Download pdf - n[a^mfm, ñdê$n Ed§ §VdmX … n[a^mfm, ñdê$n Ed§ …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/34936/7/07... · 2018-07-02 · n¥., n¥

23

ggggmmmm____§VdmX … n[a^mfm, ñdê$n Ed§ §VdmX … n[a^mfm, ñdê$n Ed§ §VdmX … n[a^mfm, ñdê$n Ed§ §VdmX … n[a^mfm, ñdê$n Ed§

{dH$mg{dH$mg{dH$mg{dH$mg àñVmdZm …àñVmdZm …àñVmdZm …àñVmdZm …

Ama§ ‘| n¥Ïdr EH$ Ap½Znw§O Wr& dm¶w‘§S>cm| ‘| {~Iao AUwAmo§ Ho$

nmañn[aH$ gpå‘bZ go dmBag Am¡a ~¡³Q>r[a¶m ~Zo {’$a AmH¥${VhrZ Ord A‘r~m&

{’$a CgH$m {dH$mg dm¶w, Ob Am¡a ñWb na H«$‘e… ~‹T>Vm J¶m& Bgr Vah H$ar~

Xg cmI df© nhbo {dH$mg H$s à{H«$¶m ‘| ‘Zwî¶ new OJV go AmJo {dH${gV

hþAm& d¡km{ZH$m| H$m H$hZm h¡ dmZa go ‘mZd H$m {dH$mg hþAm& ‘mZd H$mo àmH¥${VH$

e{³V¶m| Ho$ {déX²Y ‘| g§Kf© H$aZm n‹S>m& bJ^J 6 bmI B©. ny. go n«ma§ hmoZo dmbm

H$mb nmfmU H$mb ‘mZm OmVm h¡& Bg ¶wJ ‘| Am¡Omam| Am¡a h{W¶mam| H$m à¶moJ

H$aZm ewê$ {H$¶m Wm& Bgr Vah ‘Zwî¶ ‘mÌ Ho$ ApñVËd H$m àmW{‘H$ AmYma l‘

ahm h¡& Bgr go ‘Zwî¶ Zo AnZo H$mo AÝ¶ newAm| go AcJ H$a {X¶m Am¡a àH¥${V na

AnZm H$m¶© H$m¡ec {XImH$a AnZm ê$n ~XcVm ahm& ‘Zwî¶ gm‘y{hH$ ê$n go ahZo

bJm& CgH$m l‘ ~‹T>Vm J¶m CgH$m qMVZ Am¡a {dMma ^r CÝZV hmoVo aho& Bg

àH$ma ‘Zwî¶ VrZ AdñWmAm| go {dH${gV hmoVm ahm& O§JbrnZ go ~~©aVm H$s Amoa

dh gä¶Vm H$s AdñWm ‘| ~‹T>Vm ahm&

nwam-nmfmU¶wJ ‘| bmoJm| Zo Yrao-Yrao VWm H«$‘e… AnZo h{W¶mam| H$mo

gwYmam& Zd-nmfmU¶wJ ‘| nËWa Ho$ h{W¶mam| H$mo nm{be H$aZo H$s H$bm ^r hñVJV

H$a br& Bg ¶wJ ‘| ‘mZd H$m OrdZ-¶mnZ {eH$ma Am¡a ImX²¶ g§J«h go hmoVm Wm&

gmW hr CÝhm|Zo AmË‘ajm Ho$ {cE Vra-H$‘mZ H$m Cn¶moJ ^r grIm& ¶h ImoO

X²{dVr` AÜ`m`X²{dVr` AÜ`m`X²{dVr` AÜ`m`X²{dVr` AÜ`m`

24

AË¶§V ‘hÎdnyU© Wr& ‘Zwî¶ Zo {MH$Zr {‘Q²>Q>r Am¡a bH$‹S>r go$ ~aVZ ~Zm¶o& nyam-

nmfmU¶wJ Ho$ A§V Am¡a Zd-ßmmfmU¶wJ Ho$ nhbo ‘Zwî¶ newnmbZ H$s Amoa AmH¥$ï>>

hþAm& Bgo h‘ ‘Ü¶-nmfmU¶wJ ^r H$h gH$Vo h¢&Bgr Vah gm‘wXm{¶H$ AdñWm go

{KgmB©, nm{be Am¡a Vra H$‘mZm| go Am{X‘ ‘Zwî¶ AmJo ~‹T>m& Bggo nadVu ‘Zwî¶

na ì¶mnH$ à^md n‹S>m {Oggo ì¶{³VJV g§n{Îm Ho$ OÝ‘ Ho$ H$maU gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Y,

{dVaU Am¡a CËnmXZ Ho$ ZE Vm¡a-VarH$m|$H$s g§^mdZmE± {XIZo bJr§& nwamVËd{dX²

H$hVo h¢ bJ^J nm±M hOma df© go ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ ~mao ‘| AnojmH¥$V CÝZV gä¶Vm H$s

OmZH$mar {‘bVr h¡& Cg g‘¶ go ‘mZd Zo Vm§~o H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m& {Og g‘¶

‘Zwî¶ Zo nËWa Ho$ gmW-gmW Vm§~o Ho$ Am¡Omam| H$m Cn¶moJ H$aZm àma§^ {H$¶m Cgo

Vm‘«nmfmU ¶wJ H$hm OmZo bJm& {Og‘| H¥${f Am¡a newnmbZ H$m {dH$mg hmoVm ahm&

O~ VH$ gm‘wXm{¶H$ AdñWm Wr, V~ VH$ ‘Zwî¶ X²dmam ‘Zwî¶ H$m emofU H$aZm

Ag§^d Wm&A{V[a³V CËnmXZ Ho$ {d{Z‘¶-{dVaU Ho$ H$maU ì¶{³VJV g§n{Îm H$mo

OÝ‘ hþAm& YZr Am¡a {ZY©Z Xmo dJ© ApñVËd ‘o§ AmE& H¥${f Am¡a newnmbZ Zo

{nV¥gÎmm H$mo ñWm{nV {H$¶m Am¡a pñÌ¶m| H$s pñW{V ‘| ~Xbmd Am¶m& ¶h ~Xbmd

Zmar A{YH$mam| H$mo Zï> H$aVm ahm&

Am{X‘ ¶wJ ‘| AkmZ Am¡a ^¶ Wm& ¶hm± VH$ AmVo-AmVo EH$ dJ© Zo Bgo

Or{dH$m H$m ‘mÜ¶‘ ~Zm¶m& nmfmU ¶wJ Ho$ ~mX d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥${V àma§ hþB©& d¡{XH$

g§ñH¥${V H$mo Am¶© gä¶Vm ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& Bg H$mb ‘| amOm H$m nX d§emZwJV hmo

J¶m Am¡a Xmg àWm H$m àMbZ hmo J¶m& Bg H$mb ‘| g‘mO àma§^ ‘| VrZ dJm] ‘|

~§Q>m-¶moX²Ym, nwamo{hV Am¡a gm‘mÝ¶ bmoJ& CÎmad¡{XH$ H$mb ‘| g‘mO Mma dUm] ‘|

{d^m{OV hmo J¶m& F$½doX Ho$ Xgd| ‘§S>b ‘| d{U©V nwéf gw³V ‘| Mma dUm] H$s

CËn{Îm H$m dU©Z {‘bVm h¡& ~«mô‘U, j{Ì¶, d¡í¶ Am¡a eyÐ& g‘mO ‘| dñVw

{d{Z‘¶ Ho$ gmW gmW YmVw-‘wÐm {d{Z‘¶ H$m gmYZ ~Zr& Bgr Vah H$m¶© Hw$ebVm

25

go l‘ Ho$ {d^mOZ Ho$ ’$bñdê$n Om{V H$s ì¶wËn{Îm hþB©& ¶hr§ go Xmg dJ© H$s

ewéAmV hþB© VWm à^w dJ© ì¶wËnÞ hmoZo ‘| n¶m©ßV g‘¶ {‘bm& Bg ¶wJ ‘| {H$gmZ

AnZr y{‘ H$m ñdm‘r hmoVm Wm& ~mX ‘| y{‘ H$m ñdm‘r amOm H$mo ¶m Jm§d Ho$

{H$gr à^mdembr ì¶p³V H$mo ~ZmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s JB© Am¡a Cgo gm‘§V H$hZo bJo&

2.1 gm‘§V eãX H$m AW© … gm‘§V eãX H$m AW© … gm‘§V eãX H$m AW© … gm‘§V eãX H$m AW© …

gm‘§V eãX Ho$ ~mao ‘| {d{^Þ {dX²dmZmo§ Zo AbJ-AbJ AW© ~VmE h¢& {’$a

^r gm‘mÝ¶V… BgH$m AW© "dra' AWdm "¶moX²Ym' hmoVm h¡& ì¶wËn{Îm‘ybH$ Ñ{ï> go

"g‘' CngJ© ‘| "AV' àË¶¶ Ow‹S>Zo go "gm‘§V' eãX ~ZVm h¡& {OgH$m AW© h¡

gå¶H²$ A§V…¶ñW AWm©V A§V AÀN>m h¡ Am¡a g‘ÝVñW A{Yn{V… gm‘§V AWm©V

g‘§V H$m ñdm‘r& ‘Zwñ‘¥{V Ho$ AZwgma-""amOm Ho$ ghm¶H$ AYrZ gaXma gm‘§V

H$hbmVo Wo, Omo CgHo$ à{V ^{³V àX{e©V H$aVo&''1 gm‘§V H$m qhXr eãX gmJa ‘§o

AW© h¡-""{H$gr amÁ¶ H$m H$aX H$moB© ~‹‹S>>m O‘rZXma ¶m gaXma ¶m n‹S>mog Ho$ amÁ¶

H$m Zaoe&''2 am‘eaU e‘m© H$m H$WZ h¡-""gm‘§V Ho$db EH$ Jm§d H$m ñdm‘r Wm,

dh ^r AnZo à^w go AZw‘{V {bE {~Zm AnZr O‘rZ Xÿgam| H$mo Xo gH$Vm Wm Am¡a

O‘rZ Ho$ gmW-gmW OmoVZodmbo h{bH$m| H$mo ^r hñVm§V[aV H$a gH$Vm Wm&''3 ^maV

‘o§ ^mo{JH$ eãX ^w{³V eãX go g§~§{YV h¡, {OgH$m AW© h¡ A{YH$ma nX Ho$

AZwgma ZH$X YZ AWdm Am¡a H$moB© dñVw boZm& w{³V eãX H$s VwbZm ^moJ go H$s

Om gH$Vr h¡& am‘eaU e‘m© Zo H$hm h¡ -""^mo{JH$, ^moJn{VH$ Am¡a ^mo{JH$nmbH$

- O¡go eãXm| go gm‘§VdmXr g§~§Ym§o H$s J§Y Vmo AmVr hr h¡&''4 JwßV gm‘«mÁ¶ go

gm‘§V eãX H$m à¶moJ {‘bVm h¡& hf©dY©Z Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| ^y{‘ AZwXmZ nÌ ‘| gm‘§V,

1 {dO¶Hw$‘ma AJ«dmb, ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| gm‘§Vr OrdZ, n¥.51.

2 g§nm. í¶m‘gw§Xa Xmg, qhXr eãX gmJa, n¥. 5071.

3 S>m°. am‘eaU e‘m©, ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX, n¥.108.

4 dhr, n¥.22.

26

‘hmamO Am¡a ‘hmgm‘§V eãXm| H$m à¶moJ Cnm{Y¶m| Ho$ ê$n ‘| {H$¶m h¡& gm‘§Vm| H$m

Xm{¶Ëd g‘«mQ>m| H$mo dm{f©H$ H$a XoZm Am¡a CZHo$ ¶hm§ ì¶{³VJV ê$n ‘o§ CnpñWV

ahZm Wm& nam{OV amOm gm‘§V ~Zm {bE JE Wo& Bg àH$ma-""gm‘§V g¡{ZH$ Am¡a

àemg{ZH$ Ñ{ï>¶m| go hr Zht, ~pëH$ gm‘m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go ^r AnZo à^w go g§~§Y ahVo

Wo&''1 am‘eaU e‘m© gm‘§V eãX Ho$ ~mao ‘| H$hVo h¡§ - ""gm‘§Vm| Ho$ {bE H$B©

g§kmAm| H$m à¶moJ hmoVm Wm, do Bg àH$ma h¢ - ^ynmb, ^mo³Vm, ^moJr, ^m¡{JH$,

^mo{JOZ, ^moJn{VH$, ^mo{Jê$n, ‘hm^moJr, ~¥hX²^moJr, ~¥hX²^mo{JH$, amOm¶k,

amOamOZH$$, amUH$, amOnwÌ,amOdëb^,R>³Hw$a,gm‘§V,‘hmgm‘§V, ‘hmgm‘§Vm{Yn{V,

‘hmgm‘§V-amUH$,gm‘§VH$amOm, ‘m§S>{bH$ Am¡a ‘hm‘§S>boída&''2 Bg àH$ma gm‘§V

eãX Ho$ AW© H$mo {dX²dmZm| Zo AnZo {d{^ÝZ ‘V ì¶³V {H$E h¢&

{ZîH$f©V… H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ gm‘§V eãX amOm{YH$m[a¶m| Ho$ {bE

Cnm{Y Ho$ ê$n ‘| ¶m {’$a g‘«mQ> Ho$ AYrZ Omo Jm§d h¢ CZ Jm±dm| go H$a dgyb

H$aZodmbm| Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb hmoVm h¡& gmW hr gwajm H$m ^ma g§^mbZm VWm amOm

Ho$ {bE goZm OwQ>mZm, ¶wX²Y H$aZm VWm AnZo AYrZñW H$mo X§S> XoZm ¶h g^r H$m¶©

gm‘§V eãX Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVo h¢&

2.2 gm‘§VdmX H$m AW© … gm‘§VdmX H$m AW© … gm‘§VdmX H$m AW© … gm‘§VdmX H$m AW© …

"gm‘§VdmX' eãX g§~§Yr {d{^Þ {dX²dmZm| X²dmam ñdê$n {díbofU ‘| A§Va

Am OmVm h¡& ¶yamon ‘| gm‘§VdmX Ho$ {bE "" "â¶yS>{bÁ‘' (Feudaliasm) H$hm h¡,

{OgH$s ì¶wËn{Îm "Fief' eãX go ‘mZr OmVr h¡& b¡{Q>Z eãX Feudum h¡, {OgH$m

AW© OmJra h¡& Feudul H$m AW© ^y{‘ H$m Qw>H$‹S>m h¡& gZ² 1912 ‘| ãbm{X{‘¶oa


2 dhr, n¥.229.

27

bo{ZZ Zo gm‘§VdmX H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aVo hþE H$hm Wm {H$ O‘rZ na ‘m{bH$mZm hH$

Am¡a gm‘§Vmo§ H$m Xmgmo§ na ‘m{bH$mZm hH$& A§J«oOr Ho$ VrZ eãX Lord, Vassal Am¡a

Fief gm‘§VdmX H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo h¢& Lord ¶m{Z gm‘§V Vassal ¶m{Z A{Yn{V R>mHw$a

Am¡a Fief ¶mZr OmJra&''1 gm‘§VdmX eãX H$m à¶moJ ì¶mnH$ AW© ‘o§ ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ Ho$

A§V Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ àma§^ ‘| {H$¶m OmZo bJm& ¶h eãX bmoH${à¶ Am¡a

ì¶mnH$ ê$n ‘| 1750 ‘| ¶yamon ‘| {‘bVm h¡& {OgZo ^y{‘ na AnZm H$ãOm {H$¶m

Am¡a ñd¶§ H$ï> {H$E ~J¡a CËnmXZ Ho$ ñdm‘r ~Z JE h¢& Cgo gm‘§VdmX H$hm Om

gH$Vm h¡& "gm‘§VdmX' H$m amOnmb qhXr eãXH$moe ‘| AW© h¡-""dh emgZ

ì¶dñWm {Og‘| amÁ¶ H$s ^y{‘ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o O‘tXmam| Ho$ A{YH$ma ‘| ahVr Wr&''2 Bgr

Vah BÝgmB³bmonr{S>¶m {~«Q>o{ZH$m ‘| H$hm h¡-""Feodum, Feudum' OmJra ¶m ewëH$

Faihu Jmo{WH$ h¡& O‘rZ vien new AW© ‘| EH$ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ‘mÌ Am¶m {Zé{nV H$aZo

Ho$ {bE, g§n{Îm, gm‘mÝ¶ n¡gm, Xÿgar eãXm§e ê$Q> Amoda, S´>mâQ> EH$ Amoa J¶m go

Ow‹S>m ¶h ^r g§n{V Ho$ AW© H$mo nyao godm {deof Ho$ {dMma ‘| eãX denoting g§n{V

¶m EH$ BZm‘ Ho$ ê$n ‘| Am¶mo{OV {H$¶m&''3 ì¶mnH$ AW© ‘| gm‘§VdmX ^y{‘ Ho$

ñdm{‘Ëd H$mo boH$a XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ g‘¶ ‘| "gm‘§VdmX' eãX Ho$

à¶moJ ‘| {ddmX h¡ {OgH$m A§YmYw§Y à¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡&

^maV ‘| gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ~mao ‘| am‘eaU e‘m© H$m ‘V h¡-""gm‘§dmXr

{dMmaYmam H$s ^y{‘ ¶m yI§S> CgHo$ Cn^moJ Ho$ {bE h¡ Omo CgH$m ñdm‘r AWdm

emgH$ hmo&''4 ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX Am¡a ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$m ê$n AbJ h¡& d¡go

Vmo ¶yamon Ho$ gm‘§VdmX ‘| AbJ-AbJ gm‘§VdmX h¡& O¡go {H$ O‘©Z H$m

1 OXFORD DICONARY -Oxford Univeristity Press,Oxford Newyrk,page-294

2 g§nm. haXod ~mhar, amOnmb qhXr eãXH$moe, n¥.821-822

3 http://www.1902encyclappedia.com.


28

gm‘§VdmX, ’«$m§{ggr gm‘§VdmX go AbJ h¡& {dO¶Hw$‘ma AJ«dmb gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ~mao

‘| H$hVo h¡-""gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ {dñVma Ho$ H$maU g‘«mQ> nyao gm‘«mÁ¶ H$m gwMmé$ ê$n go

g§MmbZ H$aZo ‘| Ag‘W© Wm, ’$bñdê$n CgZo gm‘«mÁ¶ H$mo N>moQ>r BH$mB¶m| ‘|

{d^m{OV H$aZm Mmhm& Bgr àd¥{Îm Ho$ ’$bñdê$n gm‘§VdmX H$m OÝ‘ hþAm&''1

Xgdt eVmãXr Ho$ ~mX ^maVr¶ g‘mO ‘| H$B© ‘hÎdnyU© n[adV©Z hþE& BZ‘| go EH$

¶h {H$ {d{eï> dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| H$s e{³V ~hþV ~‹T>r {OÝh| gm‘§V, amZH$, amOnyV

Am{X Zm‘m| go nwH$mam OmVm Wm& BZ‘| go Hw$N> nam{OV amOm Wo, ñWmZr¶ gaXma ¶m

~hmXwa g¡{ZH$ Wo {OÝhm|Zo AnZo Hw$N> h{W¶ma~§X g‘W©H$m| H$s ghm¶Vm go A{YH$ma

joÌ ñWm{nV H$a {bE Wo&

gm‘§VdmX dh gm‘m{OH ì¶dñWm Wr {Og‘| OmJraXma amOm Ho$ {cE b‹S>Vm

Wm& CgHo$ ~Xbo amOm Cgo gå‘mZ XoVm Wm& ""H$mb© ‘m³g© Zo g‘mO {dH$mg H$s

nm§M AdñWmE± ~VmB© h¢-àmMrZ gmå¶dmX, Jwbm‘r H$mb>, gm‘§VdmXr H$mb,

n§yOrdmXr H$mb Am¡a g‘mOdmX& BZ H$mbm| ‘| go gm‘§VdmXr H$mb gm‘§V Am¡a Xmg

dJ© ‘| ~§Q>m J¶m& gm‘§V Xmg dJ© H$m emofU H$aVo Wo&''2 ¶h ì¶dñWm ¶yamon H$s

‘Ü¶¶wJrZ AdñWm Wr& gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dñWm H$m Zm‘ gm‘§VdmX ’«$m§{ggr H«$m§{V Ho$

g‘¶ n‹S>m ¶m ’«$m§{ggr ^mfm Ho$ eãX Feodalism go ~Zm Wm&

2.3 gm‘§VdmX H$s n[a^mfm … gm‘§VdmX H$s n[a^mfm … gm‘§VdmX H$s n[a^mfm … gm‘§VdmX H$s n[a^mfm …

gm‘§VdmX na emoY H$aZodmbo {OVZo {dX²dmZ h¢ CVZr hr n[a^mfmE± {‘bVr

h¡§& gm‘§VdmX H$mo R>rH$-R>rH$ n[a^m{fV H$aZm ~hþV H$R>rZ h¡& gm‘§VdmX H$mo

{díd-ñVa na XoIZm ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& gm‘§VdmX H$mo ‘w»¶V… ¶yamonr¶ g§X^© ‘|


2 Ama.S>r. Jm¶H$dm‹S>, ~r.EZ. gaXogmB©, dr. EZ. hZ‘mZo,B{Vhmg boIZ emó, n¥. 84-85.

29

n[a^m{fV {H$¶m J¶m h¡& amo‘ gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ {dKQ>Z Ho$ ~mX npíM‘ ¶yamon ‘| EH$ ZE

àH$ma H$m$ g‘mO Am¡a ZB© emgZ ì¶dñWm H$m CX¶ hþAm& Bg ZB© ì¶dñWm H$mo

"â¶yS>{bÁ‘' (Feodalisaum) ¶m "gm‘§VdmX' H$hVo h¢& ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ ¶yamon ‘|

gm‘§VdmXr ì¶dñWm Wr& Cg‘| Wmo‹S>m-~hþV A§Va Wm& gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ~mao ‘| ES>dS>©

‘H$Zb ~Ýg© Ho$ AZwgma ""The Feudal regime was a system, of

overlordship and vassalage based upon the granting and holding of

fief. In the main; a fief was a befefia which had become hereditary''1

am‘eaU e‘m© Zo ""nm§Mdt eVmãXr go boH$a n§Ðhdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ ¶yamonr¶ g‘mO

H$mo hr gm‘§V H$hm h¡&''2 Cg‘| 13dt eVmãXr ‘| gm‘§VdmX Ma‘ gr‘m na Wm&

BZgmB³bmonr{S>¶m {~«Q>m{ZH$m ‘| "" "à w Am¡a ^¥Ë¶', "godm bKw^yI§S>', "dí¶Vm

ñdrH¥${V', "H$V©ì¶ Am¡a A{YH$ma', "{d{Y doÎmmAm| H$s ì¶dñWm' O¡go nm§M

Feodo-vassalitic institutions Ho$ g§X^© ‘| gm‘§VdmX H$mo ì¶m»¶m{¶V {H$¶m h¡&''3

¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ñdê$n H$m {ZfoY H$a ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$mo Z {díd

ì¶dñWm Ho$ A§J Ho$ ê$n ‘| g‘Pm Om gH$Vm h¡ Z {H$ {d{eï>Vm ‘|& ^maV ‘|

gm‘§VdmX H$s n[a^mfm AÝ¶ Xoem| H$s n[a^mfm go ~hþV {^ÝZ Zht h¡&

Xm‘moXa Y‘m©Z§X H$mog§~r gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ~mao ‘| H$hVo h¢-""B©. gZ² Ho$ àma§{^H$

g{X¶m| Ho$ Xm¡amZ O~ amOm ^y{‘ na AnZo amOH$s¶ VWm àemg{ZH$ A{YH$mam| H$m

n[ahma AnZo AYrZñW gaXmamo§ Ho$ hH$ ‘| H$aZo bJo Am¡a Bg Vah BZ gaXmam| H$m

{H$gmZm| go grYm g§~§Y H$m¶‘ hmo J¶m Vmo Jm±d H$s ~§X H¥${f AW© ì¶dñWm ‘o§

Ibb n‹S>m& Bg à{H«$¶m H$mo "D$na go {dH${gV hmoZodmbm' gm‘§VdmX H$hVo h¢ -

AmJo MbH$a Jm§d Ho$ A§Xa amÁ¶ Am¡a {H$gmZm| Ho$ ~rM ^yñdm{‘¶m| H$m EH$ dJ©

1 Edward Mcnall Burns; western civilization: Their history and their culture - P.314.

2 am‘eaU e‘m©, ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX, n¥.11

3 BZgmB³bmonr{S>¶m {~«Qo{ZH$m ; dmoë¶y‘ 9, n¥.219

30

{dH${gV hþAm, {OgZo AnZr goZm Am¡a eñÌm| Ho$ ~b na Yrao-Yrao ñWmZr¶

Am~mXr na gÎmm ñWm{nV H$s& Bg à{H«$¶m H$mo "ZrMo go {dH${gV hmoZodmbm'

gm‘§VdmX H$hVo h¡§&''1 H$mog§~r Zo ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$s n[a^mfm H$mo D$na go

{dH${gV hmoZodmbm gm‘§VdmX Am¡a ZrMo go {dH${gV hmoZodmbm gm‘§VdmX Eogo

X²{dMaUr¶ {dH$mg Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[a^m{fV {H$¶m h¡& ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX Am¡a ^maVr¶

gm‘§VdmX H$s n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ AmYma na h‘ ¶h H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ gm‘m{OH$ g§JR>Z

H$m ñdê$n {OgHo$ A§VJ©V ì¶{³V Ho$ A{YH$mam| Ed§ H$V©ì¶m| H$m {ZYm©aU CgH$s

^y{‘ na A{YH$mam| Ho$ AmYma na hmoVm h¡, Cgo gm‘§VdmX H$h gH$Vo h¢& gm‘§VdmX

emgZ ì¶dñWm H$s AmYma ^y{‘ Wr& {H$gmZ CÎmam{YH$m[a¶m| Ho$ AmYma na ^y{‘

OmoVVm Wm& ~m¡X²{YH$ Ñ{ï> go ^y{‘ H$m ‘m{bH$ O‘tXma hr Wm& BgHo$ A{V[a³V dh

Kaoby CÚmoJ go ^r YZ H$‘mZo H$m à¶mg H$aVm Wm& {H$gmZ H$mo CËnmXZ H$m bú¶

gr{‘V {d{Z‘¶ Ho$ {bE Wm& dh O‘tXma Ho$ ¶hm± ~oJma H$m H$m‘ ^r H$aVm Wm&

CgH$mo bJmZ ^r {X¶m H$aVm Wm& Bg ì¶dñWm ‘| AmJo O‘r§Xma Am¡a {H$gmZ Ho$

~rM g§Kf© n¡Xm hþAm Am¡a VZmd ~‹T>Vm J¶m& ’$bñdê$n n±yOrdmXr ì¶dñWm H$m

CX¶ hþAm& ny±OrdmXr ì¶dñWm ‘| ‘w»¶V… H¥${f CËnmXZ, g§n{Îm H$m ~±Q>dmam Am¡a

emgH$ dJ© X²dmam J¡a-Am{W©H$ ~b-à¶moJ Ho$ O[aE {H$gmZ H$s A{V[a³V CnO

H$mo {d{^Þ ê$nm| ‘| byQ>Zo H$m H$m‘ hþAm& Mmho dh l‘, ZJX ¶m {H$gr ^r ê$n ‘|

hmo& amOñd AWdm XmgVm Ho$ l‘ Ho$ ê$n ‘| h‹S>n boZo H$s {deofVmE± ny±OrdmXr

ì¶dñWm ‘| {‘bVr h¢&

1 S>r. S>r. H$moemå~r, EZ B§Q´>moS>³eZ Qy> X ñQ>S>r Am°’$ B§{S>¶Z {hñQ´>r, n¥.275-276.

31

2.4 "gm‘§VdmX' H$m ñdê$n … "gm‘§VdmX' H$m ñdê$n … "gm‘§VdmX' H$m ñdê$n … "gm‘§VdmX' H$m ñdê$n …

