Download pdf - Modul biologi juj pahang 2015 naskah murid

Modul Biologi Jawab Untuk Jaya 2015-Naskah Murid

4551/2 © Hak Cipta JUJ Pahang 2015 1

No. Soalan Question

S1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan peringkat organisasi sel pada manusia.

Diagram 1 shows the levels of cell organisation in human.

Rajah 1 / Diagram 1

(a) Terangkan bagaimana peringkat R terbentuk.

Explain how level R is formed. (2 m)

(b) Terangkan fungsi jus gastrik yang dihasilkan oleh kelenjar gastrik.

Explain the function of gastric juice produced by the gastric gland. (3 m)

(c) Sekiranya seorang individu memakan buah mangga yang masam dalam

jumlah yang banyak, adakah beliau masih memerlukan jus gastrik untuk

membantu proses pencernaan yang berlaku di dalam perutnya?

If an individual eats sour mango fruits in big quantity, does he still need

gastric juices to help the digestion process in his stomach? (2 m)

Petunjuk

Clues

(a)(i) Apakah peringkat R?

What is level R?

(ii) Apakah peranan tisu P dan tisu Q dalam pembentukan organ perut?

What is the function of tissue P and tissue Q in the formation of stomach?

(b) Apakah pH jus gastrik? Nyatakan kepentingan nilai pH ini.

What is the pH of gastric juice? State the importance of this pH value.

(c)(i) Adakah asid yang terkandung di dalam jus gastrik dan buah mangga itu



sama? Namakan asid yang terkandung di dalam jus gastrik.

Does the acid containing in the gastric juice and mango same? Name the

acid in the gastric juice.

(ii) Apakah peranan asid tersebut dalam proses pencernaan?

What is the role of the acid in the digestion process?

Jawapan

Answer

(a) ………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

(b) ………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………..

(c) ………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………..

S2

Rajah 1.1 dan 1.2 menunjukkan dua cara pergerakan bahan merentas membran sel.

Diagrams 1.1 and 12 show two different methods of movement of substances

across the plasma membrane of a cell.



(a) Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara cara pergerakan bahan yang ditunjukkan

dalam Rajah 1.1 dengan Rajah 1.2.

State two differences between the methods of movement of substances shown

in Diagrams 1.1 and 1.2. (2 m)

(b) Molekul-molekul glukosa diangkut ke sel merentasi membran plasma melalui

proses yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah 1.2. Terangkan mengapa.

Glucose molecules are transported across the plasma membrane into the cell

through the process shown in Diagram 1.2. Explain why. (2 m)

(c) Jika bahan pada Rajah 1.2 adalah ion-ion kalsium, huraikan bagaimana ion-ion

tersebut diangkut ke dalam sel.

If the substances in Diagram 1.2 are calcium ions, describe how they are

transported into the cell. (4 m)

Petunjuk

Clues

* Perhatikan protein Q, nyatakan jenis pergerakan bahan A melaluinya

berdasarkan perubahan bentuknya.

Observe protein Q, name the type of movement of substance A across it due

to the change of its shape.

(a)* Perhatikan arah pergerakan bahan A dan bahan B, sama ada

Observe the movement of substances A and B, either

- menuruni kecerunan kepekatan atau melawan kecerunan kepekatan

following the concentration gradient or against it

- perlukan tenaga dalam bentuk ATP

needs energy in the form of ATP

* Nyatakan jenis pergerakan bahan B dalam Rajah 1.2.

Name the type of movement of substance B in Diagram 1.2.

(b) Kenalpasti ciri glukosa yang menyebabkannya tidak boleh melalui membran



plasma secara resapan ringkas.

Identify the characteristic of glucose which enable it to crosss the plasma

membrane through simple diffusion.

(c)* Namakan jenis pergerakan ion kalsium merentasi membran plasma.

Name the type of movement of calcium ions through plasma membrane.

* Adakah pergerakan ion ini menuruni cerun kepekatan?

Does the movement of these ions follow the concentration gradient?

* Adakah protein perlu berubah bentuk?

Does the protein have to change its shape?

* Adakah tenaga ATP diperlukan?

Does energy in the form of is needed?

Jawapan

Answer

(a) ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(b) ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(c) ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

S3 Rajah 2 menunjukkan turutan langkah-langkah dalam sintesis suatu enzim luar sel

dalam sel pankreas manusia. Langkah-langkah itu dilabelkan sebagai Langkah I,

Langkah II dan Langkah III. Langkah I menunjukkan perubahan bahagian

tertentu rantai DNA. Rantai DNA yang terlibat mengandungi tiga bes nitrogen,

CTC.

Diagram 4 shows a sequence of stages in the synthesis of an extracellular enzyme

in human pancreatic cells. The stages are labelled as Stage I, Stage II and Stage



III. Stage I shows a changes in the specific part of a DNA strand. The DNA strand

involved contains three nitrogenous bases, CTC.

Rajah 2 / Diagram 2

(a) Terangkan perubahan yang berlaku dalam rantai heliks ganda dua DNA

semasa Langkah I.

Explain the changes that occurred in the double helix of the DNA strand

during Stage I. (2 m)

(b) Langkah II dan Langkah III berlaku di dalam sitoplasma.

Terangkan perubahan yang berlaku dalam Langkah II dan Langkah III. (2 m)

(c) Berdasarkan Rajah 4,

Based on Diagram 4,

(i) Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara struktur molekul polipeptida protein

dengan molekul DNA.

State two differences between the structure of the protein polypeptide

molecule and the DNA molecule. (2 m)

(ii) Bezakan antara struktur DNA dengan RNA.

Differentiate between the structure of DNA and RNA. (1 m)

(d) Terangkan bagaimana protein yang terbentuk di ribosom diubah bentuk

menjadi enzim luar sel supaya boleh dirembes keluar daripada sel.



Explain how the protein formed at the ribosome is transformed into the

extracellular enzyme so that it can be secreted from the cell. (3 m)

Petunjuk

Clues

(a) Terangkan peringkat pertama sintesis enzim luar sel yang berlaku dalam

nukleus sel pankreas manusia.

Explain the first stage in the synthesis of extracellular enzyme in the nucleus

of a human pancreatic cell.

(b)* Terangkan apa yang terjadi kepada mRNA dalam langkah II.

Explain what happens to mRNA in stage II.

* Apakah hasil akhir langkah III?

What is the end product of stage III?

(c)(i) * Apakah binaan asas rantai polipeptida dan rantai DNA?

What polypeptides and DNA strands made up of?

