shows Respect
Actively Monitors & SupportsThinks Independently
Communication
Shares Information & IdeasActively Listens
Assertive When RequiredAdmits Mistakes & Doubts
Workload
Recognizes a High WorkloadTakes or Makes Time
Deals With Overload & PrioritizesAvoids Distractions & Distracting
Decisions
Identifies Problems & IssuesInvolves Others If Needed
Evaluates the OutcomeUses Structure In New Situations
Professional Style
Relaxed and Professional ToneAspires to High PerformanceConscientious and Flexible
Self-Aware and Seeks Feedback
Aircraft Handling
Safe/Efficient/ComfortableAutomatic/Manual Flight
Non-Normals/EmergenciesThreat & Error Management
Applied Knowledge
Technical and OperationalUse of Checklists
SOP’s/PoliciesCommercial/Customer Awareness
Situational Awareness
Thorough Pre-Flight PreparationStays Ahead & Updates Plans
Makes Contingency PlansKeeps a Broad Perspective
Command Skills
Command Skills
Teaching Briefing Skills
to
Enhance Situational Awareness
Example FRA Brief
P1: I’m looking at Chart 13-1 Apr 07 VOR 07L date April 07. MSA is 4300’ – expecting radar from TAUNUS to pick up the inbound course 072 FFM. Descent begins at 15.5 DME – we have DME height checks down to minima of 830 + 50 and 1200m RVR required. Missed approach is climb straight ahead to 10 DME or 5000’ and left turn back to TAUNUS VOR. We know the runway is long, good lighting and we can take a high speed turn. For nav we’ll have the VOR and the NDBs. Any questions?
P2: No questions
Command Skills
Disturbing Facts
50% of accidents occur on Approach and Landing
75% of those are on NPA
Most occur on the centre-line
Most are following a 3 degree slope
Command Skills
Command Skills
Disturbing Facts
Disturbing Facts
Command Skills
Command Skills
Disturbing Facts
• 50% of accidents occur on Approach and Landing• 75% of those are on NPA• Most occur on the centre-line• Most are following a 3 degree slope• Most are un-briefed or briefed like an ILS!!
Command Skills
A Question
• What are the differences between an ILS and a NPA?– Different Modes– High workload– More risk– Maybe offset – Maybe off centerline when we break cloud – visual maneuver required– Pilot interprets tracking– Pilot interprets glidepath – more communication required between pilots– Significance of DME tuning / position– Minima different (significance of visibility)– Possibly non radar environment / less approach lighting– Different configurations– Increase likelihood of GA / Diversion– 500’ GPWS call gets in the way of minima calls - causing confusion– Navaid selection
Command Skills
Conclusions
When it comes to briefings in order to enhance the awareness of our situation:
• What can we consider as ‘Standard’?• What are the Differences?• What is the Plan?
Command Skills
Command Skills
Workload
Practical Pilot Skills
Command Skills
Arousal
Performance
Command Skills
Key Question for Pilots:
“What does overload look like?”
“Can it be measured?”
Command Skills
Recognizing Overload
“What should the checklist say?”
“Why haven’t we written one?”
PILOT WORKLOAD
Command Skills
Key Messages – Pilot Expressions
“Hang on a minute”
Command Skills
Situational Awareness
Command Skills
Previous CRM Training
Problem:• 80% of accidents involve a loss of SA
Solution?• “Make sure you don’t lose it!”• Definitions
– ‘The accurate perception of the factors and conditions that affect an aircraft and its flight’
– ‘Where we are in space and time and what is going on around us’
Command Skills
Observing SA Skills
• How to ascertain (and maintain) SA level
Command Skills
Research Findings…
What good pilots do:– Project ahead / Anticipate / Contingency plan– Routinely demonstrate self-checking– Briefings, Briefings, Briefing
Therefore, they . . . – Are aware of their workload– Know when workload is high– Know when SA is low
Command Skills
‘Situational Awareness, like money, is hard to get – but is easy to lose’
Command Skills
Briefings
Outlines Plans & DifferencesAllocates Tasks
Seeks InputChecks Understanding
Teamwork
Balances Rank AuthorityFlexible & Shows Respect
Actively Monitors & SupportsThinks Independently
Communication
Shares Information & IdeasActively Listens
Assertive When RequiredAdmits Mistakes & Doubts
Workload
Recognizes a High WorkloadTakes or Makes Time
Deals With Overload & PrioritizesAvoids Distractions & Distracting
Decisions
Identifies Problems & IssuesInvolves Others If Needed
Evaluates the OutcomeUses Structure In New Situations
Professional Style
Relaxed and Professional ToneAspires to High PerformanceConscientious and Flexible
Self-Aware and Seeks Feedback
Aircraft Handling
Safe/Efficient/ComfortableAutomatic/Manual Flight
Non-Normals/EmergenciesThreat & Error Management
Applied Knowledge
Technical and OperationalUse of Checklists
SOP’s/PoliciesCommercial/Customer Awareness
Situational Awareness
Thorough Pre-Flight PreparationStays Ahead & Updates Plans
Makes Contingency PlansKeeps a Broad Perspective