"gm‘§VdmX' Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE Bgo {díd-ñVa na XoIZm

Amdí¶H$ h¡& ¶h ì¶dñWm {nam{‘S>Zw‘m Wr& {H$gr ^r amÁ¶ H$s g§nyU© ^y{‘ na

{Z¶§ÌU Vmo emgH$ ¶m amOm H$m Wm, CgH$m Cn^moJ d[að> gm‘§V, H${Zð> gm‘§V,

g~go H${Zð> gm‘§V Am¡a A§V ‘| {nam{‘S> Ho$ A§{V‘ {gao Ho$ ê$n ‘| {H$gmZ Am¡a

^yXmg H$aVo Wo& gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm ‘| erf© na amOm (emgZ) Am¡a ZrMo YamVb na

H¥$fH$ Ho$ Xmg Wo& Bg {nam{‘S>Zw‘m ì¶dñWm Ho$ ñdê$n ‘| àË¶oH$ gm‘§V AnZo

AYrZ ì¶{³V¶m| H$m gm‘§V hmoVm h¡¡ VWm AnZo go D$na Ho$ ì¶{³V H$m godH$&

gm‘§VdmXr emgZ ì¶dñWm H$m AmYma AmË‘{Z^©a AW©ì¶dñWm Wr {Oggo dñVwAm|

H$m CËnmXZ ~mOma ‘| {~H«$s Ho$ {bE Zht A{nVw ‘w»¶V… ñWmZr¶ H¥$fH$ Ed§ CZHo$

‘m{bH$m| (gm‘§Vmo) Ho$ {bE hmoVm Wm& ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ñdê$n H$m {ZfoY H$a

^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$mo Z {díd ì¶dñWm Ho$ A§J Ho$ ê$n ‘| g‘Pm Om gH$Vm h¡, Z

CgH$s {deofVm ‘| XoI gH$Vo h¢&

2.4.1 ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX … ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX … ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX … ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX …

gm‘§VdmX H$mo ‘w»¶V… ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ê$n ‘| XoIZm Amdí¶H$ h¡&

¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ñdê$n na ‘mH©$ ãbmI Zo {bIm h¡-""EH$ namYrZ H¥$fH$

dJ©, godm bKw yI§S> H$m AWm©V (’$s’$) H$m doVZ Ho$ ñWmZ na Cn¶moJ ³¶m|{H$

doVZ H$m H$moB© gdmc hr Zht CR>Vm; {deofrH¥$V ¶moÕmAm| H$s EH$ dJ© H$s

gdm}ÀMV… g§ajU Am¡a AmkmH$m[aVm Ho$ A§VJ©V ~§YZ, {OÝhm|Zo EH$ {d{eï> ñdê$n

J«hU {H$¶m, {OgH$mo ^¥Ë¶Vm (~ogbog) H$hVo Wo; gÎmm H$m {dI§S>Z Omo A{Zdm¶©

ê$n go Aì¶dñWm H$s Amoa bo OmVm Wm& Am¡a BZ g^r Ho$ ~rM g‘yXm¶ Ho$ AÝ¶

ñdê$nm|, n[adma Am¡a amÁ¶ Ho$ ApñVËdm| H$m H$m¶‘ ahZm, {OZ‘| amÁ¶ Zo X²{dVr¶

32

gm‘§Vr ¶wJ ‘| nwZZ©{dH¥$V e{³V H$mo àmßV H$a {b¶m; ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$s Eogr

AmYma^yV {deofVmE± Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¢&''1 ‘mH©$ ãbmI Zo namYrZ H¥$fH$ dJ© godm

Ho$ ñWmZ na bKw yI§S> XoZm, Bgr ì¶dñWm H$mo H$m¶‘ aIZm ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$s

{deofVmE± h¡§&

¶yamon H$m gm‘§VdmX amo‘Z Am¡a O‘©Z H$s na§nam go CËnÞ ñdm^m{dH$

ì¶dñWm h¡ Am¡a dhr gmar ¶yamon H$s XoZ ^r h¡& amo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ {dKQ>Z Ho$ ~mX

¶yamon H$s Agä¶ Om{V¶m| Zo amÁ¶ na A{YH$ma H$a {b¶m& CÝhm|Zo g‘mO Am¡a

gaH$ma H$mo EH$ Z¶m ê$n {X¶m& nm±Mdt eVmãXr go amo‘Z g‘«mQ> AnZr ajm H$aZo ‘|

Ag‘W© hmo MwHo$ Wo& V~ go ~~©a Om{V¶m| Ho$ AmH«$‘U go ajm H$aZo Ho$ {bE Jm±d

H$s OZVm Zo ep³Vembr dJ© go g‘Pm¡Vm {H$¶m& dht gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm H$m éPmZ

hþAm& Cg g‘¶ n§Ðhdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ ¶yamonr¶ g‘mO H$mo hr gm‘§VdmX H$hm

OmVm h¡ "BÝgmB³bmonr{S>¶m {~«Q>o{ZH$m' Ho$ AZwgma-""gm‘§VdmX Ho$ OÝ‘ ‘| gwajm

H$s ^mdZm àYmZ Wr& Ag§^m{dV {dXoer AmH«$‘U VWm gaH$mar A’$gam| H$s

A{Z¶§{ÌV ‘m±Jmo§ go Nw>Q>H$mao Ho$ {bE EH$ Eogr gÎmm H$s Amdí¶H$Vm AZw^d H$s Om

ahr Wr, Omo CÝh| {H$gr ^r H$s‘V na gwajm àXmZ H$a gHo$&''2 CÝhm|Zo A{YH$mam|

Am¡a H$V©ì¶m| H$s EH$ gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dñWm H$hm h¡, Omo gm‘§VdmX na AmYm[aV Wr&

¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ñdê$n na H$hm h¡-""amOZr{VH$ Am¡a àemg{ZH$ T>m±Mm y{‘-

AZwXmZ Ho$ AmYma na J{R>V Wm Am¡a Agbr Am{W©H$ T>m±Mm H¥${f-XmgËd

(g’$S©‘) àWm Ho$ AmYma na& Bg àWm Ho$ AYrZ {H$gmZ ^y{‘ go ~±Yo hmoVo Wo Am¡a

^y{‘ Ho$ ‘m[bH$ O‘tXma hmoVo Wo, Omo Agbr H$míVH$mam| Am¡a amOm Ho$ ~rM H$s

H$‹S>r H$m H$m‘ H$aVo Wo& {H$gmZ O‘rZ OmoVZo Ho$ ~Xbo gm‘§Vm| H$mo CnO Am¡a ~oR>-

1 ‘mH©$ ãbmH$, â¶yS>b gmogmBQ>r, n¥. 446.

2 BÝgmB³bmonr{S>¶m {~«Q>o{ZH$m, dmoë¶y‘-14,n¥. 204.

33

~oJma Ho$ ê$n ‘| bJmZ AXm H$aVo Wo& Bg àUmbr H$m AmYma AmË‘{Z^©a

AW©ì¶dñWm Wr {Og‘| MrOm| H$m CËnmXZ ~mOma ‘| ~oMZo Ho$ {bE Zht, ~pëH$

‘w»¶V… ñWmZr¶ {H$gmZm| H$mo CZHo$ ‘m{bH$m| Ho$ Cn¶moJ Ho$ {bE hmoVm Wm&''1 Bgr

go ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$m ñdê$n ‘moQ>o Vm¡a na g‘Pm Om gH$Vm h¡& ¶yamon ‘| gm‘§Vr

ì¶dñWm H$s Xmo à‘wI {deofVmE± ~VmB© OmVr h¢& EH$ h¡ H¥${f XmgÎd (g’$S©>‘) H$s

àWm& O‘tXma ~‹S>r ^y{‘ Ho$ ñdm‘r hmoVo Wo&

Bg ^y[‘ Ho$ EH$ {hñgo na H¥${f-Xmgm| H$s ghm¶Vm go O‘tXma IwX IoVr

H$aVm Wm& H¥${f Xmgm| H$mo Hw$N> g‘¶ O‘tXma H$s O‘rZ na H$m‘ H$aZm n‹S>Vm Wm

Am¡a ~mH$s g‘¶ do IwX AnZr IoVr ‘| H$m‘ H$aVo Wo& Bg‘o§ H¥${f Xmg H$mo Z

AnZm noem ~XbZo H$s Ny>Q> ahVr Zm AÝ¶Ì OmZo H$s gw{dYm Wr& AnZo à w

(bmS>©) H$s$ BOmOV Ho$ {~Zm emXr VH$ Zht H$a gH$Vm Wm& Xÿgar {deofVm gm‘§Vr

ì¶dñWm H$s g¡{ZH$ g§JR>Z àUmbr h¡ {Oggo Cgna H$mZyZ ì¶dñWm H$mo H$m¶‘

aIZo Am¡a Ý¶m¶ H$aZo H$s {Oå‘oXmar hmoVr Wr& BgHo$ ~b na dh AË¶mMma H$aVm

Wm& gm‘§V ì¶dñWm H$m g~go Ádb§V àVrH$ Wm Kmo‹S>o na gdma dra ¶moÕm& Bg ZB©

¶wÕZr{V {dH$mg Am¡a g§JR>Z Ho$ aI-aImd H$s Amdí¶H$Vm Ho$ H$maU ¶yamonr¶

gm‘§VdmXr ì¶dñWm ‘O~yV hþB©& ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$mo amOZr{VH$ Ed§ àemg{ZH$

T>m§Mm ^y-AZwXmZ na J{R>V Wm Am¡a dmñV{dH$ Am{W©H$ T>m§Mm H¥${f XmgËd na

AmYm[aV Wm& gm‘mÝ¶V: gm‘§VdmX ‘| EH$ dJ© ^y{‘ H$m ‘m{bH$ hmoVm Wm Am¡a

Xÿgam dJ© y{‘ na l‘ H$aVm Wm& BgàH$ma EH$ dJ© ~ohX n[al‘ H$aHo$ ^r emo{fV

ahVm Vmo Xÿgam dJ© {~Zm n[al‘ {H$E ~hþV A‘ra hmo OmVm Wm& Bg A‘ra qH$Vw

l‘hrZ dJ© ‘| é{M¶m| H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡ dhr gm‘§V dJ© h¡&


34

gm‘§VdmXr ì¶dñWm H$m B{Vhmg AmO go bJ^J nm§M hOma df© nyd© hr

àma§^ hmo OmVm h¡& àmMrZ H$mb Ho$ ~mao ‘| am‘eaU e‘m© Zo H$hm h¡-""Ohm± EH$

Amoa {‘ó H$m nwamVZ amÁ¶ (AmoëS> qH$JS>‘) Ho$ ~mX amÁ¶hrZ H$mb AWm©V

(2475-2160 B.g. nyd©) H$mo gm‘§VdmXr ¶wJ H$hm OmVm h¡, dhm± Xÿgar Amoa MmD$

H$mbrZ (1122-250 B.g. nyd© Ho$) MrZ H$mo ^r ¶h g§km Xr OmVr h¡&''1 àmMrZ

H$mb ‘| Xmg AnZo ‘m{bH$ H$s$ godm {H$gr Ym{‘©H$ {ZX}e Ho$ H$maU Zht ~pëH$

Z¾ ep³V Ho$ gm‘Zo PwH$Zo H$mo ‘O~ya hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$aVm Wm& Bg H$mb ‘| H¥${f-

VH$ZrH$s ^r {dH${gV Zht H$s Om gH$Vr Wr& {’$a ^r ¶yamon ‘| nm§Mdt gXr go

boH$a n§Ðhdt gXt Ho$ ~rM bJ^J 1000 df© VH$ gm‘§VdmXr ì¶dñWm H$m hr

dM©ñd H$m¶‘ ahm& 13 dt eVmãXr ‘| gm‘§VdmX AnZr Ma‘gr‘m VH$ nhþ§Mm J¶m

Wm& Cg g‘¶ Ho$ ~mX go dh nVZ H$s Amoa AJ«ga hþAm&

‘Ü¶H$mb ‘| ¶yamon H$s gä¶Vm Ed§ g§ñH¥${V H$mo {Z{‘©V Ed§ {dH${gV H$aZo

‘| {OZ VÎdm| Zo à‘wI ^y{‘H$m {Z^mB© CZ‘| gm‘§VdmX à‘wI Wm& {’$a ^r ‘Ü¶H$mb

‘| ¶yamon Ho$ bmoJm| H$s OrdZ nÕ{V H$mo a§Jê$n XoZo ‘| gm‘§VdmX Ho$ Abmdm {Og

Xÿgar MrO Zo ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^mB© dh Wr, MMm] H$m g§JR>Z& Bg H$mb ‘|

amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ed§ Am{W©H$ g^r n[apñW{V¶m± gm‘§VdmX go

à^m{dV hþB©& gm‘§VdmX Ho$ Ym{‘©H$Vm Ho$ ~mao ‘| ‘mH©$ ãbmI Zo {bIm h¡-""h‘

gm‘§Vr ¶yamon Ho$ Ym{‘©H$ A{^‘V H$m dU©Z H$aVo g‘¶ {~Zm gmoMo {dMmao Cgo "lÕm

{dídmg ¶wJ' (EoO Am°’$ ’o$W) H$h XoVo h¢-¶h H$hZo H$s AZw‘{V Xr Om gH$Vr h¡

1 am‘eaU e‘m©, ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX, n¥.11.

35

{H$ lÕm-{dídmg Zo Bggo nyd© AnZo Zm‘ H$s BVZr gmW©H$Vm H$^r ì¶³V Zht

H$s&''1 Bg lÕm Am¡a {dídmg go Ow‹S>m H$‘©H$m§S> Am¡a H$Å>aVm ~‹T> JB© Wr&

AmYw{ZH$ g‘¶ ‘| "gm‘§VdmX' eãX Ho$ à¶moJ na {ddmX h¡& BgH$m H$^r-

H$^r A§YmYw§Y à¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm h¡& Cg g‘¶ H$s pñW{V H$mo Z OmZH$a H$m¶©H$mb

Ho$ AmYma na AZoH$ {dÛmZ AnZm ‘V àH$Q> H$aVo h¢ {Og‘| A{YH$ma joÌ, ^y{‘,

{ZOr CnH«$‘, Xm{¶Ëd Am{X gm‘§Vr g‘mO H$m EH$ ^mJ h¡ Cgo gm‘§VdmX H$hZm

{H$g hX VH$ C{MV h¡, Bg na ^r àíZ h¡& AmYw{ZH$ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ~mao ‘| H$mb©

‘m³g© H$m ‘V ‘hÎdnyU© h¡-""~wO©Am dJ© Zo, ha Cg Y§Yo H$mo, {Ogo A~ VH$

gå‘mZ Am¡a lÕm H$s Ñ{ï> XoIm OmVm Wm, lr {dhrZ H$aHo$ aI {X¶m h¡& S>m°³Q>a

H$mo, dH$rb H$mo, nwOmar H$mo, H${d Am¡a d¡km{ZH$ H$mo AnZo AnZo nJma^moJr ‘OXÿa

Ho$ ê$n ‘| BgZo n[ad{V©V H$a {X¶m&''2 H$mb© ‘m³g© Zo ny±OrdmXr g§ñH¥${V H$s d¥{Îm

H$m {OH«$ {H$¶m h¡& Bg ì¶dñWm Ho$ Xmof na ^r Ü¶mZ XoZm Oê$ar h¡ O¡go dJ©

ì¶dñWm H$R>moa hmoZm, gm‘m{OH$ Ed§ Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï> go EH$ Jhar ImB© ~Z OmZm

Am{X& {dO¶ Hw$‘ma AJ«dmb Zo H$hm h¡ {H$-""gm‘§VdmX ¶yamon ‘| y{‘ì¶dñWm go

g§~§{YV {dH|$ÐrH$aU na AmYm[aV EH$ Eogr àemgH$s¶ ì¶dñWm Wr, {Og‘| gm‘§V,

gdm}ƒ gÎmm Am¡a {H$gmZm| Ho$ ‘Ü¶ H$m nwb Wm, Omo XmoZm| nmQ>m| go {ZpíMV AZw~§Ym|

Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go Ow‹S>m hmoVm Wm&''3 BÝhm|Zo gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ‘hÎd H$mo ñnï> H$aZo H$s

H$mo{ee H$s h¡&

¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$m ñdê$n {XZ-~-{XZ ~XbVm J¶m& AmYw{ZH$sH$aU

Ho$ ¶wJ ‘o§ amOm AWdm emgZ H$s {Za§Hw$e amOV§Ì àUmbr na H$m’$s {Z¶§ÌU Am¶m&

1 ‘mH©$ ãbmI, gm‘§Vr g‘mO ^mJ-1, n¥.126-127.

2 H$mb© ‘m³g© Am¡a E§Joëg, H$å¶y{ZñQ> KmofUm nÌ, 1815, n¥. 35

3 {dO¶Hw$‘ma AJ«dmb, ñdmVÝÍ¶moÎma {hÝXr CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| gm‘§Vr OrdZ, n¥.48.

36

BgHo$ ~mao ‘| a‘oe Hw$ÝVb ‘oK H$m H$WZ h¡$-""18dt eVmãXr ‘| B§½b¢S> H$s

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V VWm ’«$mÝg H$s àOmVm§{ÌH$ ~wOyAm© H«$m§{V Zo AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ H$mo

dV©‘mZ ¶wJ ‘| ~Xb {X¶m& B§½b¢S> ‘| Xmg-àWm Am¡a g§K-àWm ’«$mÝg go nhbo Qy>Q>

JB© Wr {Oggo l‘ep³V Am¡a CÚ‘m| ‘| g§MaUerbVm Am¶r&''1 amOZr{VH$ Ñ{ï> go

gÎmm gm‘§VdJ© Ho$ hmW ~wOyAm© Ho$ nmg Am¶r& amOZr{VH$ ì¶dñWm ‘| EH$

ì¶dpñWV g‘mO H$s aMZm Am¡a MwZmdr pñW{V Am¡a H$mZyZ ì¶dñWm H$s ewéAmV

hþB©& H«$m§{V Zo nwamZr ì¶dñWm H$m A§V H$a {X¶m& {d{^Þ ¶wÕmo§ Ho$ ’$bñdê$n Jwbm‘r

H$s àWm g‘má hmo JB©, Eogm ‘mZm Om gH$Vm h¡&

2.4.2 ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX … ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX … ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX … ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX …

^maV ‘| gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ‘yb bjU ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX ¶m AÝ¶ Xoem| Ho$

gm‘§VdmX go {^Þ Zht Wo& {’$a ^r ^maV {demb Xoe h¡ Omo AbJ-AbJ joÌm| ‘|

ì¶mßV Wm, {OZHo$ gm‘§Vr g§~§Ym| Ho$ ê$n AbJ-AbJ Wo& {’$a ^r ^y{‘ Omo H¥${f

CËnmXZ H$m$ gmYZ h¡, gm‘§Vr à w H$s g§n{Îm hmoVr Wr& Ho$ Xm‘moXaZ H$hVo h¢§-

""^maV ‘| gm‘§VdmX Ho$ VËd dUm©l‘ ì¶dñWm Ho$ T>m§Mo Ho$ A§Xa hr Cgo nyU©V… Zï>

{H$¶o {~Zm, {dH${gV hþE Am¡a EH$ bå~o Aago VH$ do Xmg àWm na AmYm[aV

g§~§Ym| go g§~§X²Y aho&''2 ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$s$ Xmg àWm AÝ¶ Xoem| Ho$ gm‘§VdmX

go AbJ ‘hÎd aIVr Wr& Xmg àWm Ho$ gmW H¥${f Am¡a XñVH$mar H$m EH$-Xÿgao

go Kwb-{‘b OmZm, Om{V àWm, Añn¥í¶Vm H$m {dH$mg Am¡a g‘wXm¶ ¶h ^maVr¶

gm‘§VdmX H$s AnZr {d{eï>Vm Wr& Xmg àWm Ho g§~§Y ‘| Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ H$hVo h¢

- ""^maV ‘| Xmg àWm H$m g§H$Q> BVZm Jham Am¡a CgH$m {dKQ>Z BVZm doJnyU© Zht

1 a‘oe Hw$ÝVb ‘oK, AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY Am¡a AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, n¥.59.

2 Ho$ Xm‘moXaZ, ^maVr¶ qMVZ naånam, n¥.209.

37

Wm {OVZm ¶yamon ‘| Wm&''1 ^maVr¶ XmgVm H$mo ¶yamonr¶ XmgVm go H$‘ g§H$Q>nyU©

‘mZm h¡& ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$s {dMmaYmam Ho$ àdV©H$ ê$n ‘| lr am‘eaU e‘m© H$m

^r Zm‘ ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& CÝhm|Zo ^maV Ho$ AbJ-AbJ joÌm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| H$hm h¡-

""gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm Xoe Ho$ {d{^Þ {hñgm| ‘| ‘m¡OyX AmË‘{Z^©a Am{W©H$ BH$mB¶m| na

AmYm[aV Wr& ‘wÐm H$m A^md, ‘mn-Vm¡b Ho$ ñWmZr¶ ‘mZH$m| H$m MbZ Am¡a

amOmAm§o VWm gm‘§V gaXmam| X²dmam CÚmoJ-ì¶mnma go hmoZodmcr ZJXr VWm {OÝgr

Am¶ H$m ‘§{Xam| Ho$ Zm‘ hñVm§VaU - ¶o V‘m‘ ~mV| Eogo EH$m§emo§ Ho$ ApñVËd H$s

gmjr âVr h¡&''2 gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm Ho$ ~mao ‘| am‘eaU e‘m© Zo ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX

Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ Am{W©H$ g§aMZm Ho$ g§X © ‘| H$hm h¡& àemgH$s¶ ì¶dñWm ‘| ^maVr¶

gm‘§VdmX H$mo "O‘tXmar ì¶dñWm' Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZVo Wo&

^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$m T>m±Mm AË¶§V O{Q>b Wm {Og‘| {H$VZo hr àH$ma H$s

g§~§{YV ì¶dñWmE§ Wr& g~go D$na amOm Wm, CgHo$ Xa~mam| ‘| gm‘§V, OmJraXma

Am¡a CZHo$ ~mX O‘tXma& g~go ZrMo Ho$ ñVa na O‘rZ H$mo OmoVZo dmbo {H$gmZ Wo&

Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ Ho$ AZwgma-""gm‘ÝVr J«m‘ g‘wXm¶ ‘| ‘w»¶V… Mma gm‘m{OH$ g‘yh

Wo& nhbm g‘yh Wm-emofU H$aZodmbo CÀM dJm] H$m, {Og‘| gaH$mar A{YH$mar,

nwamo{hV Am¡a J«m‘-emgH$ em{‘b Wo& BZHo$ nmg g~go AÀN>r O‘rZ| hmoVr Wr&

Xÿgam g‘yh ñdVÝÌ {H$gmZ g‘wXm¶m| ¶m g§¶w³V n[admam| H$m Wm& BZHo$ nmg ^r

O‘rZ hmoVr Wr& Omo O‘rZ Ho$ Agbr OmoVZo-~moZodmbm| H$m g‘yh Wm& g~go ZrMo

~‹T>B¶m| Am¡a bwhmam| O¡go H$marJam| VWm AÝ¶ l{‘H$m| H$m g‘yh Wm& A§{V‘ XmoZm|

gm‘m{OH$ g‘yh gdm©{YH$ emo{fV Wo& gm‘ÝVr OmJraXmam| Ho$ gmW {‘cH$a CÀM

dJ© Ho$ bmoJ AnZr gm‘m{OH$ pñW{V Am¡a à^md H$mo, naånamJV ì¶dñWm H$mo

1 Ho$ Xm‘moXaZ, ^maVr¶ qMVZ naånam ,209.


38

H$m¶‘ aIZo Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb H$aVo Wo&''1 Bgr Vah gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm Ho$ ~mao ‘| Ho$

Xm‘moXaZ Ho$ AZwgma {H$gmZm| Am¡a H$marJam| H$s pñW{V emoMZr¶ Wr& am‘{dbmg

e‘m© Zo gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm H$m g§~§Y Om{V-àWm go Omo‹S>m h¡& CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡-""{Og

Xoe ‘| gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm Á¶mXm {XZ VH$ ahr Cg‘| Om{V àWm ^r Á¶mXm {XZ

{Q>H$mD$ hþB©, CgH$s g§H$rU©Vm ^r AÝ¶ Xoem| H$mo XoIVo hþE ~hþV hr K¥{UV ê$nm| ‘|

àH$Q> hþB©, O¡go ^maV ‘|&''2 ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$s {d{eï>Vm Ho$ ~mao ‘| Ho$ Xm‘moXaZ

Zo H$hm h¡-""^y{‘ H$m gm‘y{hH$ ñdm{‘Ëd& ¶h gm‘y{hH$ ñdm{‘Ëd àmMrZ H$mb go

hr Mcm Am ahm Wm Am¡a ¶h gm‘§VdmX Ho$ gmW ^r Omar ahm&''3 Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ Zo

CZ bjUm| H$s MMm© H$s h¡ {Oggo ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$m ñdê$n {d{eï> hmo OmVm

h¡& Bg‘| J«m‘ g‘wXm¶, H¥${f Am¡a XñVH$mam| H$m EH$ Xÿgao ‘| Kwb-{‘b OmZm&

{~amXar Ho$ H$~rbmB© g§~§Ym| H$m Omar ahZm, Om{V-àWm Am¡a Añn¥í¶Vm H$m {dH$mg

Am{X Ho$ gmW-gmW Xmg àWm Ho$ Adeofm| Am¡a ¶hm± VH$ {H$ Am{X‘ gmå¶dmX Ho$

Adeofm| H$m ^r Omar ahZm ‘w»¶ h¡& do ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX Am¡a ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX

Ho$ bjU {^Þ Zht ‘mZVo Wo& ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ gmW ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$s

{H$gr àH$ma H$s g‘mZVm Zht h¡& àmo. Zm‘da qgh Zo H$hm h¡-""^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX

¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX go {^Þ h¡& ¶yamon ‘| ^r ñd¶§ O‘©Z gm‘§VdmX, ’«$m§grgr

gm‘§VdmX go {^Þ h¡& ’«$m§grgr gm‘§VdmX {~«{Q>e gm‘§VdmX go {^Þ h¡& BQ>¡{c¶Z

gm‘§VdmX BZ g~go {^Þ h¡&''4 Bg‘| {^ÞVm ³¶m| h¡ Am¡a {H$g Vah H$s$ h¢, BgHo$

{ddaU ‘| Zm‘da qgh Zht JE& BgH$m Xÿgam H$maU àm. ha~§g ‘w{I¶m Zo {X¶m h¡&

CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡ {H$-""¶yamon H$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Ed§ n¶m©daU g§~§Yr pñW{V, CËnmXZ

1 Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ, ^maVr¶ qMVZ naånam, n¥.214.

2 am‘{dbmg e‘m©, {Zambm gm{hË¶ Ho$ gmYZm, ^mJ-2,n¥.28.

3 Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ, ^maVr¶ qMVZ naånam, n¥. 209.