* Apakah bentuk rantai polipeptida dan rantai DNA?

What is the structure of polypeptides and DNA strands?

(ii) Berapakah bilangan rantai nukleotida pada DNA dan mRNA?

How many strands of nucleotide do DNA and mRNA have?

(d)* Ke manakah perginya protein yang dihasilkan oleh ribosom?

Where does protein synthesised by ribosomes go?

* Apakah yang berlaku kepada protein dalam jasad Golgi?

What happens to the protein in the Golgi apparatus?

* Bagaimanakah enzim luar sel tersebut dirembeskan keluar daripada sel?

How the extracellular enzyme is secreted from the cell?

Jawapan

Answer

(a) ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(b) ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................



(c)(i)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(c)(ii)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(d)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

S4

Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan tiga peringkat mitosis, P, Q dan R dalam sel haiwan.

Diagram 3.1 shows three stages of mitosis, P, Q and R, in an animal cell.

Diagram 3.1

(a) Terangkan apa yang berlaku pada peringkat Q.

Explain what happens at stage Q. (3 m)

(b) Nyatakan perlakuan kromosom pada peringkat berikut:

State the chromosome behaviour at the following stages:

(i) Peringkat P / Stage P

(ii) Peringkat R / Stage R (2 m)



Petunjuk

Clues

(a) Perhatikan ketebalan kromosom, kewujudan nukleolus, membran nukleus,

sentriol dan gentian gelendong.

Observe the thickness of chromosomes, the existence of nucleolus, nuclear

membrane, centrioles and spindle fibers.

(b) P: Di manakah kedudukan pasangan kromatid?

Where do pair of sister chromatids line up?

R: Ke arah manakah pergerakan pasangan kromatid tersebut?

Where do pair of sister chromatids move to?

Jawapan

Answer

(a)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(b)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

S5 Rajah 4 menunjukkan organel-organel dalam sel tumbuhan.

Diagram 4 shows the organelles of a plant cell.

Rajah 4 / Diagram 4

(a) Terangkan tindak balas yang berlaku di X.

Explain the reaction that occurs in X. (2m)

(b) Terangkan apa yang terjadi dalam tindak balas di Y sekiranya tindak balas

di X tidak berlaku.

Organel R

Organelle R



Explain what happens to the reaction in Y if the reaction at X does not take

place. (3m)

(c) Ramalkan kesan ke atas tindak balas dalam X di kawasan yang mengalami

jerebu.

Predict the effect on the reaction at a place that experiences haze. (1m)

Petunjuk

Clues

* Pelajar boleh mengenalpasti organel P, Q dan R serta fungsinya.

A student could identify organelle P, Q and R and their functions.

P : mitokondrion : tapak respirasi sel

mitochondrion : site of cellular respiration

Q : vakuol : menyimpan sap sel

vacuole : stores cell sap

R : kloroplas : tapak fotosintesis

chloroplast : site of phosynthesis

* Pelajar perlu tahu organel R terdiri daripada medium tindak balas X dan Y.

A student should know organelle R has reaction media X and Y.

X : granum - medium untuk tindak balas cahaya

- medium for light reaction

Y : stroma - medium untuk tindak balas gelap

- medium for dark reaction

* Apakah pigmen yang terkandung dalam X?

What is the pigment contained in X?

* Apakah fungsi pigmen tersebut?

What is the function of the pigment?

* Namakan proses yang berlaku di X.

Name the process occurs in X.

* Namakan produk tindak balas tersebut.

Name the products of the reaction.

Jawapan

Answer

(a)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................



(b)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(c)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

S6 Rajah 5 menunjukkan bahagian sistem respirasi manusia yang terlibat dalam

pernafasan.

Diagram 5 shows the parts of the human respiratory system which are involved in

breathing.

Rajah 5 / Diagram 5

(a) Terangkan peranan tulang rusuk dan otot diafragma dalam mekanisme tarik

nafas .

Explain the role of ribs and diaphragm muscles in the mechanism of

inhalation. (4 m)

(b) Terangkan kesan ke atas isipadu rongga toraks dan tekanan dalam rongga

toraks akibat aktiviti yang berlaku pada tulang rusuk dan diafragma di atas.

Explain the effect on the volume of thoracic cavity and the pressure of the

thoracic cavity caused by the above activities of ribs and diaphragm. (2 m)



(c) Dalam satu kemalangan jalan raya, diafragma seorang mangsa telah terkoyak.

Akibatnya, diafragma itu tidak boleh berfungsi.

Terangkan bagaimana kecederaan ini memberi kesan kepada mekanisme

pernafasan.

In a road accident, the diaphragm of a victim was torn.

As a result, the diaphragm does not function.

Explain how the injuries affect the breathing mechanism. (2 m)

Petunjuk

Clues

(a)* Apakah yang terjadi kepada tulang rusuk semasa menarik nafas?

What happens to the ribs during inhalation?

* Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda.

Give a reason for your answer.

* Apakah bentuk diafragma semasa menarik nafas?

What is the shape of diaphragm during inhalation?

* Apakah faedah mempunyai bentuk diafragma yang sebegini?

What is the advantage to have this shape?

(b)* Adakah tekanan udara dalam rongga toraks meningkat apabila isipadu

rongga toraks meningkat?

Does the air pressure in the thoracic cavity increase when the volume of

thoracic cavity increases?

* Apakah kesannya?

What is the effect?

(c)* Sekiranya diafragma tidak berfungsi, apakah kesannya ke atas tekanan udara

dan isipadu dalam rongga toraks?

If the diaphragm does not function, what is the effect on air pressure and

volume of chest cavity?

* Ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada mangsa kemalangan.

Predict what will happen to the victim.



Jawapan

Answer

(a) ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(b) ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

S7 Saiz populasi spesies burung tertentu yang hidup dalam satu kawasan berubah-

ubah kerana beberapa faktor seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 6.

The size of a population of a certain species of bird living in a particular area

fluctuates due to a number of factors, as shown in Diagram 6.

Rajah 6 / Diagram 6

(a) A dan B adalah dua faktor yang menyebabkan populasi spesies burung itu

meningkat. Apakah A dan B?

A and B are two factors which cause the size of the population of the species

of bird to increase. What are A and B? (2 m)



(b) C dan D adalah dua faktor yang menyebabkan populasi spesies burung itu

berkurang. Apakah C dan D?

C and D are two factors which cause the size of the population of the species

of bird to decrease. What are C and D? (2 m)

(c) Apakah yang menyebabkan faktor A, B, C dan D berlaku?