4 AmË‘g§^dm, g§nm. S>m° ‘mohZ, A§H$ OwbmB©-{gV§~a 2001, n¥.7.

39

VH$ZrH$ Ed§ l‘ g§JR>Z à{H«$¶m h‘oem ^maV go {^Þ ahr h¡&''1 àmo. ‘w{I¶m O¡gm

hr Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ H$m ‘V h¡-""npíM‘r ¶moamon ‘| Xmg H$mo {~Zm l‘-‘Oyar Ho$ AnZo

^y-ñdm‘r H$s O‘rZ na ~oJma H$aZr n‹S>Vr Wr, {OgHo$ EdO ‘| Cgo O‘rZ H$m EH$

N>moQ>m Qw>H$‹S>m Xo {X¶m OmVm Wm& Cg Qw>H$‹S>o na dh AnZr Pmon‹S>r ~ZmH$a Wmo‹S>r-~hþV

IoVr H$a gH$Vm Wm& gm‘§VdmX Ho$ A§VJ©V ^maVr¶ {H$gmZ H$mo Eogm H$moB© ~§YZ Zht

Wm& ¶h ghr h¡ {H$ gm‘ÝVdmX Ho$ ApÝV‘ MaUm| ‘| Eogr {‘gmb| XoIZo ‘| AmBª O~

O‘tXma AnZo Xmgm| H$mo IoVm| ‘| ~oJma Ho$ {bE {dde H$a XoVo Wo; Vmo ^r ^maV ‘|

A{Zdm¶© ~oJma H$s npíM‘ ¶yamonr¶ àUmbr gm‘§Vr CËnmXZ nX²Y{V Ho$ A{^Þ A§J

Ho$ ê$n ‘| {dH${gV Zht hþB©&''2 Bgr Vah ¶yamon H$s H¥${f XmgVm H$s pñW{V ^maV ‘|

Zht XoIr Om gH$Vr& ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX Am¡a ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX ‘| g‘mZVm h¡ ¶m

Zht h¡? ¶{X h¡ Vmo {H$VZr Am¡a {^ÞVm h¡ Vmo H$m¡Zgr? Bg na AbJ {dMma {H$¶m

Om gH$Vm h¡&

¶h ñnï> h¡ {H$ ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ Img bjU ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX ‘|

Zht {‘bVo& ^maV ‘| hr AbJ-AbJ joÌm| ‘| gm‘§VdmX Ho$ bjU AbJ-AbJ

Wo& ¶h {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ Hw$N> g‘mZVmE± ^r h¢& {^Þ-{^Þ Xoem| ‘| Am¡a {^Þ-{^Þ

g‘¶ ‘| AnZo ê$nm| H$s g‘ñV {d{dYVmAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ‘yb bjU

EH$-go aho h¢& ‘mH©$ ãbmI Ho$ AZwgma ""g‘¶ Am¡a ñWmZ Ho$ X²dmam n¥WH$ BZ g^r

g‘mOm| Zo "gm‘§Vr Zm‘' Ho$db Bg{bE àmßV {H$¶m h¡ {H$ CZ‘| npíM‘r gm‘§VdmX

Ho$ Hw$N> dmñV{dH$ AWdm AZw‘m{ZV-gX¥eVmE± h¢&''3 ¶o gX¥eVmE± h¢§ CËnmXZ Ho$

‘w»¶ gmYZm|, O‘rZ na gm‘§Vmo§ Ho$ emgH$ dJ© H$m A{YH$ma&

1 ha~§g ‘w{I¶m, ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ ^maV… ZE Am¶m‘, n¥. 87.


3 ‘mH©$ ãbmI, gm‘§Vr g‘mO, ^mJ-2, n¥.219.

40

Cn¶w©³V {ddoMZ go ¶h ñnï> h¡ {H$ ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX Am¡a ¶yamonr¶

gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ñdê$nm| ‘| g‘mZVm Am¡a {^ÞVm ^r h¡& ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$m

àmXw^m©d O¡gm {H$ H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ nwamZo Xe©Z, nwamZr amOZr{V, nwamZr

gä¶Vm, nwamZo {d{Y emñÌ Am{X g^r ‘| hþAm h¡& Ho$db BgmB© Y‘© H$mo CgZo ~ZmE

aIm& ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$m àmMrZ gä¶Vm go Bg Vah H$m grYm Q>H$amd Zht

hþAm& nwamZo J«m‘ g‘wXm¶ ~Zo aho, {~amXar Ho$ H$~rbmB© g§~§Y Omar aho& Xmg-àWm

Am¡a Am{X‘ gmå¶dmX Ho$ Adeof ^r ~Mo aho& gmW hr BgZo dUm©l‘ ì¶dñWm H$mo

^r ~Zo ahZo {X¶m& Bg dUm©l‘ ì¶dñWm Ho$ H$maU Añn¥í¶Vm Omar ahr& Xÿgar ~mV

¶h h¡ {H$ gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm {dH${gV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ZE g§~§Ym| H$mo Cg‘| {‘cm

{X¶m& gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm à^wËdembr ^yñdm‘r dJ© VWm namYrZ H¥$fH$ dJ© H$s

ì¶dñWm ‘| I‹S>r hmoVr h¡& Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ Zo H$hm h¡-""gm‘§VdmX Ho$ A§VJ©V Om{V¶m±,

OZ g‘wXm¶ Ho$ nañna {^Þ gm‘m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g‘yh Wr, Omo EH$ gm¡nm{ZH$ H«$‘

‘| g§J{R>V Wr&''1 Bg‘| erf© na amOm hmoVm Wm, bo{H$Z gÎmm ‘w»¶ ê$n ‘| ^yñdm‘r

dJ© na {Z ©a Wr& yñdm‘r ‘moQ>o Vm¡a na ~«m÷U VWm j{Ì¶ AWm©V CÀM dU© Ho$

hmoVo Wo& A{YH$Va H¥$fH$ eyÐ AWm©V {ZåZ dJ© Ho$ ‘mZo OmVo Wo&

Bgr Vah C±Mr Om{Vdmbo ^y-ñdm‘r Wo Am¡a do {ZMbr Om{V¶m| na hþHw$‘

Mbm¶m H$aVo Wo& gm‘§Vr OrdZ ‘| C±Mr Om{V Ho$ bmoJ h‘oem {H$gmZ H$s OrdZ

àUmbr ‘| XIbA§XmOr H$aVo AmE h¡§& H¥$fH$m| H$mo AnZo {ZOr H$m‘ go nhbo ñdm‘r

go nyN>VmN> H$aZr hmoVr Wr& gm‘§V bmoJ CZna AmgmZr go hþHw$‘ Mbm gH$Vo Wo,

¶hr ì¶dñWm H$ht Z H$ht Om{V ì¶dñWm H$mo ‘O~yV H$aVr JB©& Bgr Vah ^yñdm‘r

C±Mr Om{V¶mo§ Ho$ Wo Am¡a {ZMbr Om±{V¶m| ‘| H¥$fH$-eyÐ AmVo Wo {Oggo ^yñdm{‘¶m|


41

Ho$ {bE {H$gmZm| ¶m {ZåZ Om{V¶m| na hþ³‘ MbmZm AmgmZ hmo OmVm Wm& Bg dU©

ì¶dñWm ‘| gm‘§Vr g§~§Y gÑ‹T> hmo J¶o& ¶h pñW{V XrK©H$mc VH$ ~Zr ahr&

2.5 gm‘§VdmX H$m {dH$mg … gm‘§VdmX H$m {dH$mg … gm‘§VdmX H$m {dH$mg … gm‘§VdmX H$m {dH$mg …

gm‘§V H$m àMbZ Am¡a CgH$s {dH$mg à{H«$¶m {H$g àH$ma h¡ BgH$m

AÜ¶¶Z gm‘§VdmX H$s g§H$ënZm ‘| Cn¶moJr hmoJm& gm‘§VdmX H$s {dH$mg na§nam

nwamZr hr ghr bo{H$Z AI§{S>V ahr h¡& Am{X‘mZd H$s$ J«m‘ gä¶Vm go ewéAmV

hmoH$a AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ àUmbr, {d{^Þ ñVa, CgH$m {dH$mg Am¡a I§S>Z-{dI§SZ

hmoVm ahm h¡& ‘mZd AnZo ñd^md Ho$ AZwgma g¢H$‹S>m|-hOmam| gmbm| VH$ EH$ hr

AZwHy$b ^y-I§S> ‘| ~pñV¶m± ~ZmH$a CgH$m Cn¶moJ H$aVm hmoJm& BZH$s àmMrZV‘

AW©ì¶dñWm J«m‘ na AmYm[aV new-nmbZ Am¡a H¥${f na Wr& H¥${f H$mo hr ‘Zwî¶

Om{V Ho$ g§J{R>V hmoZo H$m H$maU H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡, ¶hr§ go ‘Zwî¶ H$s gä¶Vm H$m

AmH$bZ hmoVm ahm& EH$ Om{V Ho$ Zï>> hmoZo na Xÿgar Om{V Cgr ñWmZ na ~ñVr

~gmVr h¡& gm‘mÝ¶V… dh nhbr gä¶Vm Ho$ Adeofm| H$mo nyar Vah hQ>mZo Ho$ P§PQ> ‘|

Zht n‹S>Vr&

qgYw-KmQ>r-gä¶Vm H$s (B©.ny. 3000 go 1500 B©.ny) ImoO Zht hþB© Wr,

V~ VH$ ^maV H$m B{Vhmg Am¶m}§ Ho$ AmJ‘Z go hr Ama§ ‘mZVo Wo Am¡a BgHo$

nyd© ¶wJ H$mo A§YH$ma ¶wJ H$h H$a {VañH¥$V H$aVo Wo& Cgr Vah Am¶m] Zo qgYw Am¡a

J§Jm H$s KmQ>r na AnZm A{YH$ma O‘m {c¶m Am¡a ^maV ‘| gw{dH${gV gä¶Vm H$mo

OÝ‘ {X¶m& Bggo hr AZw‘mZ bJm¶m Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ àmMrZ ‘mZd ^m¡Jmo{cH$

{deofVm dmbo yIÊS> na ~pñV¶m± ~ZmH$a aho hm|Jo& Am¶© ~mha go AmE hþE

AmH«$‘UH$mar Om{V¶m| ‘| go Wo CÝhm|Zo AZm¶m] H$mo nam{OV H$a {X¶m Omo ‘yb

{Zdmgr Wo& CZH$mo Xmg ~Zm {X¶m& ‘yb {Zdm{g¶m| H$mo Am¶© Xñ¶w AWdm Xmg

42

H$hH$a nwH$maVo Wo& {OgH$m ‘yb AW© ewÌ, Zm¡H$a AWdm Jwbm‘ Ho$ AW© ‘| Wm&

‘yb {Zdm{g¶m| Ho$ gmW ~~©aVm go noe AmE Am¶© ~mX ‘| H«$‘e… H$~rbo go amÁ¶,

amï´> VH$ nhþ±Mo& CÝhm|Zo Ð{d‹S> Am¡a AÝ¶ Xoer Om{V¶m| H$mo AnZo AYrZ aIm& Am¶m]

H$s loUr go CÀM dJ© ~«m÷U Am¡a j{Ì¶ dJ© H$m OÝ‘ hþAm& am‘m¶U Am¡a

‘hm^maV H$mc VH$ ^maVr¶ gä¶Vm H$m ñdê$n J«må¶ VWm H¥${f àYmZ ¶m Am¡a

g§n{Îm ñdê$n ‘y{V© Ho$ ê$n ‘| Wm& Bg g‘¶ ¶h ¶wJ ‘w»¶V… draVm H$m ¶wJ Wm&

Wmo‹S>o go eyadra AnZr e{³V Ho$ ~b na ~‹S>o ^y-joÌm| Ho$ ñdm‘r hmo J¶o Wo& nam^yV

bmoJm| na emgZ MbmVo Wo& gmW hr AÝ¶ AmH«$‘Um| go CZH$s ajm H$aVo Wo& O¡go-

O¡go Bg àUmbr H$m {dH$mg hmoVm J¶m, àm§Vr¶ ì¶dñWm ñWm{nV hþB© Am¡a ¶hr§ go

gm‘§VdmX H$m OÝ‘ hþAm, Eogm ‘mZm Om gH$Vm h¡&

gm‘§VdmX Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ ~mao ‘| Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ Zo H$hm h¡ ""~«m÷UdmX Am¡a

dUm©l‘ ì¶dñWm H$m CX¶ nwamZo H$~rbr gmå¶dmX Ho$ {dKQ>Z Am¡a Xmg àWm Ho$

CËWmZ Ho$ H$mb ‘| hþAm VWm ewê$ H$s ‘§{Obm| ‘| CÝhmo§Zo gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg H$s J{V

H$mo VoO H$aZo Am¡a Cgo ghm¶Vm nhw±MmZodmbo VËdm| H$m H$m‘ {H$¶m&''1 Bggo

ep³Vembr ~«m÷U dJ© H$m {dH$mg, gmW hr j{Ì¶m| Am¡a d¡í¶m| H$s pñW{V gÑ‹T>

hmo JB©& Xmg àWm na AmYm[aV amÁ¶ Á¶mXm hmoZo go ~«m÷Um| Ho$ {Ibm’$ {dÐmoh Ho$

ê$n ‘| ~m¡Õ Y‘© àH$Q> hþAm& Bgr Vah O¡Z Am¡a ~m¡Õ Y‘© B©.ny. Mm¡Wr eVmãXr go

Câ H$a AmE&

Ama§ ‘| gm‘§VdmX ‘O~yV hmoZo na "{hXþËd' H$m Aä¶wX¶ hþAm& a‘oe

Hw$ÝVb ‘oK H$m H$WZ h¡-""nhbr eVmãXr ‘| hr gm‘§Vr¶ gå~ÝY ‘O~yV hmo Mbo

Wo ³¶m|{H$ l‘ Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ {d^mOZ Ho$ H$maU nwamZr dU©-ì¶dñWm H$m ñWmZ

1 Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ, ^maVr¶ {M§VZ naånam, n¥.214.

43

Om{V-àWm Zo {b¶m {Og‘| JmoÌ Ho$ OÝ‘ Ho$ X²dmam ñWmZm§V[aV {H$¶m J¶m h¡&''1

gm‘§Vr g‘mO ‘| l‘ H$s àYmZVm Ho$ H$maU dU©ì¶dñWm H$s OJh Om{V-àWm Zo

{b¶m Omo gm‘§VdmX H$m à‘wI AmYma ~Z J¶m& {dO¶Hw$‘ma AJ«dmb H$m ‘mZZm

h¡-""dU©ì¶dñWm H$s ñWmnZm Zo hr d§emZwJV CÎmam{YH$mar naånam H$mo OÝ‘ {X¶m&

hmbm±{H$ ¶h H$Q²>Q>aVm d¡{XH$ ¶wJ ‘| H$m’$s H$‘ Wr, qH$Vw O¡go-O¡go ~«m÷U Y‘© H$m

{dH$mg hmoVm J¶m, dU© ì¶dñWm ‘| H$Q²>Q>aVm AmVr J¶r&''2 dU© ì¶dñWm H$s

H$Q²>Q>aVm Ho$ H$maU Om{V ì¶dñWm ‘O~yV hmo J¶r& Om{V Ho$ bmoJmo H$mo n¡V¥H$ H$‘©

~XbZo H$m A{YH$ma Zht Wm& Xmg àWm BVZr ~‹T> JB© {H$ {Og‘| H«$¶-{dH«$¶

{H$¶m OmVm Wm& Bgr{bE am‘eaU e‘m© H$m H$hZm h¡-""àma§{^H$ ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX

H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^y{‘H$m H$B© Ñ{ï>¶m| go ~‹S>r ‘hÎdnyU© ahr&''3 Bg àH$ma gm‘§VdmX

H$s Ztd ‘Zwî¶ H$s Ah§H$mar d¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU aIr JB©& àmMrZH$mb go A~ VH$

gm‘§VdmX AnZo AbJ-AbJ ê$nm| ‘| {XImB© XoVm h¡&

2.6 gm‘§VdmX H$m {d^mOZ … gm‘§VdmX H$m {d^mOZ … gm‘§VdmX H$m {d^mOZ … gm‘§VdmX H$m {d^mOZ …

^maVr¶ B{Vhmg H$r MMm© gm‘mÝ¶V… h‘ Am¶m] Ho$ AmJ‘Z go H$aVo Wo&

qH$Vw qgYw gä¶Vm H$s ImoO hmoZo Ho$ níMmV ¶h OmZ {b¶m {H$ Am¶m] Zo qgYw Am¡a

J§Jm KmQ>r na AnZm A{YH$ma O‘m {b¶m Wm& ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ ~mao ‘| 5000 df© nhbo

Rr>H$ Vah go OmZH$mar {‘br {H$ ‘Zwî¶ YmVwAm| H$m Cn¶moJ OmZZo bJm Wm& Bgr

g‘¶ H¥${f Am¡a newnmbZ H$m {dH$mg hmoVm ahm&

^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ‘yb bjU Am¡a AÝ¶ Xoem| Ho$ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ cjUm|

‘| ~hþV A§Va Zht Wm& ^y{‘ hr gm‘§Vr à w H$s g§n{Îm Wr& Bgr H$maU B.g.ny.

1 a‘oe Hw$ÝVb ‘oK, AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY Am¡a AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, n¥.27.

2 {dO¶Hw$‘ma AJ«dmb, ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| gm‘§Vr OrdZ, n¥. 66.

3 am‘eaU e‘m©, ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX, n¥. 234.

44

5000 go ^maVr¶ B{Vhmg ‘| ‘Zwî¶ gm‘wXm{¶H$ AdñWm ‘| ah ahm Wm& V~go EH$

‘Zwî¶ Xÿgao ‘Zwî¶ go dñVwAm| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aVm Wm& EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ emofU H$s

àd¥{Îm H$s ewéAmV hmo JB© Wr, EH$-Xÿgao na A{YH$ma H$aZo H$s d¥{Îm g§ m{dV Wr&

Bgo gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ‘yb ~rO H$s ewéAmV ‘mZ gH$Vo h¢& qgYw gä¶Vm H$mbrZ bmoJm|

H$s ‘hÎdnyU© AW© ì¶dñWm H¥${f Am¡a newnmbZ hr Wm& CgHo$ ~mX Am¶m] H$m

AmJ‘Z hmo J¶m {Oggo h‘ d¡{XH$ gä¶Vm H$s ewéAmV ‘mZVo h¡§& ^maV ‘| Am¶m] Ho$

AmJ‘Z go AZm¶© nam{OV hmo JE& Am¶m] Zo AZm¶m] H$mo Xmg ~Zm {X¶m& ¶hr§ ghr

ê$n go gm‘§VdmX H$s ewéAmV hmo JB©& Bg AdñWm VH$ dU© ì¶dñWm H$‘© Ho$

AmYma na Z hmoH$a JwUm| na AmYm[aV Wr&

^maVr¶ B{Vhmg ‘| doXm| H$m ñWmZ ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& d¡{XH$ gä¶Vm H$mo nyd©

d¡{XH$ gä¶Vm Am¡a CÎma d¡{XH$ gä¶Vm ‘| ~m±Q>m J¶m h¡& nyd© d¡{XH$ gä¶Vm ‘|

‘hÎdnyU© J«§W F$½doX H$s aMZm hþB©& V~ VH$ dU©-ì¶dñWm H$s ñWmnZm Zht hþB©

Wr& CÎma d¡{XH$ gä¶Vm ‘| dU© ì¶dñWm ‘| Xmg àWm ~‹T> JB©& Xmgm| Ho$ H$maU à w

dJ© H$mo n¶m©ßV g‘¶ {‘bm& CÝhm|Zo AnZm g‘¶ Y‘©-qMVZ ‘| bJm {X¶m& Bg

AdñWm Ho$ H$maU ~«m÷U dJ© H$s ì¶wËn{Îm hþB©& à^w AWdm amOm X¡dr ¶wJm| H$s

H$ënZm ‘| ~±Y JE Am¡a ~«m÷U dJ© H¥$nm nmÌ ~Zo& Bg na amhþb gm§ñH¥$Ë¶m¶Z

H$m H$WZ h¡ - ""AmO {OVZo Y‘© {dÚ‘mZ h¢ -qhXy, ~m¡X²Y, O¡Z, ¶hyXr, B©gmB©,

Bñbm‘, g^r gm‘§VdmXr ¶wJ H$s CnO h¢ Am¡a gm‘§Vemhr T>m±Mo gXm nmofH$ aho

h¢&''1 nwamo{hV dJ© g‘ñV Y‘©, AW©, amÁ¶ ‘| à^w Ho ghm¶H$ à{V{Z{Y ê$n ‘| H$m¶©

H$aVo Wo& O~go Xmg àWm ewê$ hþB© V~go gm‘§Vr¶ g‘mO H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm Eogm

‘mZm Om gH$Vm h¡&

1 amhþb gm§ñH¥$Ë¶m¶Z, ‘mZd g‘mO, n¥. 99.

45

àmMrZ H$mb go Xmg AnZo ‘m{bH$ H$s godm {H$gr Ym{‘©H$ {ZX}e Ho$ H$maU

Zht ~pëH$ ep³V Ho$ gm‘Zo PwH$Zo H$mo ‘O~ya hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$aVm Wm& V~ go

gm‘§VdmX H$m CJ‘ ‘mZ gH$Vo h¢& ""F$½d¡{XH$ H$mb ‘| H$~rbm| Ho$ gaXma, {OÝh|

nwamo{hVm| H$m g‘W©Z àmßV Wm, ‘w»¶V… ¶wÕ ‘| àmßV byQ> Ho$ ‘mb na OrdZ-¶mnZ

H$aVo Wo& CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mb Am¡a doXmoÎma H$mb ‘| gaH$ma Am¡a nwamo{hV {H$gmZm| go

àmßV CnO Ho$ EH$ {hñgo Am¡a eyÐ X²dmam H$s OmZodmbr Vah-Vah H$s godmAm| Ho$

~b na ’y$bVo-’$bVo aho&''1 AVrV Ho$ VÏ¶m| H$m dU©Z-{díbofU Omo H$mb

H«$‘mZwgma {H$¶m J¶m hmo Cgo B{Vhmg H$hm J¶m h¡& gm‘§VdmX Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m {OH«$

H$aZm VWm CgH$m H$mbH«$‘ ^r ‘hÎdnyU© h¡&

d¡go Vmo ^maVr¶ B{Vhmg ‘| g‘¶ Ho$ AZwgma Am{X, ‘Ü¶ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$

Bg H«$‘ H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go gm‘§VdmX H$mo VrZ ^mJm| ‘|

~m±Q> gH$Vo h¢&

1. Ama§{^H$ gm‘§VdmX (‘m¡¶© gm‘«mÁ¶ go JwßV g‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nVZ VH$) 322 B©.ny go

550 B©.g. VH$&

2. ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmX (JwßV gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nVZ go A§J«oO amO H$s ewéAmV VH$)

550 B©.g. go 1757 B©.g. H$s ewéAmV VH$&

3. AmYw{ZH$ gm‘§VdmX (A§J«oO amO go A~ VH$) 1757 B©.g. go A~ VH$&

2.6.1 Ama§{^H$ gm‘§VdmX … Ama§{^H$ gm‘§VdmX … Ama§{^H$ gm‘§VdmX … Ama§{^H$ gm‘§VdmX …

‘m¡¶© H$mb ‘| hr h‘ gm‘§VdmX H$s Zr§d {XImB© XoVr h§¡& (322 B©.ny. go 298

B©.ny.)& g‘«mQ> M§ÐJwßV Zo AnZo {demb gm‘«mÁ¶ H$s ì¶dñWm Ho$ ’$bñdê$n amÁ¶


46

H$mo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o àm§Vm| ‘| ~m±Q>m& H$maU Wm {H$ Hw$b àm§Vm| na gdm©{YH$ma ñWm{nV hmo

AnZr hr emgZ nX²Y{V Mbo& amÁ¶, {Obm, Jm±d Bg àH$ma go CgHo$ {d^mOZ

V¡¶ma hþE& A§V ‘| ‘m¡¶© gm‘«mÁ¶ H$s e{³VhrZVm Ho$ H$maU AbJ-AbJ g§ñWmZ

V¡¶ma hþE& ‘m¡¶© gm‘«mÁ¶ go ì¶{³V Am¡a g§ñWmZm| H$mo ^y{‘-XmZ XoZo H$s àWm ewê$

hmo JB©& {Og‘| ^y{‘ Am¡a J«m‘m| H$m g‘mdoe Wm& Bg àWm ‘| XmZ XoZodmbm EH$

{b{IV A{YH$ma nÌ (Vm‘«nÌ) copperplates XoVm Wm& Eogo hOmam| Vm‘nÌm| go

Ag§»¶ gm‘§Vm| H$m CX¶ hþAm& {dXoer AmH«$‘U hþE {Og‘| AmH«$‘UH$mar H«$‘e…

¶yZmZr, eH$, nëbd Am¡a Hw$fmU Wo& ¶h ‘m¡¶© gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ amOZr{VH$ {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU

H$m H$mb Wm& amOZr{VH$ Ñ{ï> go gm‘§VrH$aU H$s à{H«$¶m eH$-Hw$fmU H$mb go

àma§^ hþB© Wr& XÊS>Zm¶H$, ‘hmXÊS>Zm¶H$, nXm{YH$m[a¶m| H$m CëboI nhbr ~ma

Hw$fmU boIm| ‘| hr {‘bVm h¡ {Og‘| H${ZîH$> H$m CëboI ‘hÎdnyU© h¡, {OgZo

A§Vam©ï´r¶ amÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm H$s Wr& gm‘§VdmX H$m CX¶ ‘m¡¶© gm‘«mÁ¶ go boH$a

JwßV H$mb Ho$ nVZ VH$ ‘mZm Om gH$Vm h¡&

Ama§{^H$ gm‘§VdmX H$mo ‘m¡¶© gm‘«mÁ¶ H$s ewéAmV (322 B©.ny.) go JwßV

gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nVZ (550 B.g.) VH$ ‘mZ gH$Vo h¢& gm‘§VdmX H$m OÝ‘ ‘m¡¶©

gm‘«mÁ¶ go ‘mZVo h¢ {’$a ^r ‘O~yV gm‘§VdmX nhbr eVmãXr Ho$ eH$-Hw$fmU go

bo gH$Vo h¢& a‘oe Hw$ÝVb ‘oK Zo H$hm h¡-""nhbr eVmãXr ‘| hr gm‘§Vr¶ gå~ÝY

‘O~yV hmo Mbo Wo ³¶m|{H$ l‘ Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ {d^mOZ Ho$ H$maU nwamZr dU©-

ì¶dñWm H$m ñWmZ Om{V-àWm Zo {b¶m {Oggo JmoÌ Ho OÝ‘ X²dmam ñWmZm§V[aV

{H$¶m J¶m&''1 Bg àH$ma Om{V Am¡a Hw$b g§ñH¥${V Ho$ dmhH$ ~Z JE& BgHo$ ~mao ‘|

Ho$ Xm‘moXaZ Zo H$hm h¡ - ""Om{V-àWm, dmñVd ‘| Am{X gm‘m{OH$ l‘ {d^mOZ

1 S>m°. a‘oe Hw$ÝVb ‘oK, AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, n¥. 27.

47

H$m EH$ {dH$mg a{hV ê$n Wr& gmW hr Xoe Ho$ {d{^Þ joÌm| ‘| {^Þ-{^Þ ar{V-

[admO àM{bV Wo&''1 h‘ H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ A§VJ©V Om{V¶m±, OZ

g‘wXm¶ Am¡a ar{V-[admO nañna gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ñVa na H«${‘H$ ê$n ‘o§

g§J{R>V Wr&

àma§{^H$ gm‘§VdmX ‘| B{Vhmg H$s Ñ{ï> go ^y{‘ XmZ H$s na§nam CgHo$ {bE

ghm¶H$ hþB©& am‘eaU e‘m© Zo H$hm h¡ - "" y{‘-XmZ H$m g~go àmMrZ nwamoboIr¶

à‘mU B©. nyd© H$s nhbr eVmãXr Ho$ EH$ gmVdmhZ A{^boI ‘| {‘bVm h¡, {Og‘|

Aíd‘oK ¶k ‘| EH$ Jm±d XmZ H$aZo H$s MMm© h¡ - Vmo Xÿgar eVmãXr ‘| ~m¡X²Y

{^jwAm| H$mo XmZ {H$E JE Jm±dm| Ho$ {gb{gbo ‘| {‘bVm h¡& ¶h XmZ gmVdmhZ

amOm Jm¡V‘rnwÌ emZH${U© Zo {X¶m Wm&''2 {XZ-~-{XZ Bg àH$ma Ho$ AZwXmZ ‘|

àemg{ZH$ ñdV§ÌVm d Ý¶m¶ A{YH$ma ^r em{‘b hmo JE Am¡a Bg àH$ma gm‘§V

ì¶dñWm amÁ¶m| H$m g‘yh H$hcmZo c½mm& JwßV H$mb VH$ ì¶dñWm AnZo nyao à^md

‘| O‹S> O‘m MwH$s Wr& y{‘ ¶m ^yI§S> Ho$ Cn^moJ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^mo³Vm ñnï> ê$n go

JwßV-H$mb VH$ Am J¶m& JwßV-H$mb VH$ AmVo-AmVo gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm nyU© ê$n go

{dH${gV hþB©& Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ Zo H$hm h¡-""Eoíd¶© nyU© JwßV g‘«mQ>m| H$m H$mb, Omo

B©gdr gZ² 320 ‘| àW‘ JwßV g‘«mQ> M§ÐJwßV Ho$ ‘JY Ho$ {g§hmgZ na Amê$‹T> hmoZo

go ewé hþAm, ^maV Ho$ Am{W©H$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg ‘| CëboIZr¶ H$mb Wm&

H$maU ¶h {H$ Bg H$mb ‘| hr ^maV ‘| y{‘-g§n{Îm na gm‘ÝV Am{YnË¶ Ho$ àW‘

VËd, AnZo àmapå^H$ ê$n ‘| àH$Q> hþE& ¶h H$mb ^maVr¶ B{Vhmg Ho$ àmMrZ H$mb

Am¡a ‘Ü¶¶wJ Ho$ Amaå^ Ho$ ~rM H$s {d^mOZ aoIm h¡&''3 JwßV H$mb ‘| hr ^y{‘

1 Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ, ^maVr¶ {MÝVZ naånam, n¥.218.