What are the causes of factors A, B, C and D? (4 m)

Petunjuk

Clues

(a) Berdasarkan pemerhatian ke atas Rajah 6, namakan faktor-faktor yang

menambahkan bilangan populasi spesies burung.

Based on observation on Diagram 6, name the factors which increase the size

of bird population.

(b) Apakah faktor-faktor yang mengurangkan bilangan populasi spesies burung?

What factors decrease the number of bird population?

(c) Nyatakan dua penyebab yang membawa kepada penambahan dan dua

penyebab yang membawa kepada pengurangan bilangan spesies burung.

State two causes which increase and two causes which decrease the number of

bird population.

Jawapan

Answer

(a) A: ..........................................................................................................................

B: .........................................................................................................................

(b) C: .........................................................................................................................

D: ........................................................................................................................

(c) ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................



S8 Rajah 7 menunjukkan sumber dan kesan pencemaran air terhadap tiga zon sungai

yang berlainan.

Diagram 7 shows the source and effects of water pollution at three different zones

of a river.

Rajah 7 / Diagram 7

(a) Terangkan hubungan antara perubahan kepekatan oksigen terlarut dengan

populasi bakteria di ketiga-tiga zon X, Y dan Z.

Explain the relationship between the change of concentration of dissolved

oxygen and bacteria population at three zones X, Y and Z. (3 m)

(b) Nyatakan inferens mengenai perubahan yang berlaku di zon X.

State the inference about the change occurs at zon X. (3 m)

(c) Tanah pertanian dan ladang penternakan diubah menjadi tapak untuk

pembinaan kilang. Air dari sungai digunakan untuk menyejukkan kondenser

dalam kilang sebelum disalurkan semula ke dalam sungai.

Agricultural and animal plantations are converted into industrial area.

Water from river is used to cool down the condenser in the factory before it

flows back to the river.

(i) Apakah jenis pencemaran yang berlaku di dalam sungai?

What type of pollution occurs in the river? (1 m)

(ii) Ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada hidupan akuatik di dalam sungai.

Berikan alasan anda.

Predict what will happen to the aquatic organisms in the river.

Give your reasons. (3 m)



Petunjuk

Clues

(a)* Adakah peningkatan populasi bakteria di zon X meningkatkan kepekatan

oksigen terlarut?

Does the increase of bacteria population at zone X increase the

concentration of dissolved oxygen?

* Apabila populasi bakteria berkurang di zonY, apakah kesannya ke atas

kepekatan oksigen terlarut?

When the population of bacteria at zon Y become less, what is the effect on

the concentration of dissolved oxygen?

* Populasi bakteria di zon Z terus berkurang, apakah yang ditunjukkan oleh

graf mengenai kepekatan oksigen terlarut?

Population of bacteria at zone Z is getting lesser, what is shown on the

graph about the concentration of dissolved oxygen?

(b)* Mengapakah bakteria di zon X menjadi banyak?

Why the bacteria at zone X become more?

* Apakah aktiviti yang dijalankan oleh bakteria tersebut?

What is the activity done by the bacteria?

* Apakah kesannya ke atas kepekatan oksigen terlarut di dalam air sungai?

What is the effect on the concentration of dissolved oxygen?

(c)(i)* Nyatakan suhu air yang keluar dari penyejukan kondenser.

State the temperature of water drained from the cooling down of

condenser.

(ii)*Apakah kesan suhu tinggi ke atas kepekatan oksigen terlarut di dalam air

sungai?

What is the effect of high temperature on the concentration of dissolved

oxygen?

*Adakah ini memberi kesan ke atas BOD?

Does this affect the BOD?

*Nyatakan kesannya ke atas hidupan akuatik.

State its effect on aquatic organisms.



Jawapan

Answer

(a)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(b)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(c)(i)

....................................................................................................................................

(ii)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

S9 Rajah 8 menunjukkan jantung manusia. Jantung manusia terletak di dalam kaviti

toraks. Jantung mengepam darah yang mengandungi semua bahan penting untuk

badan. Jantung terdiri daripada empat ruang dan otot yang kuat.

Diagram 8 shows a human heart. A human heart is situated in the thoracic cavity.

It pumps blood which carries all the vital materials that help the body function. It

contains four cambers and strong muscles.

Rajah 8/ Diagram 8



(a) Namakan otot yang membina jantung.

Name the muscle which builds up the heart. [1m]

(b) Huraikan ciri-ciri otot yang membenarkan jantung berfungsi dengan cekap.

Explain the characteristics of the muscle which allow the heart to function

efficiently. [2m]

(c) Nodus sino atrial terletak di kanan dinding atria bertindak sebagai perentak.

Jelaskan peranan perentak dalam memastikan jantung mengepam darah dengan

cekap.

The sino-atrial node located in the right atrial wall that acts like a pacemaker.

Explain the role of the pacemaker to ensure the heart pumps blood efficiently.

[2m]

(d) Walaupun fungsi perentak ialah memastikan jantung mengepam darah dengan

cekap, perentak turut dikawal oleh dua set saraf dan hormon.

Huraikan pernyataan di atas.

Although the function of pacemaker is to ensure the heart pumps blood

efficiently, the pacemaker itself is regulated by two set of nerves and hormones.

Explain the statement above.

[2m]

(e) Apabila kita mendengar degupan jantung melalui stetoskop, kita dapat

mendengar bunyi lubb-dubb. Terangkan mengapa.

When we listen to our heartbeat through a stethoscope, we can hear a lubb-

dubb sound. Explain why.

[3m]

Petunjuk

Clues

(a) *Kenal pasti nama otot yang membina jantung.

Identify the muscle which builds up the heart.

(b) * Menyatakan ciri otot yang membenarkan ia berfungsi secara efiesien

Explain the characteristics of the muscle which allow the heart to function

efficiently.

(c)*Nodus sinoatrium terletak di dinding kanan atria yang bekerja sebagai

perentak jantung. Pelajar sepatutnya boleh menerangkan cara perentak jantung

bekerja untuk memastikan jantung mengepam darah secara cekap.



The sino-atrial node located at the right atrial wall that acts like pacemaker.

Student must explain the way pacemaker work to ensure the heart pump blood

efficiently.

d)*Terangkan mana bunyi yang dahulu, mana yang kedua, pelajar dapat

mengenalpasti bunyi yang pertama dan kedua datang dari mana.

Explain which sound come first and second, then student should be able to

identify, causes of the sound.

Jawapan

Answer

(a)

................................................................................................................................

(b)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

(c)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

(d)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

S10 Rajah 9 menunjukkan bahagian batang satu pokok yang gelang kulitnya telah

dibuang. Pokok tersebut disiram dengan air setiap hari.

Diagram 9 show the part of stem of tree where the ring of bark has been removed.

The tree is watered every day.



Permulaan Selepas satu bulan

Beginning After one month

Rajah 9 / Diagram 9

(a) Berdasarkan Rajah 9, terangkan apa yang berlaku kepada pokok tersebut

selepas satu bulan.

Based on diagram 9, explain what happens to the tree after one month.

[4 m]

Petunjuk

Clues

(a)*Pelajar sepatutnya dapat menjelaskan apa yang berlaku pada kulit gelang yang

telah di buang.

*Student able to explain what happens to tree which the ring of the bark has

been removed after one month.

Jawapan

Answer

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................



S11 Rajah 10 menunjukkan turus vertebra manusia.

Diagram 10 shows the vertebral column of human.

Rajah 10 / Diagram 10

a) Pada kotak yang disediakan pada Rajah 10, namakan vertebra dalam kawasan P

dan R. Nyatakan ciri khas yang terdapat pada strukturnya.

In boxes provided at Diagram 10, name vertebra in region P and R. State their

special structure characteristic.

[4 m]

b) Vertebra pada bahagian Q dan R mempunyai variasi dalam saiz dan bentuk

tetapi semuanya masih mempunyai persamaan struktur.Terangkan persamaan

itu.

Vertebra in region Q and R have variation in the size and shape but all still

have similar structure.

Explain the similarity.

[2 m]

Nama vertebra:

Name of vertebrae:

......................................................

Ciri khas:

Special characteristic:

......................................................

......................................................

......................................................

.

Nama vertebra:

Name of vertebrae:

.....................................................

Ciri khas:

Special characteristic:

.....................................................

.....................................................

.....................................................



Petunjuk

Clues

(a)*Pelajar berupaya menamakan vetebrata di kawasan P dan R dan menyatakan

ciri-ciri khusus struktur.

*Able to name vertebra in region P and R and state their specific structure

characteristic.

b) *Pelajar dapat menerangkan persamaan

*Able to explain the similarity.

Jawapan

Answer

P: Nama vertebra: ......................................................................................................

Ciri khas: ..............................................................................................................

R: Nama vertebra: .....................................................................................................

Ciri khas: ..............................................................................................................

S12 Rajah 11 menunjukkan tiga organism P, Q dan R.

Diagram 11 shows three organisms P, Q and R.

P

Q

R


(a) i Terangkan jenis rangka bagi P dan Q.

Describe the type of skeleton in P and Q [4m]

ii Nyatakan satu persamaan dan dua perbezaan di antara rangka Q dan

R.

State one similarity and two differences between the skeleton Q and

R. [3m]



(b) Kekejangan otot, distrofi otot, osteoporosis dan artritis adalah empat jenis

masalah kesihatan berkaitan sistem otot rangka. Nyatakan perkara yang

menyebabkan setiap masalah dan cadangkan cara untuk mengatasi

masalah tersebut.

Muscle cramp, muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis and arthritis are four

health problems related to the musculoskeletal system. State the causes of

each problem and suggest ways to overcome these health problems.

[10 m]

Petunjuk

Clues

(a) (i) *Pelajar boleh menerangkan jenis rangka bagi organism P dan Q dengan

tepat.

*Able to state and explain the type of skeleton in organism P and Q

correctly.

Menyatakan ciri rangka tersebut:

(ii)*Boleh menyatakan satu persamaan.

*Able to state one similarity.

*Boleh menyatakan dua perbezaan antara Q dan R.

*Able to state two differences.

(b)*Pelajar boleh menyatakan masalah dan mencadangkan cara untuk mengatasi

masalah kesihatan.

*Able to state the cause of each problem and suggest ways to overcome each

health problem.

Jawapan

Answer

(a)(i) Organisma P- ....................................................................................................

E1 ......................................................................................................................

E2 ......................................................................................................................

(ii) Persamaan:

S1 ...................................................................................................................

S2 ...................................................................................................................



Perbezaan:

D1

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

D2

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(b)

1. Kekejangan Otot

F1: .................................................................................................................

E1: .................................................................................................................

2. Distrofi Otot

F2: .................................................................................................................

E2.1: ..............................................................................................................

E2.2: ..............................................................................................................

3. Osteoporosis

F3: .................................................................................................................

E3.1: ..............................................................................................................

E3.2: ..............................................................................................................

E3.3: ..............................................................................................................

4. Artritis

F4: .................................................................................................................

E4: ................................................................................................................

S13 Rajah 12 menunjukkan sebahagian otak manusia, buah pinggang dan nefron yang

terlibat di dalam pengosmokawalaturan.

Diagram 12 shows a part of human brain, kidney and a nephron which involve in

the process of osmoregulation.




(a) Apakah fungsi buah pinggang dalam pengosmokawalaturan?

What is the function of kidney in osmoregulation?

[2 markah]

b) Individu Y telah minum air secara berlebihan.

Individual Y drinks excessive water.

(i) Apakah yang berlaku kepada tekanan osmosis darah?

What happen to the blood osmotic pressure in his body?

[1 markah]

(ii) Terangkan bagaimana hipotalamus dan kelenjar M bergerakbalas

terhadap keadaan di (b) (i)?

Explain how hypothalamus and gland M response to the condition in (b)(i) ?

[4 markah]

(c) Sekiranya individu Y makan makanan yang terlalu masin, kelenjar adrenal

akan merembeskan kurang hormon Q.

Hipotalamus

Kelenjar adrenal

Buah pinggang

Nefron

Tubul

Distal

Tubul

Pengumpul

Kapsul Bowman

Arteri renal

Individu Y:

Minum air yang

berlebihan



If individual Y eating a very salty food, the adrenal gland will release less

hormone Q .

(i) Apakah hormon Q?

What is hormone Q?

[1 markah]

(ii) Terangkan bagaimana hormon Q terlibat di dalam mekanisma

mengawalatur tekanan osmosis darah balik ke aras normal.

Explain how hormone Q involved in the mechanism to restore the

osmotic pressure of the blood back to normal levels.

[3 markah]

(d) Buah pinggang boleh dirosakkan oleh masalah kekurangan darah, racun

atau jangkitan penyakit yang akhirnya menyebabkan buah pinggang

gagal berfungsi.