3 Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ, ^maVr¶ {MÝVZ naånam, n¥. 207.

48

g§n{Îm gm‘§Vr à w H$s g§n{Îm hmoVr h¡, BgH$m {OH«$ hþAm h¡& AmJo ObH$a am‘eaU

e‘m© H$hVo h¡§-""^y{‘-XmZ Ho$ ì¶mnH$ àMbZ Zo Eogo ~«m÷U gm‘§Vm| Ho$ A{d^m©d

H$m ‘mJ© àeñV H$a {X¶m, Omo amOH$r¶ A{YH$m[a¶m| H$s gÎmm go bJ^J ñdV§Ì

ahH$a AZwXmZ joÌm| H$m àemgZ MbmVo Wo&''1 gm‘§VdmX H$m CX²^d y{‘-XmZ H$s

àWm go ewê$ hmoVm h¡ {OgHo$ A§VJ©V ^y{‘XmZ nmßV ì¶p³V {~Zm n[al‘ {H$E ^y{‘

Ho$ CËnmXZ H$m ñdm‘r hmoVm Wm& ¶hr ì¶p³V ¶m dJ© gm‘§V H$hbmVm Wm& g~go

àW‘ ‘m¡¶© H$mb ‘| ^y{‘-XmZ XoZo H$s àWm H$m àma§ hþAm Am¡a BgH$s ghr ê$n ‘|

ewéAmV gmVdmhZ H$mb go hmo J¶r Am¡a JwßV H$mb ‘| ^y{‘-XmZ H$s àWm nyU© ê$n

go {dH${gV hþB© {XImB© XoVr h¡& Bgr H$maU h‘ Bg nyao g‘¶ H$mo Ama§{^H$

gm‘§VdmX Ho$ A§VJ©V aI gH$Vo h¡&

Am{X‘ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ 800 go 850 ~agm| H$s Om{V àWm Am¡a ^y{‘-XmZ H$s

naånam Ho$ gmW dU© ì¶dñWm ^r ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& dUm©l‘ ì¶dñWm H$m CX¶ Am¡a

Bg‘| Xmg àWm H$m {dH$mg hþAm Omo gm‘§Vr VËd Ho ghm¶H$ {gX²Y hþE& dUm©l‘

ì¶dñWm Zo gm‘§Vr¶ g§~§Y H$mo gÑ‹T> ~Zm {X¶m& ""Xmg àWm Ho$ A§VJ©V Ho$db Mma

dU© Wo, Om{V¶m± Zht& qH$Vw gm‘§VdmX Ho$ CX¶ Ho$ gmW Ho$db ~«m÷Um| H$m dU© hr

EH$ Om{V Ho$ ê$n ‘| Omar ahm& AÝ¶ dU© {d{eï> dJ©-g‘wXm¶m| Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZm

Am{W©H$ ‘hÎd ~hþV-Hw$N> Imo MwHo$ Wo&''2 dU© ì¶dñWm ‘| ~«m÷U dU© H$m {deof

‘hÎd ahm h¡& ""dU© ì¶dñWm H$s ñWmnZm Zo hr d§emZwJV CÎmam{YH$mar na§nam H$mo

OÝ‘ {X¶m& ~«m÷U H$m nwÌ ~«m÷U, j{Ì¶ H$m nwÌ j{Ì¶ VWm d¡í¶ Am¡a ewÐ Ho$

nwÌ ^r d¡í¶ Am¡a ewÐ hm|Jo& hmbm§{H$ ¶hm± H$Q²>Q>aVm Am J¶r&''3 dU© ì¶dñWm Zo




49

d§ena§nam H$mo gÑ‹T> ~Zm {X¶m, BgHo$ nyd© Omo n¡V¥H$ H$‘© ~XbZo H$m A{YH$ma Wm,

dh Zht ah J¶m& Xmg H$s AJbr nr‹T>r Xmg hr ahVr Wr, {OgH$m H«$¶-{dH«$¶

{H$¶m OmVm Wm& Bg na§nam ‘| g§n{Îm H$m H|$ÐrH$aU hþAm Am¡a gm‘§VdmXr O‹S>§o

‘O~yV hmoVr JBª& ""JwßV-H$mb go g‘§S>bm| Am¡a {Obm| Ho$ A{YH$m[a¶m| Ho$ nX

CÎmamoÎma de§mZwJV hmoVo Mbo JE& ’$bV… EH$ Amoa H|$Ðr¶ gÎmm H$s O‹S> ImoIcr

hmoVr JB© Am¡a Xÿgar Amoa àemgZ H$m ñdê$n Am¡a ^r gm‘§VdmXr hmoVm J¶m&''1 Bg

Vah dU© ì¶dñWm, dUm©l‘ Am¡a d§ena§nam Ym{‘©H$ AdñWm H$m A§J ‘mZ br JB©&

Ama§{^H$ gm‘§VdmX H$mo ‘O~yV H$aZo ‘| Y‘© H$m AmYma ^r {XImB© XoVm h¡

Am¡a Y‘© hr Ý¶m¶ ì¶dñWm H$m AmYma Wm& Y‘© Zo hr amÁ¶ Ho$ ñdm‘r H$mo à^w Ho$

ê$n ‘| {~R>m¶m& Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ Ho$ AZwgma-""dUm©l‘ ì¶dñWm H$mo H$‘Omoa Am¡a

gm‘§Vr CËnmXZ g§~§Ym| H$mo gÑ‹T> H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îmdmbo Z¶o gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Zm| H$mo

XoIVo hþE, nwamZm ~«m÷UdmX Am¡a àma§{^H$ ~m¡X²Y Y‘©, XmoZm| hr, An¶m©ßV {gX²Y

hE& AV… àmMrZ ~«m÷UdmX go {^Þ, gm‘§VdmX Ho$ loðV‘> Y‘© Ho$ ê$n ‘| qhXy

Y‘© H$m CX¶ hþAm&''2 Bgr Vah qhXy Y‘© gm‘§Vr ¶wJ ‘| Y‘© Ho$ ê$n ‘| {dH${gV

hþAm& Bggo dh ^m½¶dmXr, A§Y{dídmgm|, H$‘©’$b Ho$ {gX²Ym§Vm| Am¡a H$‘©H$mÊS>m| go

{ZåZdJ© H$m emofU hr H$aVm ahm& ""àmMrZ ^maV ‘| Y‘©-nmbZ H$m ‘w»¶ AW©

dUm©l‘ Y‘© Ho$ nmbZ go Wm& nwamo{hV amOm H$m Ho$db Ym{‘©H$ Jwé ‘mÌ Zht hmoVm

Wm ~pëH$ emgZ H$m Amdí¶H$ A§J hmoVm Wm& Y‘© àYmZ amÁ¶ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Y‘©

Am¡a emgZ h‘oem EH$ Xÿgao na Am{lV aho&''3 Xmgm| H$s A{YH$Vm Ho$ H$maU Bg

dJ© H$mo Y‘© g§~§Yr qMVZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE n¶m©ßV g‘¶ {‘bm& Bg ì¶dñWm Ho$




50

emo{fV dJ© dV©‘mZ ^¶ Ho$ H$maU Mwn ~¡Ro ahVo Wo& ""qhXÿ Y‘© gm‘§VdmX H$s

Oê$aVm| H$mo Cgr àH$ma A{^ì¶³V H$aVm Wm, {Og àH$ma àmMrZ ~«m÷UdmX

CXr¶‘mZ Xmg àWm H$s$ Amdí¶H$VmAm| H$mo A{^ì¶³V H$aVm Wm&''1 qhXy Y‘© Zo

hr g^r AmMaUm| Am¡a ‘mÝ¶VmAmo§ H$mo AmË‘gmV {H$¶m h¡& nwamo{hVm| Ho$ gmW J¥hñWm|

H$mo ^r JwßVH$mb ‘| AZwXmZ ñdê$n Jm§d XmZ {XE Wo qH$Vw CZ Jm±dm| H$s Am¶ H$m

Cn¶moJ Ym{‘©H$ à¶moOZ Ho$ {bE hr hmoVm Wm&

Y‘© Zo MmVwdU© ì¶dñWm H$mo H$m¶‘ {H$¶m& BZ dUm] go Am{X‘ gm‘§VdmX

H$s O‹S| Ow‹S> JBª& {Og àH$ma Y‘© na Ý¶m¶ ì¶dñWm, g‘mO ì¶dñWm VWm MmVwdU©

ì¶dñWm AmYm[aV hmoVr Wr& Cgr àH$ma {ejm ì¶dñWm Cg g‘¶ Y‘© na

AmYm[aV Wr& àmMrZ H$mb ‘| JwéHw$b ì¶dñWm Wr& JwßV gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ àW‘ emgH$

Hw$‘ma JwßV Ho$ emgZ H$mb ‘| Zmb§Xm {díd{dÚmb¶ H$s ñWmnZm hþB© Wr, na§Vw

{ejm ì¶dñWm H$m bm^ ‘w»¶V: nwamo{hV Am¡a j{Ì¶ dJ© VH$ gr{‘V Wm& eyÐm|

H$mo d§{MV aIm J¶m& JwßVH$mb VH$ Mma dUm] H$m AmYma JwU Am¡a H$‘© Z hmoH$a

OÝ‘ Wm& JwßVH$mbrZ g‘mO ‘| dU© oX ñnï> ê$n go {XImB© XoVm Wm& Hw$N> A§em| ‘|

{ejm Zo ^r gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm H$mo ‘O~yV ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ghm¶Vm H$s Wr& Cg g‘¶

Zmb§Xm, Vj{ebm Am¡a {dH«$‘{ebm à{gÕ {ejm g§ñWmE± Wr§&

àmMrZ H$mb go OZg§»¶m H$m AmYm {hñgm ‘{hbmAm| H$m h¡ Omo {dH$mg

H$s à{H«$¶m ‘| ‘hÎdnyU© ^mJrXmar h¡& {’$a ^r Zmar H$s pñW{V ‘| {Za§Va n[adV©Z

hmoVm {XImB© XoVm h¡& àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ ¶wJ ‘| ‘mV¥gÎmmH$ nX²Y{V hmoZo go nwéf Ho$

~am~a hr Zht ~pëH$ Cggo loð> ê$n ‘| Zht XoIm J¶m h¡, bo{H$Z CgHo$ ~mX Zmar

H$s Xem AY…nVZ Ho$ B{Vhmg go âr h¡& ""^maVr¶ Zmar d¡{XH$ ¶wJ Ho$


51

g§^mdZmnyU© nX na A{YH$ {XZm| à{V{ð>V Zht ah gH$s&''1 Bgr Vah ‘m¡¶©H$mb VH$

Zmar nyU©V… ‘Zmoa§OZ H$s dñVw ~Z JB© Wr& ha‘m| H$s àWm H$m CëboI Cg g‘¶ go

{‘bVm h¡& Cg g‘¶ AZoH$ am{Z¶m± ahVr Wr§ Omo ~hþ{ddmh àWm H$m n[aUm‘ Wm&

’$bñdê$n JwßVH$mb VH$ AmVo-AmVo pñÌ¶m| H$s Xem {JaVr ahr& H$hr§-H$hr§ gVr

hmoZo H$m ^r CëboI {‘bVm h¡& ~m{bH$mAm| Ho$ {ddmh H$r C‘« ‘| Am¡a ^r A{YH$

H$‘r AmVr JB©&

Ama§{^H$ gm‘§VdmX ‘| CX² d Am¡a {dH$mg ‘| amOZr{V, gm‘m{OH$,

Am{W©H$, g§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a Xe©{ZH$ Ho$ gmW gm{hË¶, H$bm, dmñVw{eën Am¡a {dkmZ

Ho$ joÌ H$mo XoIZm ‘hÎdnyU© h¡ ³¶m|{H$ BZ joÌm| ‘| A^yVnyd© CÝZ{V hþB© h¡&

‘m¡¶©H$mbrZ H$bm Ho$ gdm}ËH¥$ï>> àVrH$ EH$ hr àñVa IÊS> go {Z{‘©V (EH$mí‘)

ñV§^ ¶m bmQ> h¡ {OZHo$ erf© na new ‘y{V©¶m§ à{Vð>m{nV h¢& ñVynm|, ñVå^m|, Jw’$mAm|

H$m CëboI {‘bVm h¡, ¶h gdm}Îm‘ H$bm Wr& ‘m¡¶}Îma H$mb H$m ‘| H$bm AmYma

à‘wIV¶m ~m¡ÕY‘© Wm& Cg g‘¶ A{YH$Va {eënr ewÐ Wo qH$Vw CZHo$ YZ Ed§

à{Vð>m ‘| d¥X²{Y hmo JB© Wr&

‘y{V© H$bm Ho$ joÌ ‘| Xmo ñdV§Ì e¡{b¶m Wr§ - 1. JmÝYma H$bm H$s e¡br

{OgH$m {dH$mg Hw$fmU H$mb ‘| hþAm& 2. ‘Wwam H$bm H$s e¡br nhbr eVmãXr Ho$

A§V ‘| ewê$ hþB© Wr& àmMrZ H$mb go BZ H$bmAm| H$m n¥WH$ {dH$mg hmoVm J¶m&

Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ Zo H$hm h¡ -""AOÝVm Am¡a Ebmoam H$s$ gw§Xa {MÌH$mar Am¡a IwXmB©-

dmbo ^ì¶ ‘§{Xa VWm B©Q>m| Am¡a nËWam| go ~Zo Jm¡nwa-AmH$madmbo ‘§{Xa, Cg g‘¶

Ho$ H$bmH$mam| H$s C±Mr XjVm Am¡a H$bmH$m[aVm H$m à‘mU h¡§&''2 qH$Vw BgH$m

Cn¶moJ gm‘mÝ¶ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE Zht Wm& Am{X‘ gm‘§Vr H$mb ‘| H$bm H$m Iy~

1 S>m°. amOamZr e‘m©, qhXr CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| ê${‹T>‘w³V Zmar, n¥. 28.


52

{dH$mg hþAm na Am‘ AmX‘r ~oKa hr Wm Am¡a Xmg àWm Ho$ H$maU l‘ e{³V H$m

A^md Zht Wm& Bgr H$maU JwßV H$mb VH$ AmVo-AmVo H$bm M‘m}ËH$f© na nh±þM

JB©& ""JwßV Ho$ gm‘«mÁ¶H$mb (B©.g. 320 go B©.g.470 VH$) ‘| ^maVr¶ amOZr{V,

Y‘©, H$bm, Zr{V, doe^yfm, AnZo gm‘§V¶wJrZ M‘m}ËH$f© H$mo àmßV H$a MwH$s Wr&''1

JwßV H$mb ‘| ~m¡Õ ñVwn, ‘y{V© H$bm, {MÌH$bm Am¡a gm{hË¶ H$m nyar Vah go

{dH$mg hþAm Wm&

gm{hË¶ ‘| ""gm‘§VdmX H$s n«ma§{^H$ AdñWm ‘| g§ñH¥$V gm{hË¶ Zo AnZr

nyU© J[a‘m àmßV H$s Wr& g§ñH¥$V Am¡a nmbr ‘| {H$VZo hr bmoH$ JrVm| Am¡a

bmoH$H$WmAm| H$m AZwdmX hþAm& Bg joÌ H$s gdm©{YH$ bmoH${à¶ aMZm¶|

"{hVmonXoe' Am¡a "n§MV§Ì' h¡§& g§ñH¥$V H$m g§ dV… g~go nhbm ‘hmH$mì¶ B©.g.

nhbr eVmãXr ‘| AídKmof X²dmam a{MV "~wÕM[aÌ' h¡& AídKmof Ho$ ~mX Xÿgar

¶m Vrgar eVmãXr ‘| ^mg, ewÐH$, Mm¡Wr eVmãXr Ho$ A§V Am¡a nm§Mdt eVmãXr Ho$

àma§^ ‘| ‘hmH${d H$mbrXmg Zo H$mì¶ Am¡a ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$s Omo ^maV H$mo Jm¡ad

nX na nhþ±MmVr h¡&''2 Bg Am{X‘ gm‘§VdmXr ¶wJ H$m H$bm Ho$ joÌ ‘| {deof

¶moJXmZ h¡& {’$a ^r BgH$m g~§Y ‘mZd Ho$ {dH$mg go Zht {b¶m Om gH$Vm& H¥${f

ì¶dñWm ‘| gwYma Zht hþAm, Omo amOH$s¶ Am¶ H$m à‘wI gmYZ Wr& Mmam| Amoa

gwI-em§{V Ho$ H$maU JwßV H$mb ‘| amÁ¶ H$s à^w gÎmm Ho$ {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$s à{H«$¶m

H$s ewéAmV {XImB© XoVr h¡& nwamo{hV VWm ¶moÕm dJ© H$m A{YH$ma ~‹T>Vm J¶m&

am‘eaU e‘m© Zo H$hm h¡-""^maV ‘| amOZr{VH$ gÎmm Ho$ {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$m H$maU dh

Zht Wm, Omo ¶yamon ‘| Wm& ¶h n[adV©Z g¡{ZH$ godm àXmZ H$aZodmbm| H$mo Xr JB©

OmJram| H$m n[aUm‘ Zht Wm& ¶hm± Vmo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$s àd¥{Îm H$m g~go ~‹S>m H$maU

1 a‘oe Hw§$Vb ‘oK, AmYw{ZH$ ~moY Am¡a AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, n¥. 44.

2 Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ, ^maVr¶ {MÝVZ naånam, n¥. 221-222.

53

~«m÷Um| Am¡a ‘§{Xam| H$mo ^y{‘ AZwXmZ XoZm Wm&''1 {dH|$ÐrH$aU hmoZo go ^maVr¶

gm‘§VdmX H$m T>m±Mm ‘O~yV hmoVm J¶m&

‘m¡¶© gm‘«mÁ¶ go JwßV H$mb Ho$ nVZ VH$ H$m g‘¶ gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm Ho$

àma§{^H$ ê$n ‘| Wm& gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm ‘| Xmg àWm ^y{‘ AZwXmZ na§nam,

{dH|$ÐrH$aU, Om{V-àWm, dU©ì¶dñWm, Y‘©, {ejm,Zmas Am¡a H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go

gm‘§VdmX Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ àW‘ MaU H$s ewéAmV hþB©& Bg g‘¶ H$mo Ama§{^H$

gm‘§VdmX Ho$ A§VJ©V {b¶m J¶mh¡&

2.6.2 ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘ ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘ ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘ ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmX …§VdmX …§VdmX …§VdmX …

JwßV gm‘«mÁ¶ H$m nVZ (B©.g.550) hmo MwH$m Wm& CgHo$ ~mX H$ar~Z

1000 ~ag VH$ gm‘§VdmXr ì¶dñWm H$m dM©ñd H$m¶‘ ahm {Og‘| à‘wI {deofVm

ahr {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU Am¡a joÌr¶Vm H$s ^mdZm h¡ {Og Vah ¶yamon ‘| ¶h g‘¶

gm‘§VdmX Ho$ {bE Ma‘moËH$f© H$mb ahm, R>rH$ Cgr Vah ^maV ‘| ^r gm‘§VdmX H$s

MMm© H$a gH$Vo h¢ JwßV H$mb Ho$ ~mX hyUm| H$m AmH«$‘U, Mmbw³¶, amï´>Hy$Q>,

dmH$mQ>H$ nëbd, Mmob Am¡a hf© amÁ¶ H$s MMm© ahr Omo à‘mU h¡ {H$ gm‘§VdmXr

ì¶dñWm ‘O~yV hmoZo H$s Amoa AJ«ga hmo ahr Wr& {Og‘| g‘«mQ> hf©dY©Z ( 606

B©- 647 B©) H$m H$mb ‘hÎdnyU© ahm h¡&

JwßVH$mb VH$ {d{^Þ e{³V¶m| H$m AmH$f©U H|$Ð ‘JY Wm& hf© Zo AnZr

amOYmZr H$Zm¡O ~ZmB© Wr Omo Cg g‘¶ go amOZr{VH$ CËH$f© Am¡a amOZr{VH$ H|$Ð

Ho$ ê$n ‘| à{Vð>m{nV hmo ahm Wm, ¶h CÎma ^maV ‘| gm‘§V ¶wJ Ho$ AmJ‘Z H$m

àVrH$ Wm& Bg gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ ~mX ^maV ‘| JwO©a-à{Vhma, nmb, Jhb>dmb, M§ÝXob,

Mmh‘mb (Mm¡hmZ), na‘ma (ndma) Am¡a Hw$bMw[ad§er¶ H$m emgZ ahm& Bg‘| CÎma

1 am‘eaU e‘m©, ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX, n¥.61-62.

54

^maV ‘| A{YH$m§e amOd§e aOnyV Wo& Bggo (B©.g. 800 -1200) amOnyV d§e Ho$

A§VJ©V aIm h¡& ¶h gm‘§VdmX Ho$ CËH$f© H$m H$mb Wm {Ogo ^maVr¶ B{Vhmg ‘|

‘Ü¶H$mb Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡& amOnyVm| ‘| ñWm¶r goZm H$m A^md, amï´>r¶Vm H$s

^mdZm H$m A^md, gmYmaU OZVm ‘| CXmgrZVm H$s ^mdZm, A§Y{dídmg,

dU©ì¶dñWm VWm OmVr¶Vm H$s ~hþbVm, amOnyVm| Ho$ nVZ Ho$ H$maU Wo {Oggo

gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {‘bVm ahm& amOnyVH$mbrZ ^maV na AZoH$ ~ma

{dXo{e¶m| Zo AmH«$‘U {H$E {Og‘| Aa~m| Zo H$B© AmH«$‘U (gmVdt VWm AmR>dt

eVãXr) {H$E h¢& CÝh| Á¶mXm g’$bVm Zht {‘br& {’$a VwH$m] Zo (1000-1200

eVmãXr VH$) g‘¶-g‘¶ na ^maV na AmH«$‘U {H$E& CZH$m àma§[^H$ CX²Xoí¶

YZ g§n{Îm byQ>Zm Wm, bo{H$Z CZH$m CX²Xoí¶ ~mX ‘| gm‘«mÁ¶dm{XVm ‘| ~Xb J¶m&

Bgr Vah qhXy Ho$ ñWmZ na VwH©$ - emgZ H$s ñWmnZm H$s {Og‘| ‘mohå‘X JOZ~r

Am¡a ‘mohå‘X Jmoar H$m Zm‘ ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& 1206 go 1526 B©.g. Ho$ ‘Ü¶ {Xëbr

gëVZV Wr& {Og‘| gwëVmZ Ho$ Jwbm‘ d§e à{gÕ hþE& BgHo$ ~mX {IbOr d§e,

VwJbH$ d§e, g¡¶X d§e Am¡a bmoXr d§e H$s gÎmm ahr&

{Xëbr gëVZV H$m H$mb Y‘© àYmZ Wm& g^r emgH$m| Zo gwbVmZm| H$s

Cnm{Y YmaU H$s Wr& Bg gëVZV H$mb ‘| g¡Ý¶ g§JR>Z H$m {deof ‘hÎd Wm&

Bgr AmYma na ^maV ‘| nhbr ~ma EH$ e{³Vembr ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ amÁ¶ H$m {Z‘m©U

hþAm& Bg g§JR>Z H$m CX²Xoí¶ Ag§Vwï>> gm‘§Vm| Am¡a gaXmam| H$mo X~mZm Wm& {Xëbr

Ho$ gwëVmZ AnZo Eoíd¶© Ho$ {bE {d»¶mV Wo& Omo AnZo {damQ> ha‘ Am¡a g¡H$‹S>m§o-

hOmam| Jwbm‘m| H$mo AnZo ¶hm± aIVo Wo Omo BZH$m gm‘§VdmXr ñdê$n Wm& {Xëbr

gëVZV Ho$ g‘¶ gmW-gmW ~§Jmb, H$í‘ra, Om¢Ynwa, ‘mbdm, ‘odm‹S> VWm

JwOamV, ImZXoe, ~h‘Zr, ~ama, {~Xa, ~rOmnwa, Ah‘XZJa, JmobHw§$S>m Am¡a

{dO¶ZJa Ho$ àm§Vr¶ amÁ¶m| ¶m amOd§em| ‘| {d^m{OV hmo J¶m& {Og‘o§ 1336 B©.g.

55

‘| h[aha Ed§ ~ÝYþAmo§§ Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm H$s& {Xëbr

gëVZV H$s Vah {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ ^maV ‘| àW‘ e{³Vembr qhXy

amÁ¶ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘| Xmg àWm àM{bV Wr, ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ H«$¶-

{dH«$¶ H$mo "~og ~mJ' H$hm OmVm Wm& ¶h A§{V‘ gm‘«mÁ¶ Wm, Omo dUm©l‘

ì¶dñWm H$mo à‘wI H$V©ì¶ g‘PVm Wm, Bg g‘¶ VH$ ^maV H$s amOZr{VH$ Xem

~‹S>r gmoMZr¶ Wr& g§nyU© ^maV N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o amÁ¶m| ‘| ~±Q> MwH$m Wm& BZ amÁ¶m| ‘|

amOZr{VH$ EH$Vm H$m A^md Wm& Bg VËH$mbrZ pñW{V ‘| ~m~a Zo ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶

H$s Ztd aIr&

‘wJb g‘«mÁ¶ H$mo Xmo ^m§Jm| ‘| ~m±Q>m h¡ - 1. ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ (1526 B©.g.

go 1707 B©.g.) Am¡a 2. ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ H$m nam^d H$mb ( 1707 B©.g. go 1857

B©.g.)& ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘| ~m~a, hw‘m¶y±, AH$~a, Ohm±Jra, ehmOhm§ Am¡a

Am¡a§JOo~ ‘wJbm| Ho$ ~mXemh Wo& ~m~a Zo gdm©{YH$ ep³Vembr gm‘§Vr¶ gm‘«mÁ¶

H$s ñWmnZm H$s& ¶h gm‘«mÁ¶ 250 df© VH$ ahm& Bg gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘| H$m’$s ‘mÌm ‘o§

qhXy Am¡a ‘wpñb‘ gm‘§Vr emgH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdm¶Îm ~Zo Wo& {OÝhm|Zo H|$Ðr¶ gÎmm Ho$

{Ibm’$ ~hþV ~ma {dÐmoh {H$¶m Wm& 17dt eVmãXr ‘| ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ {dKQ>Z

H$m gyÌnmV àma§ hþAm, Bggo ñdV§Ì amÁ¶mo§ H$m {d{^Þ joÌm§o ‘| CX¶ hþAm& CZ‘|

amOZr{VH$ Ñ{ï> go ‘hÎdnyU© ge³V ‘hmamï´> ‘o§ ‘amR>m amÁ¶ h¡& (1647 B©.g. go

1818 B©.g.) {OgH$s ñWmnZm {edmOr Zo H$s Wr&

‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ noedm H$mb ‘| ZE Am¡a nwamZo XmoZm| gm‘§V gaXma AnZo

amÁ¶m| AWmdm Ohm{Jam| (ga§Om‘m|) Ho$ ^rVa dñVwV… ñdm¶Îmm emgr hmoVo Wo& ‘wJb

gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nVZ H$mb ‘| Hw$N> ñdm¶Îm amÁ¶m| H$m CX¶ hþAm& {Og‘| AdY,

h¡Ðm~mX, H$Zm©Q>H$, amOnyV, âVnwa, éhobI§S>, ’$é©Im~mX, ‘¡gya, n§Om~ Am¡a

56

~§Jmb amÁ¶ Wo&$ ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nam^d H$mb H$mo ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmX Ho$

A§VJ©V aI gH$Vo h¢& Bg g‘¶ gm‘§VdmX H$s {deofVmE± CËH$f© na nhþ±Mr Wr&

ßbmgr Ho$ ¶wÕ Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| OXþþZmW gaH$ma H$m H$WZ h¡ {H$ 23 OyZ, 1757 B©.g.