Rajah 12.1 menunjukkan mesin yang boleh menyelamatkan buah

pinggan pesakit.

Kidney function may be impaired by excessive blood loss, certain

poisons or infectious diseases which can lead to kidney failure.

Diagram 12.1 shows a haemodialysis machine which can save a kidney

patient’s life.

Rajah 12.1 / Diagram 12.1



(i) Terangkan bagaimana mesin di atas berfungsi.

Explain the principle on how the machine operates.

[2 markah ]

Petunjuk

Clues

(a) Pelajar mesti menyatakan fungsi buah pinggang dalam proses

pengosmokawalaturan.

Student must be able to state the function of kidney in osmoregulation.

(b)(i) Pelajar mesti menyatakan tekanan osmotic darah selepas minum air

berlebihan.

Able to state the blood osmotic pressure after drinking excess of water.

(ii) Pelajar mesti menerangkan keadaan hipotalamus dan kelenjar M terhadap

tindakbalas minum air berlebihan.

Able to explain hypothalamus and gland M response to the condition after

drinking access of water.

(c) (i) Pelajar boleh menyatakan hormon Q.

Able to state the hormone Q.

(ii) Pelajar boleh menyatakan mekanisme hormone Q mengembalikan tekanan

osmotik kembali kepada aras normal.

Able to explain the mechanism of hormone Q to restore the osmotic pressure

back to normal levels.

(d)(i) Boleh menerangkan operasi mesin dialisis.

Able to explain the operation of haemodialysis machine.

Jawapan

Answer

(a)

E1: ..............................................................................................................................

E2: ..............................................................................................................................

(b)(i) ...........................................................................................................................

(ii) Hipotalamus: ........................................................................................................

E1: ..............................................................................................................................

Kelenjar M:

E2: ..............................................................................................................................



E3: ..............................................................................................................................

E4: ..............................................................................................................................

(c) (i) Hormon Q: .......................................................................................................

(c)(ii)

E1:...............................................................................................................................

E2: ..............................................................................................................................

(d)(i)

E1: ..............................................................................................................................

E2: ..............................................................................................................................

S14 Rajah 13a menunjukkan sebahagian neuron eferen manakala rajah 13b

menunjukkan sambungan sinaps.

Figure 7a shows a part of an efferent neurone while figure 7b shows a synaptic

connection.

(a) Namakan struktur berlabel T dalam rajah 7b.

Name the structure labeled T in figure 7b.

[1 markah]

(b) Namakan satu bahan yang terdapat dalam struktur T.

Name one substance found in the structure.

[1 markah ]

(c) Terangkan peranan bahan yang terdapat dalam T dalam penghantaran

impuls merentasi sinaps.

Explain the role of the substance found in T in the transmission of an

impulse across a synapse.

[2 markah ]

Rajah 13/ Diagram 13



(d) Terangkan kenapa struktur U terdapat dalam jumlah yang banyak dalam

bonggol sinaps.

Explain why structure U is found in large quantities in the synaptic knob.

[1 markah]

(e) Dadah perangsang ialah dadah yang menganggu tindakan neurotransmiter

dan juga menganggu sistem saraf. Berikan contoh dadah perangsang dan

kesan kepada neurotransmiter.

Stimulants drug interfere the neurotransmitters dan disrupt the

functioning of nervous system. Give one example of a stimulant and

decribe its effect on neurotransmitters

(i) Contoh dadah/ Example:

(ii) kesan kepada neurotransmitter/ Effect on neurotrasmitters

[2 markah]

Petunjuk

Clues

(a) Boleh menyatakan struktur U.

Able to state the U structure.

(b) Boleh menyatakan bahan dalam struktur U.

Able to state substance in U structure.

(c) Mesti terangkan peranan bahan dalam struktur U dan menyatakan cara

bahan tersebut bergerak.

Able to explain the role of substances in the structure U and state how the

substance moves.

(d) Mesti nyatakan keperluan tenaga untuk menghantar impuls.

Able to state the requirement of energy to send impulse.

(e)(i) Dapat menyenaraikan nama dadah.

Able to state the drug name

(e)(ii) Dapat menyatakan akibat dari peningkatan pembebasan neurotransmitter

Able to explain the cause of the release neurotransmitters increases.

Jawapan

Answer

(a) ...............................................................................................................................

(b) ...............................................................................................................................

(c) E1-.........................................................................................................................



E2-

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

(d) E1- ........................................................................................................................

(e)(i) ...........................................................................................................................

(e)(ii) E1- ...................................................................................................................

S15 Rajah 14 menunjukkan pengaruh cahaya ke atas pertumbuhan pucuk tumbuhan

Diagram 14 shows the effect of light on the growth of the plant shoot


(a) Namakan jenis gerakbalas pucuk tumbuhan ke arah cahaya.

Name the type of response of the plant shoot towards light.

Huraikan gerakbalas tersebut

Describe the response

Jenis gerakbalas/ Type of response

……………………………………………………………………………...

Huraian /Description

………………………………………………………………………………

........................................................................................................................

[3 markah]

4(a)

Plant shoot

Pucuk tumbuhan

An opening at the side of a box

Bukaan pada sisi kotak

Light rays

Sinaran cahaya



Rajah 14.1 menunjukkan arah pertumbuhan plumul dan radikel biji benih yang

diletakkan secara mendatar semasa percambahan.

Diagram 14.1 shows the direction of growth of the plumule and the radicle of a

seedling which is placed in a horizontal position during germination.


(b) Terangkan mengapa

Explain why

(i) Plumul tumbuh ke arah X

The plumule grows towards direction X.

(ii) Radikel tumbuh ke arah Y.

The radicle grows towards direction Y.

Petunjuk

Clues

(a)(i) Mesti boleh menamakan jenis tindakbalas.

Able to name the type of response.

(a)(ii) Boleh menerangkan gerak balas.

Able to describe the response.

(b)(i) Mesti boleh terangkan mengapa plumul tumbuh ke arah X.

Able to explain why the plumule grows towards direction X.

(b)(ii) Boleh menerangkan mengapa radikel tumbuh ke arah Y.

Able to explain why the radicle grows towards direction Y.

4(b)(i)

Plumul

Plumul

Radikel

Radicle

Biji benih

Seed weed

X

Y



Jawapan

Answer

(a)(i) ...........................................................................................................................

(a)(ii) P1: ....................................................................................................................

P2: ....................................................................................................................

(b)(i) E1: ....................................................................................................................

E2: .....................................................................................................................

E3: .....................................................................................................................

E4: .....................................................................................................................