‘| ^maV ‘| ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ ¶wJ H$m A§V hmo J¶m Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ H$m ew^ma§ hþAm&

ßbmgr Ho$ ¶wÕ go A§J«oOm| Zo AnZo g‘«mÁ¶ H$s Ztd aIr {Og‘| npíM‘r gä¶Vm Ho$

n[aUm‘ ñdê$n ^maVr¶Vm Ho$ OrdZ-Xe©Z ‘| Hw$N> n[adV©Z Am¶m& Bg Ñ{ï> go

‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmX H$mo h‘ JwßVmoÎma H$mb go A§J«oOm| Ho$ ßbmgr ¶wX²Y (550

B©.g. go 1757 B©.g.) VH$ aI gH$Vo h¢&

¶yamon Am¡a ^maV Ho$ ‘Ü¶H$mb Ho$ ñdê$n ‘| H$m’$s A§Va h¡& ~hþV go

{dX²dmZmo§ Zo Bgo ñdrH$ma ^r {H$¶m h¡& Am. hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr Zo BgHo$ ~mao ‘|

{dñVma go {bIm h¡-""dñVwV… ¶yamonr¶ B{Vhmg ‘| {Og g‘¶ ‘Ü¶¶wJ H$m àma§^

hþAm, Cg g‘¶ ^maVr¶ B{Vhmg ‘| ZdrZ CËgmh Am¡a Omoe H$m CX¶ hþAm Wm&

g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Zo ZB© ep³V àmßV H$s Am¡a g‘yMo Xoe ‘| EH$ ZE T>§J H$s amï´>r¶Vm H$s

bha Xm¡‹S> JB©& Bg H$mb ‘| amOH$mO go boH$a gm{hË¶, Y‘© Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ {d{Y

ì¶dñWm VH$ ‘| EH$ {d{MÌ àH$ma H$s H«$m§{V H$m nVm bJVm h¡&... AmO Ho$

^maVr¶ Y‘©, g‘mO, AmMma-{dMma, {H«$¶m-H$m§S> g^r {df¶mo§ na Bg ¶wJ H$s

A{‘Q> N>mn h¡& ... Omo nwamU Am¡a ñ‘¥{V¶m± AmO-H$b Ag§{X½Y ê$n ‘| àm‘m{UH$

‘mZr OmVr h¡& CZH$m g§nmXZ A§{V‘ ê$n ‘| Bg H$mb ‘| hr hþAm Wm& Omo H$mì¶,

ZmQ>H$, H$Wm, A»¶m{¶H$mE± CZ {XZm| {bIr JBª do AmO VH$ gå‘mZ Am¡a lÕm nm

ahr h¢&... Bg H$mb H$mo Mmho Omo H$hm OmE nVZmoÝ‘wIr Am¡a OãXr ‘Zmod¥{Îm H$m

H$mb Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm&''1 ñnï> h¡ {H$ ^maV Ho$ ‘Ü¶H$mb H$mo ¶yamon Ho$

1 Am. hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr, ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ ~moY H$m ñdê$n, n¥. 22.

57

‘Ü¶H$mb go n[a^m{fV H$a|Jo Vmo AbJ go n[aUm‘ {ZH$b|Jo, BVZm hr Zht, H$mb

gr‘m Vmo {ZpíMV ê$n go {^Þ h¡& Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ - ""JwßV

gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nVZ (B©.g. bJ^J 500) VWm hÿUm| Ho$ AmH«$‘Um| Ho$ ’$bñdê$n

gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ CWb-nwWb Ho$ ~mX ^maV ‘| O~X©ñV Xme©{ZH$ VWm

Ym{‘©H$ n[adV©Z hþE& Bg g‘¶ Xmg àWm na AmYm[aV dUm©l‘ ì¶dñWm Zo

CËnmXZ H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ ê$n go A{YH$ àJ{Verb àUmbr- "gm‘§VdmX' - H$mo

ñWmZ {X¶m& B©.g. gmVdr§ eVmãXr ‘| ^maV ‘| gÎma go A{YH$ ñdVÌ gm‘§VdmXr

amÁ¶ ñWm{nV hmo MwHo$ Wo&''1 Bggo ¶h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^maV ‘| gm‘§VdmX H$s

pñW{V {dX²dmZmo§ Zo ñdrH$ma H$s h¡&

JwßV gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nVZ Ed§ {dKQ>Z Ho$ ~mX AZoH$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o amÁ¶m| H$m

CX¶ hmoVm ahm& JwßVmoÎma H$mbrZ emgH$m| X²dmam ~«m÷Um|, Ym{‘©H$ g§ñWmAm|, g¡{ZH$

godm Ho$ ~Xbo gm‘§V emgH$ AnZr Om{V¶m±, amÁ¶ n[adma Ho$ gXñ¶m§o Ed§ CÀM

A{YH$m[a¶m| H$mo ^y{‘ AZwXmZ àXmZ H$aVo Wo& JwßVmoÎma H$mb ‘| gm‘mÝ¶V: YmaUm

¶h Wr {H$ ^yn{V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU amOm g‘ñV ^y{‘ H$m ñdm‘r h¡, bo{H$Z

ì¶mdhm[aH$ ê$n go Omo ì¶{³V H¥${f H$aVo Wo, y{‘ na CZHo$ A{YH$mam| AWdm

{‘pëH$¶V H$m AmXa {H$¶m OmVm Wm& Bg loUr Ho$ H¥$fH$m| X²dmam amÁ¶ H$mo ^y{‘ H$a

XoZm n‹S>Vm Wm& ^y{‘ AZwXmZ Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go doVZ ¶m nm[al{‘H$ àXmZ {H$¶m OmVm

Wm& Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ Zo y{‘ AZwXmZ Ho$ ~mao ‘| H$hm h¡-""^y{‘ H$^r-H$^r ‘§{Xam| H$mo

XmZ H$a Xr OmVr Wr& BZ ‘§{Xam| H$s XoI^mb àm¶… ~«m÷U nwOmar hr H$aVo Wo Am¡a


58

¶h nwOmar Bg O‘rZ H$mo AnZo Cn¶moJ Ho$ {bE h‹S>n boVo Wo&''1 Bgr go ¶h

^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$m ‘hÎdnyU© bjU ‘mZm OmVm h¡&

Ym{‘©H$ loUr ‘§o nwÊ¶mW© Ed§ Y‘©Xm¶ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ~«m÷Um| Am¡a ‘§{Xam| H$mo ^y{‘

AZwXmZ àXmZ {H$E OmVo Wo& am‘eaU e‘m© Zo H$hm h¡- ""JwßV H$mb Am¡a JwßVmoÎma

H$mb ‘| ZE joÌm| ‘| ~pñV¶m± ~gmZo ‘| ^y{‘ AZwXmZ H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m ¶moJ ahm&''2

^y{‘ AZwXmZ H$s na§nam JwßVmoÎma H$mb go Á¶mXm ~‹T> JB© {Og‘| AZwXmZ O‘rZ Ho$

gmW {H$gmZ H$mo ^r XmZ XoZo H$s na§nam Ama§ hmo JB© Wr& ""‘¡ÌH$mo§ Am¡a JwOamV

Ho$ Mmbw³¶m| Ho$ XmZnÌm| go ^r ¶hr àH$Q> hmoVm h¡ {H$ O‘rZ Ho$ gmW {H$gmZ ^r

hñVm§V[aV H$a {XE OmVo Wo& BgH$m g~go nhbo CXmhaU h‘ N>R>r eVmãXr Ho$

CÎmamY© ‘| XoI gH$Vo h¢&''3 ^y{‘ AZwXmZ àWm Ho$ H$maU ^y{‘ ñdm{‘Ëd Ho$ ñdê$n

‘| n[adV©Z hþAm Am¡a {H$gmZm| H$s ñdV§Ì pñW{V {JaH$a H¥${f Xmgm| H$s Vah hþBª,

{OgHo$ ’$bñdê$n ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmX H$m {dH$mg hmoVm J¶m&

AmR>dt eVmãXr Ho$ ~mX ì¶mnH$ ñVa na ^y{‘ AZwXmZ àXmZ {H$E OmZo Ho$

H$maU ^y{‘ na loUr~Õ ¶m gm¡nm{ZH$ {Z¶§ÌU H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& ""nmb emgZ H$mb

‘| gmYmaUV¶m amOm ñd¶§ hr AZwXmZ {X¶m H$aVm Wm& BgH$m g~go nhbo CXmhaU

Y‘©nmb h¡&''4 Y‘©nmb, Xodnmb Am¡a ‘{hnmb O¡go amOm Zo ^y{‘ ¶m Jm±d AZwXmZ

XoZo H$m CëboI {‘bVm h¡& Cgr Vah à{Vhma amÁ¶ Ho$ gm‘§Vm| ‘| - ""H$m{R>¶mdm‹S>

Ho$ Mmbw³¶ gm‘§V àW‘ Ad[Z d‘©Z Ho$ ~oQ>o ~b d‘©Z Zo 893 ‘| Vê$Um{XË¶ Xod

Ho$ ‘§{Xa H$mo Jm±d XmZ {X¶m Wm&''5 à{Vhma amÁ¶m| Ho$ Ym{‘©H$ AZwXmZ ‘| Jm±d


2 dhr, n¥.38.



5 dhr, n¥.76.

59

AZwXmZ XoZo H$s àWm {‘bVr h¡& am‘eaU e‘m© H$hVo h¢ - ""nmbmo§ Am¡a àVrhmam|

H$s VwbZm ‘| amï´>Hy$Q> amOmAm| Zo ~«m÷Um| Am¡a ‘§{Xam| H$mo A{YH$ Jm±d XmZ

{H$E&....753-54 B©. ‘| X§{VXþJ© Zo H$moëhmnwa Ho$ BbmHo$ ‘| EH$ ~«m÷U H$mo EH$

~gm-~gm¶m Jm±d XmZ {H$¶m&''1 Bgr Vah nmb, à{Vhma Am¡a amï>Hy$Q> amÁ¶m| ‘|

^y{‘-AZwXmZ Ho$ ~mao ‘| CëboI {‘bVm h¡&

^y{‘-AZwXmZ ì¶dñWm Ho$ MbVo {d{^ÝZ dJm] H$m CX¶ hþAm& Bg Vah

12dt eVmãXr VH$ ‘§{Xam|, nwamo{hVm|, ~«m÷Um|, gm‘§Vmo§ VWm amÁ¶m| Ho$ H$‘©Mm[a¶m| H$mo

doVZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^y{‘-AZwXmZ {X¶m OmVm Wm& amOnyV amOd§e VH$ AmVo-AmVo

gm‘§VdmXr VËd nyao gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘| ’¡$b MwHo$ Wo& {Xëbr gëVZV Am¡a ‘wJb emgZ ‘§o

H|$Ðr¶ gÎmm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^y{‘-AZwXmZ ‘| ñdm{‘Ëd Ho$ ~Xbo Cn¶moJ-Cn^moJ H$m

A{YH$ma {‘bVm Wm& a‘oe Hw§$Vb ‘oK Zo H$hm h¡-""~mahdt eVmãXr go Aa~m|,

VwH$m] Am¡a A’$JmZm| Ho$ h‘bo hmoZo bJo Am¡a gmobhdt eVmãXr ‘| ~m~a Zo ‘wJb

gm‘«mÁ¶ H$s Ztd aIr& ¶h {dXoer AmH«$‘U ^maV Ho$ Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm‘m{OH$

g§~§Ym| H$mo ~w{Z¶mXr ê$n ‘| ~Xb Zht gHo$& ³¶m|{H$ CËnmXZ H$m gm‘§Vr¶ T>m±Mm

Am¡a A{YH$ ‘O~yV hþAm& gm‘§Vm| VWm gm‘§Vr H$mZyZm| ‘| hr hoa-’o$a hþB©& ^y{‘ na

amÁ¶m{YH$ma ì¶dñWm Am¡a g§J{V hmo JB© {Oggo H$marJam|, {H$gmZm§o, ‘OXÿamo§ H$m

emofU VoO hmoVm J¶m&''2

{Xëbr gëVZV Am¡a ‘wJb emgZ Zo ^maV Ho$ gm‘§VdmXr ^y{‘-AZwXmZ ‘|

H$moB© ZB© àUmbr bmJy Zht H$s& qH$Vw -""CÝhm|Zo gm‘§Vr ñdm{‘Ëd Ho$ Hw$N> ZE ê$nm§o

H$mo Omar {H$¶m Am¡a ZE gm‘§Vr gm‘«mÁ¶ H$mo MbmZo Ho$ {bE EH$ H|$Ðr¶ amOV§Ì H$m


2 a‘oe Hw$ÝVb ‘oK, AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY Am¡a AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, n¥. 28.

60

JR>Z {H$¶m&''1 Bgr Vah gm‘§Vr àWm Ñ‹T> hmoVr JB©& {Xëbr gëVZV ‘| BëVwV{‘e

Zo Bg àWm H$mo IË‘ H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& Hw$b {‘bmH$ma ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmX

‘| ^yñdm{‘Ëd àUmbr H$s {deof ê$n go ñd~b Am¡a {dH|$ÐrH$aU ì¶dñWm H$m

Am^mg {‘bVm h¡& àm§Vr¶ amÁ¶m| ‘| O¡go {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘| Zm¶§H$a ì¶dñWm Wr

{Og‘| goZm Zm¶H$ H$mo Zm¶H$ H$hm OmVm Wm& dñVwV… do ^y gm‘§V hr Wo {OÝh|

doVZ Ho$ ~Xbo AWdm AYrZñW goZm Ho$ aI-aImd Ho$ {bE yI§S> àXmZ {H$¶m

OmVm Wm&

‘wJb H$mb ‘| gm‘§Vm| H$mo ^y{‘-AZwXmZ H$m d§emZwJV A{YH$ma àmßV Wm&

na§Vw dh ^y{‘ H$m ñdm‘r Zht ‘mZm OmVm Wm& O‘tXma H$mo ‘wJb H$mb ‘| Xoe‘wI,

nmQ>rb, AWdm Zm¶H$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm Wm& A{YH$m§e ^mJ ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘|

^y{‘XmZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| {X¶m J¶m Wm& {edmOr Zo y{‘ H$mo R>oH$o na XoZo H$s na§nam g‘má

H$a Xr Wr, Vmo amOmam‘ VWm emhÿ ‘hmamO Ho$ H$mb ‘| ^y{‘ AZwXmZ H$s na§nam

ì¶mdhm[aH$ ê$n go d§emZwJV hþB© Wr& noedmAm| Ho$ H$mb ‘| ¶h nX²Y{V nyU©V…

d§emZwJV ~Z JB© Vmo Cgo OmJra H$hm OmZo bJm Wm&

‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmX ‘| ^y{‘-AZwXmZ ì¶dñWm gm‘§VdmXr na§nam go Mb

ahr Wr& JwßVmoÎma H$mb ‘| amOm Am¡a O‘rZ Ho$ Agbr OmoVXmam| Ho$ ~rM AZwXmZ

^moJr ^y{‘Ya dJ© H$m CX¶ hþAm& Bg g‘¶ VH$ AmVo-AmVo dU© ì¶dñWm

AË¶{YH$ Ñ‹T> ~ZVr JB©& ""~«m÷U H$m nwÌ gXm ~«m÷U H$m Y§Ym H$aVm Wm, bmohma

H$m nwÌ bmohma H$m Am¡a Bgr Vah H«$‘ MbVm Wm&''2 dU©ì¶dñWm H$m AmYma H$‘©

Ho$ ñWmZ na OÝ‘ hmoZo go ~m¡{ÕH$ Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ ñVa na CWb-nwWb àma§ hmo

JB© Am¡a dU©ì¶dñWm H$s O{Q>bVm ~‹T> JB©& AmR>dt eVmãXr VH$ CÀM dJ© Am¡a


2 dhr, n¥. 218.

61

~«m÷U Om{V H$s d¥{Õ H$m g~go ì¶mnH$ à^md n‹S>m& Hw$brZ Om{V ‘| CËnÞ hmoZo

na Jm¡admpÝdV AZw^d H$aZm gm‘§Vr g‘mO H$s EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>r {deofVm Wr&

AmR>dt eVmãXr go ~mahdt eVmãXr VH$ amOnyV d§e ‘| dU©, Om{V Ed§ Xmg àWm

H$m Omoa Wm&

amOnyV H$mbrZ dU©ì¶dñWm Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ dU©ì¶dñWm ‘| g‘mZVm h¡&

Mma dUm] Ho$ gmW ZdrZ Om{V¶m| H$m àmXþ^m©d hmo J¶m Wm& ¶h dU© ì¶dñWm

{Xëbr gëVZV ‘| qhXþAm| ‘| ^r Mbr, bo{H$Z BVZo H$‹S>o {Z¶‘ ‘wpñb‘m| ‘| Zht Wo&

""CZ {XZm| EH$ H$hmdV àM{bV Wr {OgH$m gma ¶h h¡ {H$ {nN>bo gmb ‘| Owbmhm

Wm, Bg gmb eoI hÿ± Am¡a AJbo gmb ’$gb AÀN>r hþB© Vmo g¡¶X hmo OmC§Jm&''1

¶h H$hmdV H$hZo Ho$ {bE Wr bo{H$Z H$moB© Xmg AWdm ‘OXÿa H$m eoI nXdr na

nhþ±MZm AmgmZ H$m‘ Zht Wm& gëVZV H$mb VH$ AmVo-AmVo ~«m÷Um| H$m AmYma

H$‘ hmoVm J¶m VWm ZmWn§Wm| Ho$ à^md go dU© ì¶dñWm ‘| CZH$m ‘hÎd H$‘ hþAm&

‘wJb emgZ ‘| C‘amd Am¡a O‘tXma dJ© em{‘b Wo& C‘amd dJ© ‘| A‘ra

(‘Zg~Xma) dJ© ‘wJb hr ahVo Wo& AH$~a Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| A‘ra dJ© ‘| qhXþAm| H$s

âVr hmoZo bJr& amOm ‘mZqgh, amOm ~ra~b Am¡a amOm Q>moS>a‘b H$mo A‘ra dJ©

‘| gpå‘{bV {H$¶m Wm& Bg dJ© H$m ñdê$n gm‘§VdmXr Wm& CgHo$ ZrMo O‘tXma Wm

{Ogo Jm±dm| go bJmZ àmßV H$aZo H$m d§eJV A{YH$ma Wm& BZH$s Am¶ ‘Zg~Xmar

H$s VwbZm ‘| gr{‘V Wr, BZ O‘tXmam| Zo Ho$db gm‘m{OH$ ñVa hr V¶ Zht {H$¶m

~pëH$ CÝhm|Zo ZE Jm±d ~gmZo Ho$ {bE g§n{Îm ^r bJmB© Am¡a g§JR>Z ^r àXmZ

{H$¶m& ‘wJb H$mb ‘| Hw$N> ‘Zg~Xma ¶m OhmJraXmar hñVm§V[aV hmoVr ahVr Wr

O~{H$ O‘r§Xmar EH$ ñWm¶r nwíV¡Zr hH$ hmoVm Wm&


62

‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmX, ~m¡Õ Am¡a O¡Z Y‘© H$m èhmg Am¡a qhXy Y‘© H$m

nwZOm©JaU VWm {dñVma hþAm& nydu ^maV ‘| ~m¡Õ Y‘© Ho$ ‘mZZo dmbo nmb emgH$

Wo Vmo Zm¢dr eVmãXr ‘| X{jU ^maV ‘| O¡Z Y‘© {dH$mg H$r Ma‘ gr‘m na nhþ±M

J¶m& ‘Ü¶H$mb H$s àma§{^H$ AdñWm ‘| Ym{‘©H$ H$m¶m] H$mo ‘hÎd {X¶m OmVm Wm&

""^y{‘-AZwXmZ nhbo-nhb nyamo{hVm§o Am¡a ‘§{Xam| H$mo {XE JE Am¡a ‘Ü¶H$mb Ho$

Ama§ ‘| A{YH$m§e AZwXmZ BÝht H$mo {‘bVo aho& Bg{bE ñd^mdV… amÁ¶m{YH$m[a¶m|

Am¡a gm‘§Vmo§ H$mo {XE JE A{YH$m§e AZwXmZm| ‘| ^r Ym{‘©H$ {d{Y-{dYmZm| H$m

{Zdm©h {H$¶m J¶m h¡&''1 Ym{‘©H$Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go Bg ì¶dñWm H$mo AmYma {‘bVm

J¶m& AmR>dt go ~mahdt eVmãXr ‘| e¡d Y‘© H$m {dH$mg hþAm Bg ¶wJ ‘| qbJm¶V

¶m drae¡d Am§XmobZ Wm {Og‘| qhXy Y‘© H$mo ZE {gao go XoIZo H$m à¶mg hþAm&

amOnyV d§e H$mo Y‘© Ho$ AqhgmdmXr {gÕm§Vm| ‘| é{M Zht Wr& CÝhm|Zo ~«m÷U

(gZmVZ) Y‘© H$mo AnZm¶m& Bñbm‘ Ho$ OÝ‘ go ^maV H$m Aa~ Ho$ {Zdm{g¶m| go

g§~§Y Ow‹S>Zo bJm& Bñbm‘ Ho$ Aä¶wX¶ go BgH$m ^maVâ ‘| à^md ahm& AmR>dt

eVmãXr ‘| BgH$m à^md ewê$ hþAm&

{Xëbr gëVZV Zo Bñbm‘ H$m Z¶m Ñ{ï>H$moU gm‘Zo bm¶m& Bñbm‘ Y‘©

gm‘§VdmXr ì¶dñWm ‘| ~Xbmd Zht bm gH$m& ""do ^maV Ho$ gm‘§VdmXr AmYma

H$mo Zht ~Xb gHo$ qH$Vw CÝhm|Zo gm‘§Vr ñdm{‘Ëd Ho$ Hw$N> ZE ê$nmo§ H$mo Omar

{H$¶m&''2 {’$a ^r CÝhm|Zo Bñbm‘ Y‘© H$m H$Q²>Q>aVm go nmbZ Zht {H$¶m& Bñbm‘

Y‘© Ho$ {bE gy’$s g§Vm| Zo Y‘© n[adV©Z ‘| ‘hÎdnyU© y{‘H$m {Z^mB© Wr&

‘Ü¶H$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$Vm ‘| g§Vm| H$m ^{³V Am§XmobZ ^r ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& ""qhXy emgH$m§o

Zo ‘wgb‘mZ amOmAm| go g§{Y Am¡a g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$a {bE O~ Bñbm‘ H$mo ^r



63

gm‘§VdmX, emofU Am¡a Ag‘mZVm H$s ^mdZm Zo Am OH$‹S>m Am¡a BÝhr§ n[apñW{V¶m|

go bmohm boZo Ho$ {bE g§V boIH$m| Zo Xmo gm¡ df© boIZr H$s Yy‘ ‘MmB©&''1 ^{³V

Am§XmobZ Cg g‘¶ Ama§^ hþAm Wm, {Og g‘¶ qhXy Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ Ho$ nwamo{hVm|

Am¡a ‘wëbm X²dmam ñdmWu àd¥{Îm Ho$ {Ibm’$ g§Kf© H$s Amdí¶H$Vm Wr&

gmobhdt VWm gÌhdt eVmãXr ‘| ^{³V Am§XmobZ H$m Omoa ahm& BgHo$

gmW hr n§Om~ ‘§o {g³I Y‘© VWm ‘hmamï´> ‘| ‘hmamï´> Y‘© Am§XmobZ ^r Ama§^

hþAm& ""{g³I Y‘© H$m CX¶ gm‘§VdmX {damoYr g§Kf© H$s {dMmamYmam Ho$ ê$n ‘|

hþAm Wm& gÌhdr§ eVmãXr ‘| Eogr n[apñW{V ‘|, O~ dJ© g§Kf© AË¶§V Vrd« hmo aho

Wo, {g³I Am§XmobZ Zo ‘wJb emgZ Ho$ {damoY ‘| geñÌ g§Kfm] H$m ê$n YmaU H$a

{b¶m&''2 {g³Imo§ Zo àma§ ‘| ‘wJbm| Ho$ {damoY ‘| g§Kf© Mbm¶m& gmW hr qhXy-

‘wgb‘mZ XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ gm‘§Vm| Ho$ {damoY ‘| g§Kf© Mbm¶m& Bgr Vah H$Q²>Q>aVm,

g§H$sU© VËd Am¡a {dMmam| go Xmo à‘wI Y‘© qhXy VWm B©ñbm‘ Ho$ g‘Ýd¶ VWm Xoe

H$s EH$Vm ‘o§ ~mYm nhþ±Mr&

{ejm H$s ewéAmV àmMrZ H$mb ‘| Y‘© Ho$ AmYma na hmo JB© h¡& àmMrZ

H$mb ‘| {ejm Am¡a Y‘© H$m ZOXrH$s g§~§Y Wm& nhbo go Mbr Am ahr {ejm

ì¶dñWm ‘| Omo {dH$mg hþAm Wm Cg‘| Hw$N> Á¶mXm n[adV©Z Zht hþAm& {bIZm-

n‹T>Zm Hw$N> bmoJm| VH$ ‘w»¶ ê$n go ~«m÷U Am¡a CÀM dJu¶m| VH$ gr{‘V Wm&

H$^r-H$^r CÀM {ejm H$s ì¶dñWm ‘§{Xam| ‘| ^r H$s OmVr Wr& ‘Ü¶H$mb ‘|

Zmb§Xm Am¡a {dH«$‘{ebm Ho$ CX¶§Vnwa, H$í‘ra, dëb^r (H$m{R>¶mdm‹S>) Am¡a {~hma

Ho$ Zmb§Xm Am¡a {dH«$‘{ebm ‘| {ejm Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© H|$Ð Wo& Bg Vah Mmob, nëbd

Am¡a hf© Ho$ amÁ¶ ‘| à‘wI ê$n go {ejm H|$Ðm| H$s ñWmnZm Zht hþB©& {’$a ^r

1 a‘oe Hw$ÝVb ‘oK, AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY Am¡a AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, n¥. 47-48.