(b)(ii) E5: ...................................................................................................................

E6: ..................................................................................................................

E7: ..................................................................................................................

E8: ..................................................................................................................

S16 (a) Rajah 15.1 menunjukkan kitar haid seorang perempuan. Tahap hormon dan

ketebalan dinding endometrium dikaji selama 8 minggu.

Figure 15.1 shows the menstrual cycle for a woman. The study of the

hormone level and the thicker of endometrium wall for abaout 8 weeks.


(i)

Namakan hormon yang berlabel D dan F.

Name hormone D and F

[2 markah]

(ii) Nyatakan peranan D dan F dalam kitar haid.

State the role of hormone D and F in the menstrual cycle

[2 markah]



(iii) Jika perempuan tersebut telah mengandung, lukiskan tahap D, F dan ketebalan

dinding endometrium pada graf yang sama.

If the woman get pregnant, draw hormone level D and F and the thickerner

of the endometrium wall

[3 markah]


(b)Terangkan bagaimana kembar Q terbentuk.

Explain how the twin in diagram Q happens.

[3 m]

Petunjuk

Clues

(a)(i) Boleh mengenalpasti hormon dalam graf.

Able to identify the hormone given in the graph.

(ii) Boleh menerangkan peranan hormon dalam kitar haid.

Able to explain the role of the hormone in menstrual cycle.

(iii) Boleh melukis graf garisan hormon tersebut.

Able to draw hormone line graph given.



(b) Boleh menerangkan pembentukan kembar siam.

Able to explain the siame twins happen.

Jawapan

Answer

(a)(i) D: ......................................................................................................................

F: ......................................................................................................................

(ii) ..........................................................................................................................

F: ...........................................................................................................................

(iii)

(c) Kembar siam:

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................



S17 Rajah 16.1 menunjukkan pewarisan albinisme dalam keluarga Ramli dengan

isterinya, Suzana.

Figure 10.1 shows albinisme inheritance in Ramli’s and Suzana family.

Rajah 10.1

(a) Dengan menggunakan maklumat yang diberikan pada Rajah 16.1, lukis

rajah skema untuk menunjukkan pewarisan albino dalam keluarga Ramli

sehingga generasi filial pertama. Alel normal (A) adalah dominan terhadap

alel untuk albino (a).

Using information given in fugure 16.1, draw schematic diagram to show

albinisme inheritance in Ramli’s family until first filial. Normal allele (A)

is dominan to albino allele (a).

[4m]

(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 10.1, tentukan genotip bagi individu X.

Based on figure 10.1, determine the genotype for X.

[1m]

Berapakah peratus fenotip albino bagi generasi filial kedua?

How many percentage albino phynotype in second filial generation?

[1m]

Petunjuk

Clues

(a) Mesti boleh lukis gambar rajah skema.

Able to draw schematic diagram.

(b) Boleh menyatakan genotip.

Able to state the genotype.



(c) Boleh mengira peratusan.

Able to calculate the percentage.

Jawapan

Answer

(a)

(b) …………………………………………………………………………………...

(c) …………………………………………………………………………………..

S18 Rajah 17 menunjukkan dua jenis arnab, Lepus alleni dan Lepus articus.

Diagram 17 show two varieties of rabbit, Lepus alleni and Lepus articus.


(a) Nyatakan sama ada perbezaan ciri-ciri di antara Lepus alleni and Lepus articus

merupakan contoh variasi?

State whether the different characteristics between Lepus alleni and Lepus

articus are examples of variation?

[ 2 m ]

Lepus articus

Lepus alleni



b ) Jelaskan dua ciri-ciri berbeza di antara Lepus alleni dan Lepus articus yang

membantu mereka menyesuaikan diri di dalam habitat masing-masing

Explain two different characteristics between Lepus alleni and Lepus articus

on how to help them to survive in their respective habitat.

[ 4 m ]

Petunjuk

Clues

(a) Dapat aplikasi pengetahuan mengenai variasi.

Can apply the knowledge in understanding variation.

(b) Menerangkan pemerhatian dari gambar dan menyatakan ciri-ciri yang

ditonjolkan oleh gambar itu.

Able to explain the observation from diagram and state the characteristic

that shown from diagram.

Jawapan

Answer

(a) ……………………………………………………………………………...

(b) ………………………………………………………………………………………..

F1-………………………………………………………………………………

E1- ……………………………………………………………………………..

E2-……………………………………………………………………………...

Lepus articus

F1-………………………………………………………………………………

E1-……………………………………………………………………………...

E2-……………………………………………………………………………...



E1 Rajah 18 menunjukkan struktur satu organisma unisel yang hidup dalam kolam air

tawar.

Diagram 18 shows the structure of a unicellular organism which is lives in a

freshwater pond.


Terangkan fungsi X dalam proses pengosmokawalaturan

Explain the function of X in osmoregulation process

[4 markah]

[4 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Anda perlu beri sekurang-kurangnya empat poin untuk skor soalan ini.

You need to give at least four points to score this question.

Apakah X?

What is X?

Jawapan: Vakuol mengecut

Answer: Conctractile vacuole

Perkataan pengosmokawalaturan:

Word ‘osmoregulation’:

‘OSMO’ = Osmosis

Osmosis melibatkan pergerakan molekul air secara resapan.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1: ..............................................................................................................................

P2: ..............................................................................................................................

P3: ..............................................................................................................................

P4: ..............................................................................................................................

P5: ..............................................................................................................................

P6: ..............................................................................................................................



E2 Membran plasma menyelaputi protoplasma sel. Secara keseluruhan membran

plasma mempamerkan sifat bendalir seolah-olah ia adalah satu lapisan minyak

di dalam sebikar air.

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan membran plasma mempamerkan sifat

bendalir?

Plasma membrane encircles the protoplasm of a cell. As whole plasma membrane

exhibits fluidity as if it is layer of oil in a beaker of water.

What is meant by plasma membrane exhibits fluidity?

[4 markah]

[4 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Anda perlu beri sekurang-kurangnya empat poin untuk skor soalan ini.

You should give at least four points to score this question.

Fahami ayat ‘membran plasma mempamerkan sifat bendalir’.

Understand the phrase ‘plasma membrane exhibits fluidity’.

Cuba ingat/ lukis dan label semula model mozek bendalir.

Try to recall/ draw and label the of fluid- mosaic model.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1: ..............................................................................................................................

P2: ..............................................................................................................................

P3: ..............................................................................................................................

P4: ..............................................................................................................................

P5: ..............................................................................................................................