64

AàË¶j ê$n go àmoËgmhZ {X¶m J¶m& gëVZV H$mb ‘o§ Ym{‘©H$ Ed§ Y‘©{Zanoj

{ejm H$s MMm© hþB© h¡& gëVZV H$mb ‘|$ VwH$m]$, ’$magr {ejm Am¡a A{YH$m§e

Aa~r ^mfm H$s {ejm H$mo ‘hÎd XoVo Wo& gëVZV H$mb ‘| bmhm¡a ’$magr {ejm H$m

nhbm H|$Ð Wm&

‘wJb emgH$m| Zo {ejm Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| g{H«$¶ ¶moJXmZ {X¶m Wm& ‘wJb H$mb

‘| "‘H$V~' (àmW{‘H$ {ejm) Am¡a "‘Xagmo§' (CÀM {ejm) H$s ì¶dñWm H$s JB©

Wr& Cg H$mb ‘| {ejm hoVw ’$Vohnwa, grH$ar, AmJam, bmhm¡a Am{X AZoH$ ñWmZm|

na ‘H$V~ Am¡a ‘Xagmo§ H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm Wm& AH$~a, Xmam{eH$moh, Oo~wpÝZgm Am{X

Zo {ejm {dH$mg ‘| ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^mB©& CZHo$ H$maU qhXy-‘wpñb‘ EH$Vm na

Jham à^md n‹S>m {’$a ^r-""Bñbm‘ BZ {dY‘u n§Wm| H$s {ejmAm| Zo ‘Ü¶¶wJ Ho$

CÎmamY© ‘| gm‘m{OH$ {dMma-àUmbr Ho$ g‘yMo {dH$mg na Jham à^md S>mbm& BZ‘|

go A{YH$m§e n§W {Xëbr gëVZV Ho$ emgZ H$mb ‘| àH$Q> hþE Wo, bo{H$Z CÝhm|Zo

gm‘§VdmX Ho$ {damoY ‘| Ym{‘©H$, amOZr{VH$, OZ Am§XmobZm| H$m ê$n Cg g‘¶ hr

YmaU {H$¶m O~ gÌhdt Am¡a AR>mahdt eVmãXr ‘| ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ Zo AY…nVZ H$s

‘§{Ob ‘| àdoe {H$¶m&''1 Bg Vah ‘Ü¶¶wJ ‘| qhXy Y‘© g§ñH¥$V ‘| Am¡a Bñbm‘ Y‘©

H$s ’$magr Am¡a Aa~r ^mfm ‘| {ejm ì¶dñWm MbVr ahr&

àmMrZ H$mb ‘| Zmar H$s pñW{V ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mb VH$ {JaVr hr ahr&

JwßVmoÎma H$mc Ho$ nVZ Ho$ ~mX emgH$ dJ© ‘| ~hþ-{ddmh àWm ì¶mnH$ ê$n ‘|

àM{bV Wr& Cg g‘¶ EH$-EH$ amOm H$s 300 go boH$a 500 VH$ npËZ¶m§ hmoZo H$m

CëboI {‘bVm h¡& Zmar na à{V~ÝY Adí¶ bJ J¶m, bo{H$Z ñÌr {dbm{gVm ‘|

ew‘ma hmoZo bJr& hf©M[aV Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| Vmo amOKamZo H$s pñÌ¶m§ nyU©V¶m {dbm{gVm


65

Ed§ Cn^moJ H$s dñVw Wr& AÝ¶ Hw$bm| ‘| nXm© àWm ^r àM{bV Wr& C³V dJ© H$s

Zm[a¶m| ‘| nXm©-àWm H$m CëboI H$ht-H$ht {‘bVm h¡& gmW hr XodXmgr Am¡a

doí¶md¥{Îm H$m CëboI {‘bVm h¡, {dYdm H$mo nwZ{d©dmh H$m A{YH$ma Zht Wm&

amOnyV H$mb VH$ AmVo-AmVo gVràWm Ma‘moËH$f© na nhþ±M JB©& {OgH$m

‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm{hË¶ ‘| "Om¡ha àWm' Ho$ ê$n ‘| CëboI {‘bVm h¡&

{dO¶ZJa ‘| ¶wJrZ g‘mO ‘| pñÌ¶m| H$s pñW{V Hw$N> hX VH$ gå‘mZ OZH$

Wr& Hw$N> pñÌ¶m§ ‘hmZ {dXþ{f¶m± Am¡a à{gX²Y gm{hË¶H$ma Wr§& {dYdm {ddmh Am¡a

~mb {ddmh H$m ^r CëboI {‘bVm h¡& gëVZV H$mb go ‘wJb H$mb Ho$ A§{V‘

g‘¶ VH$ pñÌ¶m| H$s pñW{V {JaVr ahr& BgH$m ‘yV© CXmhaU gm{hË¶ ‘| ar{VH$mb

h¡& ¶hr Xem A§J«oOm| Ho$ AmZo VH$ ahr& ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nVZ go pñÌ¶m| H$s Xem

XrZ-hrZ hmo JB© Wr& {edH$mb VWm {gI H$mb ‘| pñÌ¶m| H$mo gå‘mZ {‘bZo bJm&

gZ² 1757 VH$ ñÌr na H|${ÐV g‘mO ‘| ¶wÕ Z hmoZo H$maU ^moJ{bßgm ~‹T>Vr JB©&

gm‘§VdmXr g‘mO H$m Ad‘yë¶Z {H$g hX VH$ hmo MwH$m h¡, BgH$m CXmhaU

‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmX ‘| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&

‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmXr g‘mO Ho$ AÝ¶ njmo§ Ho$ gmW Bg H$mb ‘| H$bm

Am¡a ñWmnË¶ H$bm Ho$ joÌ, ‘§{Xam| H$m {Z‘m©U Am¡a {eën H$bm e¡{b¶m| H$m CX¶

hþAm& {OZH$m JwßVmoÎma H$mb ‘| A{YH$ {dH$mg hþAm& JwámoÎma H$mb ‘| dmñVw H$bm

ZmJa, Ð{d‹S> Ed§ ~oga e¡br na AmYm[aV Wr& nyar H$m OJÞmW ‘§{Xa, H$moUmH©$ H$m

gy¶©‘§{Xa, Eobmoam H$m E{b’§$Q>m VWm ‘hm~{bnwa‘ dmñVwH$bm Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© CXmhaU

h¡§& Mmob gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘| {dO¶mb¶ ‘§{Xa H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm Wm& amOnyV d§e VH$

JwßVmoÎma e¡br na hr dmñVwH$bm AmYm[aV Wr& qhXy dmñVwH$bm ‘| "nX²‘-MH«' Ed§

66

"ñìmmpñVH$' gOmdQ> Ho$ {bE A§{H$V hmoVo Wo Vmo Bñbm‘r ñWmnË¶ H$bm ‘| "‘oham~'

Am¡a "Jwå~X' H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m OmVm Wm&

{Xëbr gëVZV ‘| ^maVr¶ Bñbm‘r g§ñH¥${V E{e¶m ‘| {dH${gV na§nam Ho$

VËdm| Ho$ gmW-gmW qhXy, ~m¡X²Y, O¡Z na§namAm| Ho$ VËdm| Ho$ g{‘lU H$m n[aUm‘

Wm& AmJo OmH$a ‘wJb ñWmnË¶ H$bm ‘Ü¶ E{e¶m H$s Bñbm‘r Am¡a ^maVr¶ H$bm

H$m {‘{lV ê$n h¡& CZH$s {deofVmE± g§J‘a‘a Ho$ nËWam| na hrao-OdmamVm| go H$s

JB© O‹S>mdV, ‘hbm| ‘| ~hVr nmZr H$s ì¶dñWm, AH$~ar ‘hb, AH$~a H$m

‘H$~am, EoV‘mXwXm¡bm H$m ‘H$~am, Om‘m ‘pñOX VWm VmO‘hb Am{X AmXe©

ñWmnË¶ H$bm Ho$ Z‘yZo h¢& ñWmnË¶ Ho$ gmW g§JrV, {MÌH$bm, {eën Am¡a gm{hË¶

H$bm H$m {dH$mg hmo ahm Wm& a‘oe Hw$ÝVb ‘oK Zo H$hm h¡-""gwYmadmXr JwßVH$mb

Ho$ nam^d Ho$ níMmV hf© H$s ‘¥Ë¶w go boH$a ‘wgb‘mZm| Ho AmH«$‘Um| VH$ H$m g‘¶

(B©.g. níMmV 700go 1200 VH$) g§H«$m{VH$mb ‘mZm Om gH$Vm h¡& .... ~«m÷U

Y‘© H$s H$bm ~X²YVm Zo Bg ¶wJ ‘| Bë¶wam Am¡a hmWr-Jw§’$m O¡gr {Zð>mdmZ {eënm|

H$s aMZm H$s, Omo AmJo MbH$a ‘mV¥Ëdg‘¥{Õ Am¡a a{V-^mdZm go ‘m§gb hmoH$a

IwOamhmo Am¡a wdZoída ‘| Mnb n[aU{V H$mo àmßV hþE&''1 Bg H$mb VH$ {d{^Þ

d§em| Ho$ amOmAm| Zo ^r H$bm Am¡a gm{hË¶ H$mo g§ajU àXmZ {H$¶m& {Xëbr

gëVZV go ‘wJb H$mb VH$ H$bm M‘m}ËH$f© VH$ nhþ±M JB© Wr& ‘wJb {MÌH$bm,

hþ‘m¶§y, AH$~a Ho$ emgZH$mb ‘| àM{bV hþB© Vmo ‘wJb H$mb ‘| AH$~a go boH$a

g‘«mQ> ‘mohå‘X emh VH$ (1719 -1748 B©.g.) g§JrV H$m gdm©{YH$ ‘hÎdnyU©

{dH$mg hþAm& VmZgoZ, h[aXmg, em¡{H$, Z¡‘V Im± Am{X à‘wI Jm¶H$ Wo&

1 a‘oe Hw$ÝVb ‘oK, AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY Am¡a AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, n¥.46-47.

67

JwßVmoÎma Ho$ ~mX Zm¡dt eVmãXr ‘| gm{hË¶ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| g§ñH¥$V H$m ñWmZ

hr ‘hÎdnyU© ahm h¡& ^d^y{V Am¡a lrhf© gmVdt eVmãXr Ho$ ‘hmZ H${d Wo& hf© Ho$

emgZ H$mb ‘| ~mU^Q²>Q> H¥$V "H$mX§~ar', "hf© M[aV' O¡go ‘hÎdnyU© JÚm| H$s aMZm

hþB©& ""g§ñH¥$V H$m Omo gdmªJrU {dH$mg hþAm CgZo g¥OZmË‘H$ {H«$¶m-H$bmnm| H$mo

A{YH$ àmoËgm{hV {H$¶m Am¡a Eogo gm{hpË¶H$ ‘hmJ«§Wm| H$s aMZm H$mo g§^d ~Zm¶m

{OgH$r ag‘¶Vm Am¡a à^md ‘| AmO ^r H$moB© H$‘r Zht AmB© h¡&''1 H$ar~Z Zm¢dr

eVmãXr VH$ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË¶ H$r na§nam ahr h¡& Xgdt eVmãXr ‘| n§M, nmoÝZ, aËZ

Am{X H$ÝZ‹S> gm{hË¶ ‘| {ÌaËZ ‘mZo OmVo h¢& ½¶mahdt-~mahdt eVmãXr ‘| V{‘b

gm{hË¶ H$m ñdU© ¶wJ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& CXm. H§$~Z H$m am‘m¶U h¡& ~mahdt eVmãXr

‘§o H$ëhZ H$m amOVa§{JZr, O¶m‘H$ H$m n¥ÏdramO {dO¶, O¶M§X gy[a H$m "hå‘ra

‘hmH$mì¶' Am{X J«§Wm| H$m {Z‘m©U Bg ¶wJ ‘| hþAm& gëVZV ‘| g§ñH¥$V, ’$magr,

Aa~r, CXÿ©, qhXr VWm AÝ¶ àmXo{eH$ ^mfmAm| ‘| gm{hË¶ H$m g¥OZ hþAm& g§ñH¥$V

Ho$ O¡Z H${d ho‘M§X gw[a, ’$magr H${d A‘ra Iwgamo, ’$magr H${d Om‘r CëboIZr¶

h¢& Om¶gr H$m "nX²‘mdV' M§X~aXmB© H$m "n¥ÏdramO amgmo' (qhXr H$m àW‘

‘hmH$mì¶) VWm OJ{ZH$ H$m "AmëhmI§S>' qhXr ‘| a{MV ‘hmZ J§«W h¡& Vmo VobJw

gm{hË¶ H$m {dH$mg {dO¶ZJa gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘| Am¡a ‘amR>r gm{hË¶ H$m ~h‘Zr Am¡a

~rOmnwa amÁ¶m| ‘| {dH$mg hþAm&

‘amR>r ^mfm ‘| kmZoída, Zm‘Xod VWm VwH$mam‘ ‘hmZ Jwé Wo& kmZoída Zo

‘amR>r ^mfm ‘| ^JdV JrVm na "kmZoídar' Zm‘H$ Q>r>H$m {bIr {Ogo ‘hÎdnyU© J§«Wm|

‘| {JZm OmVm h¡& ‘wJb H$mb ‘| ‘m¡{bH$, AZy{XV VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ gm{hË¶ H$s

à{gÕ aMZmE± hþBª& ~m~a H$m "~m~aZm‘m', hþ‘m¶y± H$s ~hZ Jwb~XZ ~oJ‘ H$m


68

"hþ‘m¶y§Zm‘m', A~wb ’$Ob H$m "AmEZo E AH$~ar', n§{S>V OJÞmW H$m "J§Jm

bhar', Vwbgr H$m "am‘M[aV‘mZg' Am{X J«§Wm| H$s$ aMZm ‘wJb H$mb H$s XoZ h¡&

Bg àH$ma ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmXr ¶wJ ‘| ^y{‘-AZwXmZ àWm A{YH$ Ñ‹T>

hþB©& gm‘§VdmXr ì¶dñWm ‘| ^yñdm{‘¶m| X²dmam ^y{‘ na {b¶m OmZodmbm "H$a ¶m

bJmZ' dñVwV… y{‘ H$m {H$am¶m hmoVm Wm {Ogo ‘OXÿar ¶m ZJX Ho$ ê$n ‘| dgyb

H$aVo Wo& gm‘§Vr g‘mO H$s {deofVm ¶h Wr {H$ {~Zm l‘ {H$E ^y{‘ go

Or{dH$monmO©Z H$aVo Wo& Bgr Vah BZH$s pñW{V à~b hmoVr JB©& ^maV ‘|

gm‘§Vemhr g‘mO Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| XwaXeu à^md {XImB© {XE& BgZo amOm H$s pñW{V

H$mo {Z~©b ~Zm {X¶m Am¡a CÝh| gm‘§Vm| gaXmam| na AmË‘{Z ©a ~Zm {X¶m& à~b

AW©ì¶dñWm {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$s AdñWm amOH$s¶ {deofm{YH$ma VWm dem§ZwJV na§nam

ì¶dñWm, dU© ì¶dñWm VWm Ym{‘©H$ AmYma go gm‘§V AmË‘{Z^©a ~ZVo JE Am¡a

emo{fV bmoJm| H$mo H$‘Omoa ~Zm {X¶m& gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm ‘| Ho$db ~wamB¶m± hr Zht Wr§,

Cg‘| qhgm Am¡a Aì¶dñWm ^r Wr& Bg$¶wJ ‘| {H$gmZ Am¡a ‘OXÿa bmoJm| H$mo YZ

Am¡a OrdZ H$r gwajm àXmZ H$s Omo ‘hÎdnyU© ~mV Wr& gmW hr gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm Zo

H¥${f {dñVma Am¡a {dH$mg ‘| é{M br, {OgHo$ H$maU n[adV©Z Am¶m& AmYw{ZH$

gm‘§VdmX ‘| BgH$m ñdê$n ~XbVm hþAm {XImB© XoVm h¡&

2.6.3 AmYw{ZH$ gm‘§VdmX … AmYw{ZH$ gm‘§VdmX … AmYw{ZH$ gm‘§VdmX … AmYw{ZH$ gm‘§VdmX …

"AmYw{ZH$' eãX H$m gm‘Ý¶V… VrZ AWm] ‘§o à¶moJ hmoVm h¡& dh h¡ g‘¶-

gmnoj, H$mb{d^mOZ Am¡a {dMmanaH$Vm& ^maVr¶ B{Vhmg ‘| AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ H$m

Ama§ 18dt eVr Ho$ CÎmamY© go ‘mZm OmVm h¡& g‘¶ gmnoj na ¶wJ {deof H$s

N>m¶m ahVr h¡& àË¶oH$ ¶wJ AVrV H$m A§e ~ZZo go nhbo AnZr-AnZr Ñ{ï> go

AmYw{ZH$ ahVm h¡& H$mb {d^mOZ Ho$ àmMrZ, ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ àM{bV

69

H$mb {d^mOZ h¡& {dMmanaH$Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ {‘l YmaUm h¡,

{OgH$m {Z‘m©U AZoH$ VËdm| go hþAm h¡& Bg‘| AmYma^yV VËd h¢ AnZo Xoe-H$mb

Ho$ gmW OrdZ Ed§ gMoVZ g§~§Y& Bg Ñ{ï> go ßbmgr Ho$ ¶wÕ go (1757 B©.g.)

AmYw{ZH$ gm‘§VdmX H$s ewéAmV ‘mZ gH$Vo h¢§& n§Ðhdt eVmãXr Ho$ CÎmamY© go

gÌhdt eVmãXr VH$ AZoH$ ¶yamonr¶ ep³V¶m| H$m ì¶mnma Ho$ ~hmZo ^maV ‘§o àdoe

hþAm {Og‘| à‘wI ê$n go nmoVw©Jmbr, S>M, ’«$m§gmgr Am¡a A§Jo«O Wo {Og‘| H$Zm©Q>H$

¶wX²Y Ho$ A§V ‘| A§J«oOm| H$m à^md ahm& ßbmgr ¶wÕ go ~³gma Ho$ ¶wÕ VH$ CÝhm|Zo

AnZr O‹S>§o O‘m bt& ¶hm± VH$ AmVo-AmVo ‘amR>m, {g³I, ‘wJb emgZ ‘| ZB©

gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm H$s ñWmnZm ‘| n[adV©Z hmo J¶m&

gZ² 1757 go 1857 VH$ {~«{Q>e emgZ H$m Ag¡{ZH$ CnÐd, Am{Xdmgr

{dÐmoh VWm ñWm{ZH$ N>moQ>o gm‘§Vm| Ho$ ~JmdVm| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm n‹S>m {Og‘| A§J«oO

àemgZ X²dmam {dñWm{nV emgH$m| VWm gm‘§Vm|§ Zo AnZr àOm AWdm g¡{ZH$m| H$s

ghm¶Vm go AnZr ImoB© hþB© à{Vð>m H$mo hm{gb H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& Ohm± gaH$ma

Ho$ {damoY ‘| {H$gmZm| H$m Ag§Vmof ^y-amOñd Zr{V Ho$ H$maU ’y$Q> n‹S>m, gmW hr

{~Mm¡{b¶m| Zo Am{Xdm{g¶m| H$m emofU {H$¶m {Oggo CZ gm‘§Vm| H$mo {dÐmoh H$m

gm‘Zm H$aZm n‹S>m& {~«{Q>e emgZ Ho$ Am{lVm| Zo AZoH$ Am§XmobZ {H$E O¡go am‘mogr

{dÐmoh (gZ² 1822), gVmam H$m J‹S>H$ar {dÐmoh (gZ² 1844), H$moëhmnwa VWm

gm‘§VdmXr {dÐmoh (gZ² 1844) Am{X X{jU ^maV Ho$ AZoH$ {H$bmo§ ‘| hþAm&

gm‘§VdmXr {dÐmoh H$m ZoVm ‘amR>m gaXma H$m|S> gmd§V Wm& Bg Vah A§J«oO H$s

{db¶ Zr{V, ‘Z‘mZr T>§J go AnXñW Am¡a AË¶mMma H$m H$maU gZ² 1857 H$m

{dÐmoh ~Zm& gZ² 1857 H$m {dÐmoh gm‘«mÁ¶dmX {damoYr Am¡a amï´>dmXr Wm& ³¶m|{H$

Bg‘| qhXy Am¡a ‘wpñb‘m| Zo ~‹T>-M‹T>H$a {hñgm {b¶m& XmoZmo§ H$m bú¶ EH$ Wm,

A§J«oO emgH$m| H$mo CIm‹S> ’|$H$Zm& na§Vw {dÐmo{h¶m| ‘| amï´>r¶Vm H$m A^md Wm& {dÐmoh

70

H$m ñdê$n gm‘§VdmXr Wm& AdY, éhobI§S> VWm CÎmar ^maV Ho$ gm‘§Vm| Zo {dÐmoh

{H$¶m Vmo n{Q>¶mbm, OtX, ½dm{b¶a VWm h¡Ðam~mX Ho$ gm‘§Vr emgH$m| Zo A§J«oOm| H$s

ghm¶Vm H$s& Bggo {dÐmoh H$m n[aUm‘ ¶h hþAm {H$ {~«{Q>e B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZr Ho$

emgZ H$s g‘mpßV Am¡a grYo {~«{Q>e emgZ H$s KmofUm& BgH$m Ama§ Zd§~a 1858

B©.g. H$mo Bbmhm~mX ‘| Am¶mo{OV Xa~ma ‘| bm°S>© H¡$qZJ Zo ‘hmamZr {d³Q>mo[a¶m H$s

CX²KmofUm n‹T>Zo go hþAm&

gZ² 1857 go 1947 Ho$ ^maV ñdV§Ì hmoZo VH$ {~«{Q>e emgH$ H$s gÎmm ahr&

gZ² 1857 go A§J«oOm| Zo gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm H$r Amoa XmoñVr H$m hmW ~‹T>m¶m VWm

àJVerb Am¡a {e{jV ^maVr¶m| Ho$ à{V eÌwVm H$s ^mdZm aIr& amOmAm|, O‘tXmam|

Am¡a yñdm{‘¶m| H$mo gmW ‘| boH$a amï´>dmXr Am§XmobZ Ho$ {Ibm’$ CZH$m Cn¶moJ

{H$¶m& gm‘§Vr g‘mO H$mo Iwe H$aZo Ho$ {bE CZHo$ A{YH$mam| H$mo gwajm Xr JB©

{OgHo$ H$maU do {~«{Q>e emgZ Ho$ g‘W©H$ ~Zo& BZ bmoJm| Zo AnZr ì¶{³VJV

g§n{Îm ~‹T>m br Am¡a ^maV ñdmYrZ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo ^maVr¶ amOZr{V ‘|

g{H«$¶Vm go {hñgm boH$a amOZr{V ‘| OJh ~Zm br& A~ dhr bmoJ amOZoVm Am¡a

A’$gam| Ho$ ê$n ‘| ~Zo aho h¢&

àma§^ go AmYw{ZH$ gm‘§VdmX VH$ A{YH$m§e emgZ ì¶dñWmE± amOV§Ì go

MbVr Wr§ Am¡a amOV§Ì ‘§o amOm Ho$ à‘wI {dídmgnmÌ gbmhH$ma gm‘§V H$hbmVo Wo&

¶h gm‘§V AnZo amÁ¶ Ho$ à{V CÎmaXm¶r hmoVo Wo {OÝh§o OZVm Ho$ {hVm| go H$moB©

boZm-XoZm Zht Wm& do OZVm Ho$ H$a H$mo AnZr g§n{Îm g‘PH$a EoemoAmam‘ na IM©

H$aZm AnZm H$V©ì¶ ‘mZVo Wo& ¶hr gm‘§V bJmZ Ed§ H$amo§ go àmßV VWm h‘bm| go

byQ>-IgmoQ> go àmßV YZ AnZo nmg aI boVo Wo& O~ amOm H$‘Omoa hmoZo bJVm,

V~ gm‘§V Bgr YZ go Adga nmH$a gaXma H$mo AnZr Amoa ‘mo‹S> boVo Am¡a ñd¶§ H$s

71

goZm ~ZmH$a IwX H$mo n¥WH$ emgH$ Kmo{fV H$aVo& R>rH$ ¶hr H$m¶© AmYw{ZH$

gm‘§VdmX ‘| ñdmYrZVm Ho$ nyd© Wm Am¡a A~ ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX ¶hr H$m¶© ‘§Ìr-

A’$ga H$a aho h¢& AmO ^«ï>mMma, AÝ¶m¶-AË¶mMma, Jw§S>mJXu, AmV§H$dmX VWm

N>moQ>r n§Mm¶V go boH$a gm§gX VH$ H$mo IarXZm ¶h g{X¶m| go Mbr Am ahr

gm‘m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ à{H«$¶m H$m A§J h¡&

CÝZrgdt gXr ‘| gm‘m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go ~«÷ g‘mO, àmW©Zm g‘mO, Am¶©

g‘mO, {W¶mogm°{’$H$b gmogmBQ>r, am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ, gË¶emoYH$ g‘mO Am{X

^maVr¶ g‘mO Ho$ gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶, Ym{‘©H$ {dH$mg ‘| ~hþV ~‹S>m ¶moJXmZ {X¶m

h¡& amOZr{V H$s Ñ{ï> go gZ² 1857 go 1885 VH$ H$B© Am§XmobZ ‘hÎdnyU© aho,

{Og‘| A§J«oOm| Zo g‘Pm¡VmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU AnZm¶m, Z {H$ 1857 Ho$ nyd© {Og Vah

Am§XmobZ H$mo Hw$Mb {X¶m Wm& gZ² 1885 Ho$ ~mX ^maVr¶ amï´>r¶ Am§XmobZ Mbm,

gmW hr gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$ gwYma H$mo boH$a ^r ~‹S>o n¡‘mZo na Am§XmobZ hþE&

nmíMmË¶ {ejm H$m àMma-àgma, àgma-‘mÜ¶‘m| H$s ^y{‘H$m, ‘Ü¶‘ dJ© H$m CX¶

VWm {~«{Q>e emgZ Ho$ Am{W©H$ n[aUm‘m| Zo ^maV ‘| amï´>dmXr AmH$m§jmAm| H$mo OÝ‘

{X¶m& amï´>r¶ H$m±Jog H$s ñWmnZm (gZ² 1885), ~§Jmb {d^mOZ (gZ² 1905),

H$m±J«og H$m CXma Am¡a CJ«dmXr ‘| {d^mOZ, ‘wpñb‘ brJ H$s ñWmnZm (gZ² 1906),

àW‘ {díd ¶wX²Y (gZ² 1914), bIZD$ g‘Pm¡Vm (gZ² 1916), ‘m°ÊQo½¶y KmofUm

(gZ² 1917), gm§àXm{¶H$Vm H$m CX¶, X²{dVr¶ {díd ¶wX²Y (gZ² 1939), ^maV

N>mo‹S>mo Am§XmobZ (gZ² 1942), ^maV ñdmV§Ì (gZ² 1947), Zohê$ ¶wJ (gZ² 1947-

1964), Vm§íH$X g‘Pm¡Vm, ~m§½bmXoe H$m CX¶, AmnmVH$mbrZ pñW{V, B§{Xam Jm§Yr

¶wJ, amOrd Jm§Yr ¶wJ, ‘w§~B© ~‘ {dñ’$moQ> (gZ²1993), ^mOnm JR>Omo‹S> (gZ² 1999

go 2004) Am¡a gmo{Z¶m Jm§Yr (gZ² 2004 go A~ VH$) Am{X ^maVr¶ amOZr{V Ho$

‘hÎdnyU© ‘mo‹S> h¢&

72

^maV ‘| ¶yamonr¶ AmJ‘Z go nhbo ny±OrdmXr VËdm| H$m CX¶ hþAm Wm,

bo{H$Z BZ VËdm| H$mo Ñ‹T> ~ZmZo H$m H$m‘ e{³Vembr ¶yamo{n¶m| Ho$ AmZo níMmV

hþAm& BZ‘| A§J«oO à‘wI ê$n go Wo& ny±OrdmX H$mo boH$a ‘m³g© Zo H$hm h¡ -

""‘hmZ ‘wJb H$s gdm}ƒ gÎmm H$mo ‘wJb gy~oXmam| Zo hr Vmo‹S> {X¶m Wm& gy~oXmam| H$s

e{³V ‘amR>m| Zo Zï> H$a Xr Wr, ‘amR>m| H$s VmH$V H$mo A’$JmZm| Zo IË‘ {H$¶m Am¡a

O~ EH$-Xÿgao go b‹S>Zo bJo hþE Wo V~ A§J«oO Kwg AmE Am¡a BZ g~ H$mo Hw$Mb

H$a IwX ñdm‘r ~Z ~¡R>o&''1 A§J«oOm| Ho$ AmJ‘Z Ho$ ~mX qhXÿ-‘wpñb‘ hr Zht ~pëH$

àm§V-àm§V, dU©-dU©, Om{V-àWm, Amngr {ddmX ‘| ~±Qdmam hþAm Wm, Bgr H$m

bm^ CR>mVo hþE A§J«oOm| Zo ghOVm go nyao Xoeâ ‘| hÿH$‘V ñWm{nV H$s& Bgr à^md

go {ZåZ VWm dJ© H$m ’$mgbm ~‹T>Vm J¶m {Og‘| CÀM dJ© A§J«oO emgZ Ho$ ^³V

~Zo& BgHo$ ~mao ‘§o Ho$ Xm‘moXaZ Zo H$hm h¡ - ""gm‘§Vr amOmAm| Am¡a aOdm‹S>m| Zo

gKf© H$m ‘m‘ybr T>m|J VH$ {H$¶o {~Zm-A§J«oOm|-Ho$ gm‘Zo g‘n©U H$a {X¶m Wm&

Hw$N> Zo Vmo B©î¶m© Ho$ der^yV hmoH$a AnZo gh¶moJr emgH$mo§ Ho$ gmW JX²Xmar H$aZo

Am¡a CÝh| nam{OV H$aZo Ho$ BamXo go {Zb©ÁOVm go {~«{Q>e emgH$m| Ho$ gmW JR>Omo‹S>

^r H$a {b¶m Wm&''2 ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ {~«{Q>e BñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZr Ho$ hmW go gÎmm

OmZo Ho$ ~mX ^r {~«{Q>e emgH$m| Zo AmJo 90 gmbm| VH$ amO {H$¶m& ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶

Ho$ Yrao-Yrao H$‘Omoa hmoZo Am¡a nVZ H$s Amoa ~‹T>Zo Ho$ gmW-gmW ñWmZr¶

amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ep³V¶m§ {ga CR>mZo bJr§& O‘tXmam| Am¡a OmJraXmam| H$s

g§»¶m VWm amOZr{VH$ X²dofm| ‘| d¥{Õ hmoVr JB©& ^y{‘ go hmoZo dmbr Am‘XZr Ho$

{bE bJmVma Amng ‘| PJ‹S>Vo aho&

1 H$mb© ‘m³g©, Xr â¶yMa [aOëQ²>g Am°’$ {~«{Q>e ê$b BZ B§{S>¶m, Ý¶¶m°H©$ Q>~b, AmR> AJñV,

1863. 2 Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ, ^maVr¶ {MÝVZ naånam,n¥.346.