P6: ..............................................................................................................................



E3 Dalam suatu proses penyediaan makanan, seorang suri rumah telah melakukan

langkah-langkah berikut:

Langkah 1: Perap kepingan daging dengan hirisan buah betik muda dalam sebuah

besen.

Step 1: Marinate pieces of meat with strips of unripe papaya in a basin.

Langkah 2: Rendam besen itu ke dalam bekas berisi air pada suhu 400C selama 30

minit seperti dalam Rajah 19.

Step 2: Soak the basin into the container of water at 400C for 30 minutes as shown

in the diagram 19.


Terangkan mengapa suri rumah itu melakukan Langkah 1 dan Langkah 2.

Explain why the housewife did step 1 and step 3.

[5 markah]

[5 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Apakah nama enzim yang terdapat dalam betik?

What is the enzyme in the papaya?

Apakah tujuan daging dan betik muda dihiris kecil?

What is the purpose of meat and unripe papaya small strips?

Apakah kelebihan dari segi tindakan enzim?

What is the advantage of enzyme action?

Kenapa air pada suhu 400C digunakan?

Why the water at temperature of 400C used?



Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ..............................................................................................................................

P2 ..............................................................................................................................

P3 ..............................................................................................................................

P4 ..............................................................................................................................

P5 ..............................................................................................................................

E4 Rajah 20 menunjukkan suatu peringkat meiosis dalam sel haiwan.

Diagram 20 shows a stage of meiosis in an animal cell.


Huraikan perlakuan kromosom semasa peringkat itu.

Describe the chromosomes behaviour during the stage.

[6 markah]

[6 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Kenalpasti fasa dalam peringkat meiosis di atas.

Identify the phase of meiosis.

Fokuskan kepada perlakuan kromosom.

Focus on the chromosomes behaviour.

Perhatikan kepada saiz kromosom.

Observe on the chromosomes size.

Apakah proses yang sedang berlaku?

What is the process taking place?

Di mana proses itu berlaku.

What is the process takes place.

Y

X



Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ..............................................................................................................................

P2 ..............................................................................................................................

P3 ..............................................................................................................................

P4 ..............................................................................................................................

P5 ..............................................................................................................................

P6 ..............................................................................................................................

P7 ..............................................................................................................................

P8 ..............................................................................................................................

E5 Rajah 21 menunjukkan laluan molekul lemak melalui suatu sistem.

Diagram 21 shows the pathway of a fat molecule which passes through a system.


Pundi hempedu, pankreas dan usus kecil adalah struktur-struktur yang terlibat

dalam memproses molekul lemak.

Terangkan proses-proses yang berlaku kepada molekul lemak sehingga boleh

digunakan oleh sel-sel badan.

Gall bladder, pancreas and small interstine are structures involved in the

processing of the fat molecule.

Explain the processes which occur to the fat molecule until it can be used by the

body cells.

[10 markah]

[10 marks]



Petunjuk

Clues

Terdapat tiga tempat proses-proses yang berlaku kepada molekul lemak

seperti yang dinyatakan.

There have three parts of the prceseses which occur to the fat molecule as

stated.

Persoalannya apakah proses-proses tersebut?

The question is what the processes involved?

Berdasarkan rajah, sistem yang terlibat adalah pencernaan.

Based on the diagram, system which is involved is digestion.

Selepas poses pencernaan, proses yang terlibat ialah penyerapan dan

asimilasi.

After digestion process, another process involve are absorption and

assimilation.

Apabila melibatkan pencernaan perlu dinyatakan kelenjar yang

merembeskan enzim dan terdapat hasil.

When the digestion involved it needs to state the gland which is secretes

enzyme and the products.

Di mana proses penyerapan berlaku?

Where the process of absorption takes place?

Ingat! Penyerapan makanan berlaku dalam usus kecil.

Remember! Food absorption occurs in the small insterstine.

Bahagian penting dalam usus kecil ialah vilus.

Important part in the small interstine ia villus.

Kaitkan juga dengan sistem limfa.

Relate to the lymphatic system too.

Asimilasi berlaku untuk menghasilkan sebatian kompleks / komponen

berstruktur / untuk mensintesis membran plasma / hormon.

Assimilation occurs to produce complex compound / structured

component / to synthesis plasma membrane / hormone.



Jawapan

Scheme:

Pencernaan Digestion

D1 ..............................................................................................................................

D2 ..............................................................................................................................

D3..............................................................................................................................

D4 ..............................................................................................................................

D5 ..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

Penyerapan Absorption

A1 ..............................................................................................................................

A2 ..............................................................................................................................

A3 ..............................................................................................................................

A4 ..............................................................................................................................

A5 ..............................................................................................................................

Asimilasi Assimilation

S1 ..............................................................................................................................

S2 ..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................



E6i Tumbuhan hijau mensintesis makanan melalui proses fotosintesis. Proses kimia

fotosintesis boleh diringkaskan seperti rajah skema dalam Rajah 22.

Green plants synthesize their food through the process of photosynthesis.

Chemical process of photosynthesis can be summarised as in the schematic

diagram in diagram 22.


(a) Nyatakan maksud fotosintesis berpandukan rajah skema dalam Rajah di atas.

State the meaning of photosynthesis based on the schematic diagram in

diagram above.

[2 markah]

[2 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Cuba tulis semula formula kimia atau perkataan fotosintesis.

Try to rewrite the chemical or word formula of the photosynthesis.

Cahaya matahari sunlight

Karbon dioksida + air glukosa + oksigen

Klorofil chlorophyll

Bahan mentah raw materials Hasil products

Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ..............................................................................................................................

P2 ..............................................................................................................................



E6ii (b) Bermula daripada air dan karbon dioksida sebagai bahan mentah, terangkan

bagaimana tumbuhan hijau menghasilkan kanji.

Starting with water and carbon dioxide as the raw materials, explain how a

green plant produces starch.

[8 markah]

[8 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Murid sewajarnya membahagikan jawapan kepada dua bahagian iaitu

sekurang- kurangnya empat poin untuk tindak balas cahaya dan 4 poin

untuk tindak balas gelap.

Students should divide their answer to two parts at least four points for

light reaction and four points for dark reaction.

Penerangan mestilah merujuk kepada gambarajah yang diberi.

Explaination must be referred to the diagram given.

Sekali lagi tulis semula persamaan fotosintesis. Sebaik-baiknya murid

dapat menulis persamaan kimia.

One more time rewrite an equation of photosynthesis. Better student

capable to write chemical equation.