73

^y{‘-AZwXmZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ‘ra Om’$a Zo ³bmBd H$mo 24 naJZm H$s O‘tXmar

Xr Wr& ‘amR>m amÁ¶ ‘| nhbo A{YH$m[a¶m| H$mo Omo y{‘ nhbo ‘moH$mgm (^y{‘-

AZwXmZ) VWm ga§Om‘ Ho$ ê$n ‘| Xr OmVr Wr, dh noedmAm| Ho$ A§V H$mb (1818)

VH$ nhbo H$s Vah d§emZwJV hmo JB©& Cgr Vah Omo {g³Im| H$m nhbo g§Kf©

gm‘§VdmX Ho$ {dê$Õ ‘| Wm, Cg‘| ~Xbmd Am¶m- ""AR>mahdr§ eVmãXr H$m

‘Ü¶H$mb AmVo-AmVo {g³I g‘wXm¶ Ho$ A§Xa EH$ ZB© gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm H$s ñWmnZm

‘| n[ad[V©V hmo J¶m&''1 gZ² 1757 go 1857 VH$ Bg gm¡ gmb ‘| ^y{‘-AZwXmZ H$s

na§nam Wmo‹S>r ~hþV ‘mÌm ‘| nhbr O¡gr Wr& EH$ Va’$ ^moJ{dbmg ‘| Sy>~o YZr Am¡a

ep³Vembr gm‘§V Wo Vmo Xÿgar Amoa {nN>‹S>o, CËnr{‹S>V Am¡a {nN>‹S>o {H$gmZ Wo& CZ

g~ H$mo AË¶mMmam| Am¡a AÝ¶m¶m| H$mo ghZm n‹S>Vm Wm&

^maVr¶ OZVm H$m OrdZ BZ gm¡ gmb ~hþV Iam~ hþAm& Bg g‘¶ go ^y{‘

Ho$ gmW-gmW ‘erZ Am¡a H$maImZm| Zo Am¶ ómoVm| H$s OJh bo br {Oggo

CÚmoJn{V¶m| Ho$ EH$ ep³Vembr dJ© H$m CX¶ hwAm Am¡a CgZo ^maVr¶ g‘mO na

Jham à^md S>mbm& Bg ny§Or Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ àgma ‘| ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^mB©& gmW

hr {eënr dJ© H$m ömg hþAm& A§J«oOr emgZ ‘| y{‘ ì¶dñWm ‘| ~Xbmd Am J¶m&

O‘tXmam| H$mo O‘rZ H$m ‘m{bH$ Vmo ~Zm {X¶m na CÝh| Omo ‘mbJwOmar (bJmZ) XoZr

n‹S>Vr Wr& dh O‘tXmar Am¡a a¡¶Vdmar bmoJ H$s na§namJV ^y{‘-àWmAm| go {^Þ

Wr& A~ ^y{‘ H$mo ~oMr Om gH$Zo, {Jadr aIm Om gH$Zo Am¡a hñVm§V[aV H$s Om

gH$Zo dmbr dñVw ~Zm {X¶m J¶m& ^y{‘ H$mo AmgmZr go IarXm Am¡a ~oMm Om gH$Zo

dmbm EH$ ‘mb ~ZmH$a y{‘-àWmAm| ‘| EH$ ~w{Z¶mXr n[adV©Z H$a {X¶m&


74

^maV ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX EH$g§K ^maV Ho$ EH$sH$aU Ho$ {bE gaXma

dëb^^mB© nQ>ob O¡go ZoVmAm| Zo Xoer amOmAm| Am¡a gm‘§Vm| Ho$ amÁ¶m| H$m {db¶

H$aHo$ Am§V[aH$ gwÑ‹T>Vm H$mo {ZpíMV {H$¶m& O‘tXma go ^yXmZ XoZo Ho$ {bE Am§XmobZ

ewê$ hþAm {OgHo$ ZoVm {dZmo~m ^mdo Wo& ewéAmV ‘| O‘tXmam| Zo ~hþV H$‘ ghH$m¶©

{H$¶m& XmZ Xr JB© ^y{‘¶m§ ¶m Vmo naVr O‘rZ Wr, Bgo ^y{‘hrZm| H$mo R>rH$ Vah go

{dV[aV Zht H$s& {~«{Q>e emgZ H$s ñWmnZm go amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$, àemg{ZH$

VWm Am{W©H$ ê$n ‘| ì¶mnH$ n[adV©Z hþAm& 1757 go gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z ñnîQ> hmo

JE& Om{V-àWm ‘| {e{WbVm Am JB©& {’$a ^r ""Om{V-àWm h‘| gm‘§Vr¶ g§ñH$mam|

VWm na§namJV g‘mOm| go OH$‹S>o hþE h¢& nyao ^maV Ho$ n¡‘mZo na ^maVr¶ OZVm ‘|

{H$gmZ h¡, ‘OXÿa h¡, ‘Ü¶ dJ© h¡, n§yOrn{V h¡, gmhÿH$ma Am¡a O‘tXma VWm amOm

‘hmamOm h¡& AV… OZVm dJm] ‘| ~±Q>r h¡&''1 J«m‘rU joÌm| ‘| O‘tXmam|, Ag{‘¶m|,

{H$gmZm| VWm y{‘hrZ l{‘H$ dJm©| Ho$ gmW hr AmYw{ZH$ gmhÿH$mam| Am¡a ì¶mnmar

g‘yhm| H$m ^r CX¶ hþAm& {H$gmZ Am¡a ~mOma Ho$ ‘Ü¶ {~Mm¡{b¶m| H$m H$m¶© H$aZo

³¶m|{H$ XÿañW ^y-ñdm‘r {g’©$ bJmZ dgyb H$aZo ‘| é{M aIVo Wo& ehar joÌm| ‘|

~wOw©Am VWm H$m‘Jma dJ© H$m CX¶ Ho$ gmW AZoH$ ì¶dgm{¶oH$ dJm] H$m CX¶ hþAm

{OZ‘| dH$sb, S>m°³Q>a, {ejH$, à~§YH$, {b{nH$, d¡km{ZH$ VWm A{^¶§Vm, nÌH$ma

Am{X h¢& Bg Vah àmMrZ emgH$ dJ© H$s g‘m{á Am¡a Xÿgar Amoa ^y ñdm{‘¶m|,

ì¶mnm[a¶m| Ed§ ~w{ÕOr{d¶m| Ho$ ZE CâVo dJm] Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ^maV ‘| AmYw{ZH$

‘Ü¶‘ dJ© H$m {dH$mg hþAm& Bg‘| ‘OXÿa Am¡a emo{fV Cno{jV dJm] H$mo ~m{YV

{H$¶m h¡& dU© ì¶dñWm go {H$gmZm| H$mo Hw$MbZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m Wm&

gZ² 1857 Ho$ {dÐmoh ‘| àoaH$ ep³V Ho$ ê$n ‘| {~«{Q>e emgZ Ho$ {dê$Õ

{H$gmZm| H$m Ag§Vmof Wm& V~go H$ar~Z 1938 B©. VH$ {H$gmZ Am§XmobZ g{H«$¶ Wm&

1 a‘oe Hw§$Vb ‘oK, AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY Am¡a AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, n¥. 91.

75

BZHo$ à‘w»m eÌw A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ gmW ~mJmZ ‘m{bH$, O‘r§Xma VWm ‘hmOZ Wo&

O¡go Zrb {dÐmoh, nm~Zm {dÐmoh, MånmaU gË¶mJ«h, Io‹S>m gË¶mJ«h, ~maXmobr

gË¶mJ«h VWm A{Ib ^maVr¶ {H$gmZ g^m& g^r àm§Vm| ‘| {H$gmZm| H$mo gmhÿH$mam| go

~MmZo VWm qgMmB© gw{dYmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ à¶mg {H$E JE& bo{H$Z A{YH$m§e

joÌm| ‘| A^r ^r O‘tXmam| H$m à^wËd ~Zm ahm Omo AmO gmhÿH$mar bmBg|g ¶m noem

Ho$ ê$n ‘| àH$Q> hþAm&

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| ‘OXÿa dJ©, H$m‘Jma dJ© Ho$ ê$n ‘| CÞrgdt eVmãXr Ho$

CÎmamÕ© ‘o| AmYw{ZH$ CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ gmW n[adV©Z hþAm& aobdo H$m {Z‘m©U

Bg {Xem ‘| ‘OXÿa dJ© Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$m AJ«XÿV ahm& ZmJnwa, ‘w§~B©, H$bH$Îmm,

‘Ðmg Am{X 1942 VH$ ‘OXÿa h‹S>Vmb| hþBª& gZ² 1942 ‘| ^maV N>mo‹S>mo Am§XmobZ ‘|

{Xëbr, bIZD$, H$mZnwa, ~§~B©, H$bH$Îmm, B§Xm¡a, ~¢Jbmoa, Ah‘Xm~mX, ZmJnwa,

O‘eoXnwa ‘| O~aXñV h‹S>Vmb hþB©&

^maV Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm nyd© g‘¶ ‘| {~«{Q>e gm‘«mÁ¶dmX l{‘H$ h‹S>Vmb go

Aem§V ahm& {’$a ^r l{‘H$m|$ H$s {ZajaVm, ~mh²¶ ZoV¥Îd VWm amOZr{VH$ à^md go

Am§XmobZ ‘| ’y$Q> n‹Sr& Xoe ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^r Am§XmobZ ‘| Eogr H${‘¶m± AmVr

ahr§& Xmg-àWm Ho$ ê$n ‘| emofU Ho$ Z¶o Vm¡a VarHo$ AnZmE JE-""nhbo Ho$

^y{‘Xmg A~ nJmaXmg ~Z JE& n±yOrdmXr ¶wJ Ho$ emofU H$m ‘w»¶ ‘mÜ¶‘ l{‘H$

~Zm& dñVwV… n±yOrdmXr CËnmXZ àUmbr H$m CX²Xoí¶ hr CËnmXH$ Ho$ {bE A{YH$ go

A{YH$ bm^ H$‘mZm h¡& bJmVma emofU Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n dJ© ôX H$s bH$sa

Á¶mXm ñnîQ> ZOa AmZo bJr&''1 {H$gmZ, ‘OXÿa VWm Xmg dJ© AmO ^r emo{fV hmo

aho h¢& ZE gm‘§V dJ© ny§Orn{V, ZoVm Ho$ ê$n ‘| ~ZVo Om aho h¡§& D$na go gwYma H$m

1 {dO¶Hw$‘ma AJ«dmb, ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| gm‘§Vr OrdZ, n¥. 96.

76

~Xbmd ZOa Am ahm h¡ bo{H$Z A§Xa go A§Xa gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm H$s O‹S>o nga ahr

h¡§& {H$gmZ AmË‘hË¶m, ‘OXÿam| H$s hË¶m, Xmg dJ© H$m ~oKa hmoZm, ¶h {gb{gbm

bJmVma Mb ahm h¡&

AR>madt gXr VH$ AmVo-AmVo qhXÿ Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ Xmo {^Þ g‘mOm| ‘| ~±Q>o

hþE Wo& bmoJ Y‘©, joÌ, H$~rbo, ^mfm Am¡a Om{V Ho$ AmYma na {d^m{OV Wo& qhXÿ

Mma dUm] Ho$ A{V[a³V AZ{JZV Om{V¶m| ‘| ~±Q>o hþE Wo& ‘wgb‘mZ ^r Om{V, Zñb,

H$~rbo Am¡a XO} H$s H$‘ {d^m{OV Zht Wo& hmbm§{H$ CZHo$ Y‘© ‘| gm‘m{OH$

g‘mZVm H$m {ZX}e {X¶m J¶m Wm& gZ² 1857 Ho$ {dÐmoh ‘| A§J«oOm| Zo qhXwAm| Am¡a

‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ ~rM d¡‘Zñ¶ n¡Xm H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s bo{H$Z ~hmXþaemh Zo ~‹S>o

gmhg go Cg fS²>¶§Ìm| H$m ^§S>m’$mo‹S> {H$¶m- ""¶h n{dÌ ¶wÕ A§J«oOm| Ho$ {Ibm’$ h¡&

‘¢ Amkm XoVm hÿ± {H$ Bgo qhXwAm| Ho$ {Ibm’$ Zht Omo‹S>m OmEJm&''1 {~«{Q>em| Zo

qhXþAm| Ho$ {damoY ‘| H$B© fS²>>¶§Ì aMo bo{H$Z 50-60 dfm] VH$ qhXÿ-‘wpñb‘ Ho$ ~rM

H$moB© d¡‘Zñ¶Vm Zht hþB©& bo{H$Z ‘wpñb‘ brJ H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ ~mX {’$a AbJ

nm{H$ñVmZ H$r ‘m§J go 1947 ‘| ^maV-nmH$ {d^mOZ Zo qhXÿ-‘wpñb‘ Y‘© Ho$ ~rM

Xama n‹S> JB© Omo A^r VH$ H$‘ A{YH$ ‘mÌm ‘| Mb ahr h¡& ~‘ {dñ’$moQ>,

AmV§H$dmX, ‘§{Xa-‘pñOX Vmo‹S>’$mo‹S> VWm Ym{‘©H$ X§Jo H$s n[aUm‘ A§J«oOm| H$s

Hy$Q>Zr{V h¡& Cg g‘¶ qhXÿ, ‘wgb‘mZ, B©gmB©, ’$magr g§àXm¶ Wo&

A§J«oOm| Ho$ B©gmB© Y‘© Ho$ àMma-àgma Ho$ gmW Hw$N> gH$mamË‘H$ n[aUm‘

^maV na n‹S>o-""‘erZ[a¶m| Zo {Og Omoe Iamoe Ho$ gmW Om{V àWm Ho$ {dê$Õ

Am‘Vm¡a go Am¡a Añn¥í¶Vm Ed§ ANy>VnZ Ho$ {dê$Õ ImgVm¡a go, gmW hr ‘y{V©

nyOm, ~mb-{ddmh VWm gVr àWm d AÝ¶ Ym{‘©H$ ar{V-[admOm| Ho$ {dê$Õ AnZm


77

Am§XmobZ Mbm¶m, Cggo ^maV H$s OZVm H$s gm‘m{OH$ MoVZm ‘| OmJ¥{V n¡Xm hþB©&

OZVm H$s$ godm Ho$ CX²Xoí¶ go AmYw{ZH$ T>§J Ho$ ñHy$b Am¡a AñnVmb Imobo&''1

B©gmB¶m| Zo AZoH$ J«§Wm| Ho$ AZwdmX {H$E& àmMrZ gm‘m{OH$ àWmE§ Am¡a na§nam Ho$

{dê$Õ ‘| gwYma hþAm& {Oggo gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm go Wmo‹S>r ~hþV ‘mÌm ‘| ~mha AmZo

H$m à¶mg hþAm& {ejm Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go hr h‘ A§Jo«Or Ho$ {dê$Õ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ ‘|

AmE& ^maV ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX CgH$m bm^ hþAm h¡&

Ym{‘©H$ joÌ ‘| qhXþAm| Ho$ ~rM ^p³V Am§XmobZ VWm ‘wgb‘mZm| ‘| gy’$r ‘V

Ho$ àgma Ho$ ’$bñdê$n {nN>br Hw$N> eVmpãX¶m| go Omo nmañn[aH$ à^md Am¡a

gå‘mZ H$s ^mdZm {dH${gV hmo ahr Wr, ¶h ~‹T>Vr ahr& Y‘© CZ {XZm| OZVm Ho$

OrdZ H$m A{^Þ A§J Wm Am¡a Ym{‘©H$ gwYma Ho$ {~Zm gm‘m{OH$ gwYma ^r Hw$N>

Img g§ d Zhr§ Wm& {dMmaerb ^maVr¶m| Zo Y‘© Ho$ AmYma Ho$ à{V gƒo ahH$a

^maVr¶ OZVm H$mo ZB© Amdí¶H$Vm Ho$ AZwgma T>mbm& Cgr Vah ‘hmamîQ> ‘| àmW©Zm

g‘mO Zo Ym{‘©H$ gwYma H$m H$m‘ {H$¶m& ‘wgb‘mZmo§ ‘| Ym{‘©H$ gwYma ‘| à‘wI

gwYmaH$ g¡¶X Ah‘X ImZ VWm AbrJ‹T> Am§XmobZ Wm& Bgr Vah nma{g¶m| ‘|,

{g³Im| ‘| VWm qhXþAm| ‘| Am¶© g‘mO Am¡a am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ Zo Ym{‘©H$ gwYma H$m

H$m‘ {H$¶m& ^maV ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX amOZr{V VWm g‘mO ‘| Y‘© à‘wI A§J ~Z

J¶m h¡& AmO ^r Y‘m] Ho$ Zm‘ na MwZmd hmoVo h¢, ZoVm OrV OmVo h¢&

{~«{Q>e B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZr Ho$ emgZ Ho$ Hw$N> g‘¶ nhbo {ejm àgma hoVw

A§J«oOm|, B©gmB© {‘eZ[a¶m| Am¡a CËgmhr ^maVr¶m| Zo H${Vn¶ à¶ËZ {H$E& gZ² 1781

B©gdr ‘| JdZ©a OZab dmaoZ hopñQ>¨J Zo "H$bH$Îmm ‘Xagm' H$s ñWmnZm H$s& gZ²

1813 ‘| B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZr Ûmam "MmQ>©a E³Q>' Ho$ ê$n ‘| dmñV{dH$ à¶mg {H$¶m&


78

‘oH$mbo (1835), Mmëg© dwS> {S>ñn¡M (1854), h§Q>a H${‘eZ (1882), a¡bo H${‘eZ

(1902 B©), g¡S>ba Am¶moJ (1917), hmQm]J g{‘{V (1929), dYm© ¶moOZm (1937)

VWm gOoªQ ¶moOZm (1944)> Am{X J{R>V Am¶moJm| Ûmam {ejm joÌ ‘| A§J«oOm| Zo

ñdV§ÌVm VH$ ‘hÎdnyU© H$m¶© {H$E-""{ejm EH$ Eogm gyú‘ AñÌ Wm, {Ogo A§J«oOm|

Zo ^maV ‘| AnZo à^wËd gÑ‹T> ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb {H$¶m& ¶h EH$ gmW hr

^maV Ho$ {Zdm{g¶m| H$mo {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Ho$ à{V d’$mXmar ‘| à{e{jV H$aZo Am¡a

gmW hr OrdZ Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| npíM‘r {dMmam| Am¡a nÕ{V¶m| H$mo àMm[aV H$aZo H$s

EH$ ì¶dñWm Wr& ''1 A§J«oOm| Zo ^maV ‘| {ejm H$s ZB© àUmbr H$m à¶ËZ ^maV H$s

AmË‘m H$mo Hw$Mb XoZo Ho$ {bE {H$¶m& qH$Vw dmñVd ‘| EH$ Eogo Am§XmobZ Ho$ ~rO

~moE {OgZo ñd¶§ A§J«oOm| H$mo hr CIm‹S> ’|$H$m&

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX ^maV ‘| {ejm Ho$ joÌ ‘| JwUmË‘H$ gwYma hþE& 1953 ‘|

Cƒ {ejm {díd{dÚmb¶ AZwXmZ Am¶moJ H$s ñWmnZm (¶yOrgr), 1952 ‘|

‘wXm{b¶ma Am¶moJ, ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejm Ho$ {bE amOm^mfm Am¶moJ (1955), H$moR>mar

{ejm Am¶moJ (1964), ñHy$br {ejm Ho$ JwUmË‘H$ gwYma Ho$ {bE 1961 B© ‘|

amîQ´>r¶ e¡{jH$ à{ejU Ed§ AZwg§YmZ n[afX (EZgrB©AmaQ>r) H$s ñWmnZm Am{X go

{ejm ‘| gwYma bmZo Ho$ à¶mg hþE& CgH$m n[aUm‘ ^r AÀN>m {ZH$bm& ""{ejm H$s

gw{dYmAm| ‘| d¥{Õ H$m n[aUm‘ ¶h hþAm h¡ {H$ B§Or{Z¶a, à{d{Yk, S>m°³Q>a Am¡a

AÜ¶mnH$ A~ Z Ho$db Cƒ ñVa dJm] go; ~pëH$ ‘Ü¶ dJm©| Am¡a ‘ohZVH$e OZm|-

{OZ‘| {H$gmZ ^r em{‘b h¢- Ho$ ~rM go AmVo h¢& BZ n[adV©Zm| Zo ñd^mdV… bmoJm|


79

H$s OrdZ-nÕ{V¶m| Am¡a CZH$s qMVZ-{d{Y H$mo à^m{dV {H$¶m h¡&''1 {’$a ^r

{ejm Ho$ joÌ ‘| f‹S>>¶§Ì Mb ahm h¡&

amO^mfm Am¶moJ ñWm{nV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX qhXr H$mo amîQ´>^mfm H$m$ g§d¡Ym{ZH$

XOm© Zht {‘bm& Cƒ nXm| Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr ^mfm Amdí¶H$ ‘mZr OmZo bJr& AmO

OJh-OJh A§J«oOr ñHy$b, A§J«oOr ³bmg, A§J«oOr ^mfm ~mobZm A{ÔmË¶ dJ© H$m

ÚmoVH$ ‘mZm Om ahm h¡& {ZOr ñHy$bm| H$mo ImobH$a OZ^mfm H$mo nrN>o YHo$bZo H$m

à¶mg {H$¶m Om ahm h¡&

19dt eVmãXr H$m g‘mO Zmar emofU, ~m{bH$m dY, ~mb {ddmh VWm

{nN>‹S>r Om{V¶m| H$m emofU Am{X àWmAm| go J«ñV Wm& ¶h g‘¶ ‘{hbmAm| H$s

gm‘m{OH$ pñW{V ‘| n[adV©Z bmZo Ho$ {bE ‘hÎdnyU© ‘mZm OmVm h¡& Bgr H$maU

Zmar¶m| H$s X¶Zr¶ pñW{V ‘| gwYma bmZo hoVw g‘mOgwYmaH$m| Zo "gm‘m{OH$-Ym{‘©H$

gwYma H$m¶©H«$‘' ewê$ {H$¶m Wm& ‘{hbm CX²Yma Ho$ {bE amOm am‘‘mohZ am¶,

B©ídaM§Ð {dÚmgmJa, n§{S>V a‘m~mB© Am¡a {d{^Þ ‘{hbm g§JR>Zm| H$m ¶moJXmZ

AZXoIm Zht {H$¶m Om gH$Vm& {Og‘| {ejm Ho$ ~b na AmO Zmar Mma Xrdmar H$mo

bm§K ahr h¡& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX Zmar nwéfm| Ho$ H§$Ym| go H§$Ym {‘bmH$a gmW Xo ahr h¡&

Zmar Ho$ {bE ¶h gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z ‘hÎdnyU© H$X‘ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& AmO g^r

joÌm| ‘| Zmar amîQ´>n{V, àYmZ‘§Ìr, gm§gX, ‘w»¶‘§Ìr, {dYm¶H$ O¡go nXm| na H$m¶©

H$a ahr h¡& gmW hr N>moQ>o-‘moQ>o CÚmoJ-ì¶d¶mg, A{^¶m§{ÌH$s, {M{H$Ëgm joÌ ‘|

Aìdb ñWmZ àmßV H$a ahr h¡& {’$a ^r Zmar H$m emofU Nw>nm hmoVm Om ahm h¡&

AmYw{ZH$ gm‘§VdmX ‘| T>mB© gm¡ df© ‘| AmYw{ZH$ ~Xbmd nyar Vah go A~

^r hmo ahm h¡& nhbo Ym{‘©H$ AZwXmZ nmZodmbm nwamo{hV dJ© ‘mH}$Q> Ho$ ê$n ‘| Câ

1 Ho$. Xm‘moXaZ, ^maVr¶ {MV§Z na§nam, n¥-505.

80

ahm h¡& ~‹S>o-~‹S>o amOZr{VH$ ZoVm, CÚmoJn{V, n±yOrn{V dJ© gmYw H$mo Xod g‘PZo

bJo h¡& H$amo‹S>m| én¶o gmYwAm| Ho$ Aml‘ H$mo XmZ XoVo h¢ Am¡a ^yIr OZVm Am¡a ^r

Jar~ hmoVr Om ahr h¡& {demb ‘§{Xa, VrW©¶mÌm, ‘obo, JUoe MVwWu Am{X AZHo$

CËgdm| ‘| H$amo‹S>mo§ énE ~a~mX hmo aho h¢& Y‘©, y{‘ H$s OJh H$mnm}aoQ> {~pëS>¨J

ì¶dmg¶ Zo bo br h¡& gm‘§VdmX H$m ñdê$n ~Xb ahm h¡& H$moB© Cgo AY©-gm‘§Vr

àWm ^r H$hVo h¡& A~ AmO H$s ì¶dñWm ‘| YZ H$m ñWmZ ‘hÎdnyU© ahm h¡& AmO

nhbo go hr ^moJdmXr àd¥{Îm Mb ahr h¡ {g’©$ Cgo nJma Ho$ ê$n ‘| ~Xb {X¶m h¡&

H$bmË‘H$ ‘yë¶ ZîQ> hmo JE, g~ MrO| {~H$mD$ ~Z JB© h¢& g‘mMma nÌ ‘| IyZr

h‘bm, hOmam| bmoJ ~‘ Y‘mHo$ go ‘aZm, pñÌ¶m| na ~bmËH$ma, pñÌ¶m|, ‘OXÿa Am¡a

N>moQ>o ~ƒo H$m ~oMZm go g§~§{YV I~a| âr ahVr h¡&

gm‘§VdmX H$s g^r ~wamB¶m± AmO ^r {XImB© XoVr h¢& Cƒ dJ© Ho$ ‘hbm| ‘|

Xmg Am¡a ñÌr AË¶mMma H$m {eH$ma ~Z aho h¢& ZB© Z¡{VH$Vm, OZg§»¶m H$s ^¶mdh

pñW{V ‘Zmoa§OZ Ho$ Iwbo gmYZ, Hw$brZ ^moJdmX, g§hmaH$ AñÌ, ~‹T>Vr H$m‘wH$Vm,

Zmar Ho$ ’¡$eZ Ho$ Zm‘ AY© Z½Z Kw‘Zm, Bggo ~‹T>Vr nwéf H$m‘§YVm, AmñWm H$m

A^md Am{X go gm‘§Vr àd¥{Îm¶m± Z¶o ê$nm| ‘| {XImB© XoVr h¢& ^maV ‘| AmO

amOZoVmAm| gm‘§Vemhr hmdr hmo JB© h¡& AmO ZJanm{bH$mAm| Ho$ MwZmdm| go boH$a

AnZo A{YH$ma H$s N>moQ>r-~‹S>r g^r {Q>H$Q>m| H$m ~±Q>dmam VWm g§d¡Ym{ZH$ gaH$mar

Ed§ amOZr{VH$ nXm| na {Z¶wp³V VWm CÚmoJm| Ho$ bmBg|g Am{X hmB© H$‘m§S> AWm©V

gÎmm na hmdr gm‘§V Ûmam {H$E OmVo h¢&

AmO Ho$ gm‘§V do ì¶p³V h¢ {OZHo$ A{YH$ma Agr{‘V hmo, H$V©ì¶ eyÝ¶

hmo, OZVm Ho$ n¡gm H$mo AnZm g‘PVo hmo§, {OÝh| H$mZyZ H$s H$moB© nadmh Z hmo VWm

‘Z‘mZo T>§J go H$m¶© H$aZo Ho$ {bE ñdÀN>§X hmo§& do Zm¡H$aemh, X~§J ì¶dgm¶r,

81

S>m°Z, N>X²‘ gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶©H$Vm©, gQ²>Q>o~mO Am{X g^r AmYw{ZH$ Zdgm‘§V h¢& ¶h

g^r bmoJ gaH$ma ~ZmZo, {~Jm‹S>Zo VWm MbmZo H$s VmH$V aIVo h¢&

2.7 gm‘§VdJu¶ àd¥{Îm¶m± … gm‘§VdJu¶ àd¥{Îm¶m± … gm‘§VdJu¶ àd¥{Îm¶m± … gm‘§VdJu¶ àd¥{Îm¶m± …

^maV ‘| gm‘§VdmX H$s ‘yb àd¥{Îm¶m± AÝ¶ Xoem| H$s gm‘§VdmXr àd¥{Îm¶m| go

AbJ Zht Wr& {deofV… ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX O¡gr Hw$N> àd¥{Îm¶m± h¢& gm‘§Vr

ì¶dñWm H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm ‘| y{‘, ^y{‘ go g§~§{YV KQ>H$, dU© ì¶dñWm, {d{eîQ>

dJ© H$m CX¶, nwamo{hVm| H$mo y{‘-AZwXmZ, ¶yamonr¶ dJ© H$mo OmJra XoZo H$s àWm,

d§emZwJV na§nam H$m CX¶, ^moJdmXr d¥{Îm, Y‘© H$m AnZo ñdmW© Ho$ {bE à¶moJ,

Xmgm| H$m emofU, {H$gmZm| na AË¶mMma, pñÌ¶m| H$s Xem, H$bmË‘H$ ‘yë¶m| H$m

hZZ, {ejm na à wËd VWm gÎmm na dM©ñd Am{X bjU gm‘§VdJu¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| Ho$

A§VJ©V Am gH$Vo h¢&

Vm‘«nmfmU ¶wJ go ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ H¥${f go g§~§{YV hmoZo Ho$ AmYma {‘bVo h¡§&

V~go G$½doX H$mb VH$ ^y{‘ na A{YH$ma hmoVm J¶m& V~ ^r dU© ì¶dñWm H$s

MMm© hmoVr h¡& dhr go Xmg àWm H$m emofU Am¡a ì¶p³VJV ^moJàd¥{Îm ~‹T> JB©&

‘mV¥gÎmmË‘H$ go {nV¥gÎmm ñWm{nV hwB© Am¡a pñÌ¶m| H$s pñW{V {JaVr JB©& AmO VH$

¶h Ymam AI§S> ê$n go Mb ahr h¡& y{‘ na A{YH$ma hmoZo H$s na§nam Ho$ bJ^J

‘m¡¶© gm‘«mÁ¶ VH$ àË¶j A{YH$ma Ho$ à‘mU {‘bVo h¢& V~go y{‘ AZwXmZ XoZo H$s

n§anam ahr h¡& Jwá H$mb VH$ ¶h XmZ XoZo H$s n§anam {dñV¥V hmoVr JB©& Am¡a ghr

ê$n ‘| gm‘§VdmX H$m {dH$mg hþAm& JwámoÎma H$mb go AbJ-AbJ gm‘«mÁ¶, ^y{‘

go g§~§{YV dJ©, nwamo{hVm|, Am¶© dJ© H$m CX¶ hmoVm ahm& gm‘§Vm| H$s g§»¶m ~‹T>Zo

bJr, CgHo$ AYrZ N>moQ>o gm‘§VdJ© V¡¶ma hmoVo h¢& amOnyVm§o d§em| VH$ AmVo-AmVo

CÝhm|Zo Jham ê$n YmaU {H$¶m& CZHo$ ‘yë¶ Ma‘moËH$f© na nhþ±M JE& VwH$s© Ho$

82

AmH«$‘U go BÝht ì¶dñWm H$mo AmYma {‘bVm ahm& {Xëbr gëVZV Ho$ gmW ^maV

Y‘© na AmYm[aV amÁ¶ hþAm& H|$Ðr¶ ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘| qhXÿ Ho$ gmW-gmW ‘wpñb‘

gm‘§Vm| H$s g§»¶m H$m’$r hX VH$ ~‹T>r& A§V ‘| ¶o ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nVZ H$m

H$maU ~Zo& A§J«oOm| emgZ Zo gm‘§V dJ© na A§Hw$e bJm¶m& 1857 Ho$ {dÐmoh go

CZH$mo AnZo nj ‘| {b¶m Omo Xoe ñdV§Ì hmoZo VH$ A§J«oOm| Ho$ gmW gm‘mÝ¶ OZVm

H$mo byQ>Vo aho& ñdV§ÌVmnyd© Ho$ dhr gm‘§V A~ amOZr{V ‘| Kwg JE Am¡a gaH$ma Ho$

‘mÜ¶‘ go AmO AmX‘r H$m OrdZ Xÿâ H$a aho h¢& AmO CÚmoJn{V, Cƒ dJ©,

Cƒ nXñW dJ©, ~w{ÕOrdr dJ© gm‘§V ~ZH$a CZH$m hr gmW Xo aho h¢&

àmMrZ H$mb ‘| dU© ì¶dñWm JwUm| Ho$ AmYma na Wr& Am¶m] Ho$ AmZo go ¶h

ì¶dñWm H$‘© AmYm[aV ~Z JB©& ~«mh²‘U, j{Ì¶, d¡í¶ Am¡a eyÐ Mma dUm] na

{d^m{OV hmo JB©& nhbo Xmo dU© {ZMbo H$m emofU H$aVo Wo& ~mX ‘| d¡í¶ dU© Zo

CZH$m gmW {X¶m Am¡a eyÐm| H$s pñW{V X¶Zr¶ ~ZVr JB©& ^maV ‘| Xmg AnZo D$na

Ho$ dÊm© Ho {bE {~Zm nm[al{‘H$ CËnmXZ H$aVm, godm H$aVm& ¶h H«$¶-{dH«$¶ H$s

dñVw Wr& ^maV ‘| Xmg G¥$JdoX H$mb go àM{bV h¡§& Am¶m] Zo AnZo AmJ‘Z go

AZm¶m}§ H$mo AnZm Xmg ~Zm¶m& Xmg àWm ‘Ü¶ H$mb VH$ AmVo-AmVo ~‹S>r ‘mÌm

à~b hmo JB©& gm‘§VdmXr Xmgm| H$m emofU H$aVo Wo& {Xëbr gëVZV Am¡a ‘wJb

gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘| hOmam| Xmg amOm AnZo ‘hb ‘| aIdmVo Wo& ¶h na§nam ^maV ñdV§Ì

hmoZo na ^r d¡gr ahr& A§J«oOr emgZ H$s Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V Zo Bg ì¶dñWm H$mo Vmo‹S>

{X¶m {’$a ^r {ZMbo dJ© ‘| ~hþV ~Xbmd Zht Am¶m& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX g§d¡Ym{ZH$

àmdYmZ Ho$ H$maU dU© ì¶dñWm ‘| ~Xbmd Am J¶m, Eogm bJ ahm Wm& bo{H$Z ¶h

ì¶dñWm AÑí¶ ê$n go ’¡$b ahr h¡&

83

d¡{XH$ ¶wJ ‘§o ñÌr H$s pñW{V nwéf Ho$ g‘H$j Wr& CÝh| nwéfm| Ho$ g‘mZ

A{YH$ma ^r àmá Wo& dhr pñW{V {e{Wb hmoVr JB© bo{H$Z AmJo MbH$a CZH$m

{dH$mg Zht hAm& ¶hr§ go ^maVr¶ ñÌr pñW{V Ho$ nVZ H$m B{Vhmg ewê$ hþAm&

‘m¡¶© H$mb go amOm H$s AZoH$ am{Z¶m± Wr V~ ~hþ {ddmh H$s àWm Wr& Jwá H$mb

VH$ AmVo-AmVo pñÌ¶m| H$m hr Xÿgam {ddmh H$aZo H$m CXmhaÊm {‘bVm h¡& b‹S>H$s

H$m {ddmh Aënm¶w ‘| hmo OmVm Wm& ¶hm± ñÌr H$s Xem Am¡a ^r {JaVr Om ahr Wr&

AmJo dhr Zmar doí¶m Ho$ ê$n ‘| ZJadYy ê$n ‘| M{M©V ahr& hf© H$mb VH$ AmVo

Zmar nyU©V… {dbm{gVm Ed§ Cn^moJ H$s dñVw ~Zr& Cg g‘¶ go amOnyV H$mb VH$

{Za§Va pñW{V {JaVr JB©& Cg g‘¶ ~hþV go ¶wÕ ñÌr Ho$ H$maU hwE& gm‘§Vr¶

g‘mO ‘| ñÌr H$m Ad‘yë¶Z hmo J¶m&

{Xëbr gëVZV ¶m ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ ‘| hOmam| pñÌ¶m| Ho$ emhr ha‘m| ‘| hmoZo

H$m CXmhaU {‘bVm h¡& Cg g‘¶ doí¶mb¶m| H$r g§»¶m ~‹T JB©& amOm Ho$ gaXma,

C‘amd dJ©, O‘tXma dJ© ^r Ag§»¶ pñÌ¶m| H$mo AnZo ha‘m| ‘| aIVo Wo& ‘wJb

gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ nVZ Ho$ gmW pñÌ¶m| H$m nVZ ^r Vrd« J{V go hmoVm J¶m& ‘wJb

gm‘«mÁ¶ Ho$ ~mX A§J«oOr emgZ ‘| ^r ¶h Xm¡a Mb n‹S>m& ¶hm± VH$ AmVo-AmVo

Zmar H$mo {ejm go d§{MV aIm J¶m& nyar Vah ^mo½¶ ‘mZH$a Cgo aI {X¶m& A§J«oOr

emgZ go pñÌ¶m| H$s pñW{V ‘| ~Xbmd Am¶m& O¡go gVr àWm, {dYdm {ddmh,

pñÌ¶m| H$mo {ejm XoZm VWm ~mb {ddmh H$m {damoY, Am¡a AmJo MbH$a amOZr{V

Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶m] ‘| pñÌ¶m| H$mo ‘w³V H$aZo H$m H$m‘ A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ daXhñV

‘| hþAm& ñdV§Ì ^maV ‘| g^r joÌm| ‘| nwéf Ho$ g‘mZ Zmar H$s ¶mo½¶Vm Am¡a

CÎmaXm{¶Ëd ~‹T>r h¡& {’$a ^r AmO ~bmËH$ma, AnhaU, VbmH$, hË¶mAm|,

AmË‘hË¶mAm|, npíM‘r g§ñH¥${V go Z¡{VH$Vm H$m {JaZm, J ©nmV Am{X H$maUm| go

Zmar H$s pñW{V {Ja ahr h¡&

84

àmMrZ H$mb go nwamo{hV dJ© ¶m ~«mh²‘U dJ© Zo AnZm dM©ñd H$m¶‘ aIm

h¡& AmO ^r ‘§{Xam| H$s pñW{V g~go Cƒ ñVa H$s h¡& bmoJm| H$s ^moJdmXr àd¥{Îm

~‹T> ahr h¡& ZoVm, A{^ZoVm, {~ëS>a Ho$ H$amo‹S>m| én¶m| Ho$ ‘hb {g’©$ ^moJdmXr d¥{Îm

H$m hr n[aUm‘ h¡&‘m¡¶©H$mb go ‘wJb gm‘«mÁ¶ VH$ d§emZwJV na§nam Mb ahr Wr&

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX ~Xbmd H$s Anojm Wr bo{H$Z amOZr{V ‘| g^r njm| ‘| d§e

na§namJV ZoVm ~Z aho h¢& ¶hr bmoJ Y‘© Ho$ Zm‘ na dmoQ> ‘m±JVo h¢ Am¡a MwZmd OrV

OmVo h¢& àmMrZ H$mb Y‘© Ho$ Zm‘ na AmYm[aV àUmbr ‘| H$moB© ~Xbmd Zht h¡&

Am‘ OZVm nrgr Om ahr h¡& {ejm g‘«mQ>m| H$m amO Mb ahm h¡& CÀM {ejm na

{ejm g‘«mQ>m| H$m Am{YnË¶ h¡& S>m°³Q>a, B§Or{Z¶a Cƒ nXñW Zm¡H$ar H$aZodmbo

AnZo VarHo$ go gm‘§VdmX H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo aho h¢& Bgr H$maU ¶hr dJ© {ejm na

à^wËd O‘m ahm h¡ {Oggo Jar~r H$m ’$mgbm ~‹T> ahm h¡& g^r bm^ CÀM dJm] H$mo

{‘bZo Ho$ H$maU gÎmm na dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$aZo ‘| CÝh§o H${R>ZmB© Zht h¡& gZ²

1974 ‘| O‘tXmar àWm g‘má H$aZo H$s KmofUm hþB© qH$Vw g^r O‘tXmam| Zo AnZr

{demb O‘tXmar gwa{jV aI br& CÝhm|Zo AnZr O‘rZ {g’©$ AnZo n[adma Ho$

gXñ¶m| ‘| ~m±Q> br& Am‘ {H$gmZm| H$mo H$moB© bm^ Zht {‘bm& AmO B³H$sgdt gXr

‘| D$na go gmar àd¥{Îm¶m± XoIZo go h‘ ¶h H$h gH$Vo h¢& gm‘§VdJu¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| ‘|

H$moB© ~Xbmd Zht Am¶m, {g’©$ D$na ê$n ~Xbm A§Xa H$r àd¥{Îm O¡gr H$s V¡gr h¡&

AmO ^«îQ>mMma, H$mbm n¡gm ~hþV go KmoQ>mbm| H$s MMm© hmo ahr h¡& dh g{X¶m| Mbr

Am ahr h¡& gm‘m{OH$ amOZr{VH$ à{H«$¶m H$m ¶h ^mJ h¡ Omo gm‘§VrdmXr ì¶dñWm

H$s O‹S>m| ‘| {XIVr h¡&

gm‘§VdmX H$s ¶h à{H«$¶m {Za§Va Mb ahr h¡& gm‘m{OH$ ¶m {’$a amOZr{VH$

~Xbmd ^r Bgo ~Xb Zht gH$m& AmX‘r H$s {’$VaV ~Xb OmE Bg{bE Am§XmobZ

Mbm& Hw$N> H$mb VH$ ¶h Am§XmobZ hþAm ^r, bo{H$Z CgH$m Aga CÀM d{U©¶m| Zo

85

H$‘ H$a {X¶m& gm‘§Vr àd¥{Îm A~ {g’©$ àd¥{Îm Z hmoH$a A{ÔmV dJ© H$s AmXV

~Z JB© h¡& gm‘§Vr d¥{Îm Zo ha H$mb ‘o§ Z¶m ê$n YmaU {H$¶m h¡& Bgr gm‘§Vr

ì¶dñWm H$s MMm© ¶mXdoÝÐ e‘m© "M§Ð' Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘o§ à‘wIVm go {M{ÌV hþB© h¡&

CgH$m AdbmoH$Z H$aZo go nyd© gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm VWm gm‘§Vr OrdZ à{H«$¶m H$mo

OmZZm Amdí¶H$ h¡&

{ZîH$f© :{ZîH$f© :{ZîH$f© :{ZîH$f© :

"gm‘§VdmX : n[a^mfm, ñdê$n Ed§ {dH$mg' Ho$ {ddoMZ-{díbofU Ho$

níMmV² H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ gm‘§V eãX amOm{YH$m[a¶m| Ho$ {bE Cnm{Y Ho$ ê$n ‘|

àM{bV Wm& {’$a g‘«mQ> Ho$ AYrZ Omo Jm§d h¢ CZ Jm±dm| go bJmZ dgyb H$aZo

dmbo bmoJm| Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb hmoVm Wm& gmW hr gm‘§V eãX Ho$ A§VJ©V gwajm H$m

^ma g§^mbZm, amOm Ho$ {bE goZm OwQ>mZm, ¶wX²Y H$aZm VWm AnZo AYrZñW H$mo X§S>

XoZm Am{X H$m¶© AmVo h¢& dh emgZ ì¶dñWm {OZ‘| amÁ¶ H$s ^y{‘ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o

O‘tXmam| Ho$ A{YH$ma ‘| ahVr Wr& gm‘§VdmX dh gm‘m{OH ì¶dñWm h¡ {H$ Ohm±

OmJraXma amOm Ho$ {bE b‹S>Vo Wo& CgHo$ ~Xbo amOm Cgo gå‘mZ XoVm Wm& gm‘m{OH$

g§JR>Z H$m ñdê$n {OgHo$ A§VJ©V ì¶{³V Ho$ A{YH$mam| Ed§ H$V©ì¶m| H$m {ZYm©aU

CgH$s ^y{‘ Ho$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ AmYma na hmoVm h¡, Cgo gm‘§VdmX H$hm OmVm h¡&

¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX Am¡a ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ ñdê$n ‘| H$moB© {deof A§Va

Zht h¡& ¶yamonr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$m ñdê$n {XZ-~-{XZ ~XbVm Om ahm h¡& ^maVr¶

gm‘§VdmX ‘| C±Mr Om{Vdmbo ^y-ñdm‘r Wo Am¡a do {ZMbr Om{V¶m| na hþHw$‘ Mbm¶m

H$aVo Wo& gm‘§Vr OrdZ ‘| D±Mr Om{V Ho$ bmoJ h‘oem {H$gmZ H$s OrdZ àUmbr ‘|

XIbA§XmOr XoVo ah|& H¥$fH$m| H$mo AnZo {ZOr H$m‘ go nhbo ñdm‘r go nyN>VmN>

H$aZr n‹S>Vr Wr& gm‘§V bmoJ {H$gmZ Ed§ Io{Vham| na AmgmZr go hþHw$‘ Mbm gH$Vo

86

Wo, ¶hr ì¶dñWm H$ht Z H$ht Om{V ì¶dñWm H$mo ‘O~yV H$aVr JB©& Bggo Om{V

ì¶dñWm Am¡a dU© ì¶dñWm H$m {Z‘m©U hmoVm J¶m& Bg dU© ì¶dñWm ‘| gm‘§Vr

g§~§Y gÑ‹T> hmo JE& ¶h pñW{V XrK©H$mb VH$ ~Zr ahr& gm‘§VdmX H$s {dH$mg

na§nam nwamZr hr ghr bo{H$Z AI§{S>V ahr&

Am{X‘mZd H$s$ J«m‘ gä¶Vm go ewê$ hþAm gm‘§VdmX H$m {dH$mg AmYw{ZH$

OrdZ àUmbr VH$ ~aH$ama ahm& gmW hr CgH$m I§S>Z-{dI§SZ hmoVm ahm&

gm‘§VdmX H$s Ztd ‘Zwî¶ H$s Ah§H$mar d¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU {Z‘m©U hþB© h¡& àmMrZ H$mb

go A~ VH$ gm‘§VdmX Ho$ AbJ-AbJ ê$nm| ‘| {XImB© XoVo h¢& Bg Ñ{ï> go

gm‘§VdmX H$mo VrZ ^mJm| ‘| ~m±Q> Om gH$Vm h¡-1.Ama§{^H$ gm‘§VdmX$,2.

‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmX, 3. AmYw{ZH$ gm‘§VdmX&

Ama§{^H$ gm‘§VdmX ‘| {dH|$ÐrH$aU Ho$ H$maU ^maVr¶ gm‘§VdmX H$m ‘yb

T>m±Mm ‘O~yV hmoVm J¶m& ‘m¡¶© gm‘«mÁ¶ go JwßV H$mb Ho$ nVZ VH$ H$m g‘¶ gm‘§Vr

ì¶dñWm Ho$ àma§{^H$ ê$n ‘| Wm& gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm ‘| Xmg àWm ^y{‘ AZwXmZ na§nam,

{dH|$ÐrH$aU, Om{V-àWm, dU© ì¶dñWm, Y‘©, {ejm Am¡a H$bm H$s Ñ{ï> go

gm‘§VdmX Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ àW‘ MaU H$s ewéAmV hþB©& ‘Ü¶H$mbrZ gm‘§VdmX ‘|

^y{‘-AZwXmZ àWm A{YH$ gÑ‹T> hmo JB©& gm‘§VdmXr ì¶dñWm ‘| ^yñdm{‘¶m| X²dmam

^y{‘ na bJm¶m "bJmZ' dñVwV… ^y{‘ H$m {H$am¶m hwAm H$aVm Wm {Ogo ‘OXÿar ¶m

ZJX Ho$ ê$n ‘| dgyb H$aVo Wo& gm‘§Vr g‘mO H$s {deofVm ¶h Wm {H$ {~Zm l‘

{H$E ^y{‘ go Or{dH$monmO©Z H$aZm& CZH$s pñW{V à~b hmoVr JB©& ^maV ‘|

gm‘§VdmXr g‘mO Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| XyaJm‘r à^md {XImB© XoVm h¡& BgZo amOm H$s

pñW{V H$mo {Z~©b ~Zm {X¶m Am¡a CÝh| gm‘§Vr gaXmam| na AmË‘{Z ©a ~Zm {X¶m&

à~b AW©ì¶dñWm {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$s AdñWm amOH$s¶ {deofm{YH$ma VWm dem§ZwJV

87

na§n[aH$ ì¶dñWm, dU© ì¶dñWm VWm Ym{‘©H$ AmYma na gm‘§V AmË‘{Z^©a ~ZVo

JE Am¡a emo{fV bmoJm| H$mo H$‘Omoa ~Zm {X¶m& gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm ‘| Ho$db ~wamB¶m± hr

Zht Wr§, Cg‘| qhgm Am¡a Aì¶dñWm, AamOH$Vm ^r Wr& Bg ¶wJ H$s ‘hÎdnyU©

~mV ¶h {H$ Bg‘| {H$gmZ Am¡a ‘OXÿa bmoJm| H$mo YZ Am¡a OrdZ H$s gwajm XoZo ‘|

‘hÎdnyU© H$m¶© {H$¶m& gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm Zo H¥${f {dñVma Am¡a {dH$mg ‘| é{M bo br,

{OgHo$ H$maU gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ ‘| n[adV©Z Am J¶m&

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| gm‘§VdmX H$m ñdê$n ~XbVm ahm& gm‘§VdmX H$s Hw$N>

~yar ~mV| AmO ^r {XImB© XoVr h¡& Cƒ dJ© Ho$ ‘hbm| ‘| Xmg Am¡a Zm[a¶m± AmO ^r

AË¶mMma H$m {eH$ma ~Z ahr h¢& Z¡{VH$Vm, OZg§»¶m H$s ^¶mdhVm, ‘Zmoa§OZ H$m

IwbmnZ, ^moJdmX, ~‹T>Vr H$m‘wH$Vm, Zmar ’¡$eZ Ho$ Zm‘ na AY© Z½ZVm, ~‹T>Vr

nwéf H$m‘§YVm, AmñWm H$m A^md Am¡a g§hmaH$ AñÌ Am{X go gm‘§Vr àd¥{Îm¶m± ZE

ê$nm| ‘| {XImB© XoVr h¢& ^maV ‘| AmO amOZoVmAm| na gm‘§Vemhr hmdr hmo JB© h¡&

AmO ZJanm{bH$mAm| Ho$ MwZmdm| go boH$a AnZo A{YH$ma H$s N>moQ>r-~‹S>r g^r

MwZmdm| Ho$ àË¶mer H$m M¶Z, g§d¡Ym{ZH$ gaH$mar Ed§ amOZr{VH$ nXm| na

{Z¶wp³V¶m±, CÚmoJm| Ho$ bmBg|g Am{X hmB© H$‘m§S> AWm©V² gÎmm na hmdr gm‘§V

X²dmam {H$E Om aho h¢& AmO Ho$ gm‘§V do ì¶p³V h¢ {OZHo$ A{YH$ma Agr{‘V h¡,

H$V©ì¶ eyÝ¶ h¡, OZVm Ho$ n¡gm H$mo AnZm g‘PVo h¡, {OÝh| H$mZyZ H$s H$moB© nadmh

Zht h¡ VWm ‘Z‘mZo T>§J go H$m¶© H$aZo Ho$ {bE ñdÀN>§X h¡, do Zm¡H$aemh, X~§J

ì¶dgm¶r, S>m°Z, N>X²‘ gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶©H$Vm©, gQ²>Q>o~mO Am{X g^r AmYw{ZH$

Zdgm‘§V h¢& ¶h g^r bmoJ gaH$ma ~ZmZo, {~Jm‹S>Zo VWm MbmZo H$s VmH$V aIVo

h¢& gm‘§VdmX H$s ¶h à{H«$¶m {Za§Va Mb ahr h¡& gm‘m{OH$ ¶m {’$a amOZr{VH$

~Xbmd ^r Bgo ~Xb Zht gH$Vo& AmX‘r H$s {’$VaV ~Xb OmE Bg{bE Am§XmobZ

88

Mbm& Hw$N> H$mb VH$ ¶h Am§XmobZ hþAm ^r, bo{H$Z CgH$m Aga CÀM d{U©¶m| Zo

H$‘ H$a {X¶m h¡&

gm‘§Vr àd¥{Îm A~ {g’©$ àd¥{Îm Z hmoH$a A{ÔmV dJ© H$s AmXV ~Z JB©

h¡& gm‘§Vr d¥{Îm Zo ha H$mb ‘o§ Z¶m ê$n YmaU {H$¶m h¡& Bgr gm‘§Vr ì¶dñWm H$s

MMm© Ed§ CgH$m g‘mO na n[aUm‘ Am{X H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU ¶mXdoÝÐ e‘m© "M§Ð' Ho$

CnÝ¶mgm| ‘o§ à‘wIVm go hþAm h¡&

, , , , ,