Cahaya light

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

klorofil chlorophyll

Perlu dinyatakan proses yang berlaku dalam tindak balas cahaya dan gelap.

Should state the process take place in light and dark reactions.

Nyatakan di mana berlakunya tindak balas cahaya dan gelap pada organel

kloroplas.

State where the light and dark reaction take place in the chloroplast.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ..............................................................................................................................

P2 ..............................................................................................................................

P3 ..............................................................................................................................

P4 ..............................................................................................................................

P5 ..............................................................................................................................

P6 ..............................................................................................................................



P7 ..............................................................................................................................

P8 ..............................................................................................................................

P9 ..............................................................................................................................

P10 .............................................................................................................................

P11 .............................................................................................................................

E7 Jadual 1 menunjukkan makanan yang diambil oleh seorang budak lelaki berumur

15 tahun dalam menu hariannya. Keperluan tenaga harian budak itu ialah 12500

kJ.

Table 1 shows the food intake by a boy aged 15 years in his daily manu. The daily

energy requirement for him is 12500 kJ.

Jenis makanan

Types of food

Kuantiti yang diambil/g

Quantity intake /g

Kandungan tenaga/ kJ

Energy content/ kJ

Nasi Rice 400 1600

Kentang 46oring

Potato chips

500 1000

Kari ayam

Chicken curry

300 300

Telur rebus

Boiled egg

150 630

Mentega

Butter

50 3000

Susu Milk 280 300

Sosej Sausage 300 500

Sardin Sardine 150 900

Jadual 1 / Table 1

(i) Berdasarkan jadual 1, nyatakan nilai tenaga yang terkandung dalam pemakanan

hariannya. Adakah pengambilan makanan itu memenuhi keperluan tenaga

hariannya?

Based on the table 1, state the value energy contained in his daily food intake.

Does the food intake satisfy his daily energy requirement?

[2 markah]

[2 marks]



(ii) Budak lelaki ini mengambil menu ini secara berterusan dalam jangka masa

yang panjang.

Terangkan akibatnya terhadap kesihatan budak lelaki ini.

This boy takes this menu continuosly for a long time.

Explain the consequences to his health.

[8 markah]

[8 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

(i) Ada dua soalan yang ditanya iaitu nilai tenaga dan Adakah pengambilan

makanan itu memenuhi keperluan tenaga hariannya. Murid perlu mengira

kandungan tenaga dengan menambahkan sahaja.

There have two questions. First, compute the value energy contained in his

daily food intake by add all the number in right column. Second, Does the food

intake satisfy his daily energy requirement?

(ii) Bagi soalan ini, murid perlu menyatakan sebab atau faktor kepada akibat

kepada kesihatan. Perkataan akibat selalunya merujuk kepada kesan negatif.

For this question, student need to state causes or factors to the consequences

to his health. Commonly, the word ‘consequences’ referred to the negative

effect.

Jawapan

Scheme:

(i)

F1 ...............................................................................................................................

F2 ...............................................................................................................................

(ii) F1 .........................................................................................................................

C1 .........................................................................................................................

F2 .........................................................................................................................

C2 ..........................................................................................................................

F3 .........................................................................................................................

C3 .........................................................................................................................

F4 .........................................................................................................................

C4 .........................................................................................................................

F5 .........................................................................................................................

C5 .........................................................................................................................



F6 .........................................................................................................................

C6 .........................................................................................................................

E8 Nyatakan persamaan dan perbezaan antara sistem respirasi manusia dengan sistem

respirasi belalang berdasarkan struktur adaptasi untuk memaksimakan kadar

pertukaran gas.

State the similarities and differences between human and grasshopper’s

respiratory system based structural adaptation to maximise the rate of gaseous

exchange.

[10 markah]

[10 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Ayat tanya yang digunakan adalah ‘nyatakan’; bermaksud jawapan yang

dikehendaki adalah ringkas dan tepat.

Question tag that used is ‘state’; means the answer needed is short and

accurate.

Gariskan perkataan persamaan dan perbezaan.

Underline the words similarities and differences.

Murid boleh melukis jadual untuk menampakkan perbezaan yang jelas

berdasarkan ciri / sruktur tertentu / khusus.

Student can draw a table to show clear differences based on the criterias

/ particular structures / specific.

Antara sistem respirasi manusia dengan sistem respirasi belalang.

Between human respiratory system and grasshopper respiratory system.

Struktur adaptasi. (Adaptasi bermaksud penyesuaian; struktur dan fungsi).

Adaptation structure. (Adaptation means structure and function)

Untuk memaksimumkan kadar pertukaran gas.

To maximise the rate of gas exchange.

Jawapan

Scheme:

Persamaan Similarities

S1 ...............................................................................................................................

E1................................................................................................................................

S2 ...............................................................................................................................

E2 ...............................................................................................................................



S3 ..............................................................................................................................

E3 ...............................................................................................................................

S4 ...............................................................................................................................

Perbezaan Differences

Manusia Human Serangga insect

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

E5

D9

D10 Laluan gas respirasi: Laluan gas respirasi:



E9 Rajah 23 menunjukkan struktur respirasi seekor belalang.

Diagram shows the respiratory structure of a grasshopper.


Terangkan bagaimana sel-sel badan memperoleh oksigen daripada udara.

Explain how the body cells gain oxygen from the air.

[4 markah]

[4 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Apakah struktur yang membenarkan oksigen masuk ke dalam sel?

What structure allow the oxygen enter into the cells.

Perhatikan struktur lain yang ada selain daripada yang dilabelkan.

Look at to another structure which not labelled.

Gunakan pengetahuan anda mengenai konsep resapan gas.

Use your knowledge about the concept of gas diffusion.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ...............................................................................................................................

P2 ...............................................................................................................................

P3 ...............................................................................................................................

P4 ...............................................................................................................................

P5 ..............................................................................................................................

P6 ...............................................................................................................................

P7 ...............................................................................................................................



E10 Pernafasan adalah proses luar kawal yang dikawal oleh pusat pernafasan dalam

medula oblongata.

Jelaskan apa yang berlaku kepada kadar pernafasan bagi seorang pendaki apabila

berada di puncak gunung yang tinggi.

Breathing is an involuntary process to the rate of breathing in the medulla

oblongata.

Describe what happen to the rate of breathing to a climber when been on the top

of high mountain.

[6 markah]

[6 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Cuba anda fikir, apabila kita berada di tempat tinggi adakah semakin

mudah atau sukar untuk bernafas?

Try to think, when we are on the high altitude is easier or harder to

breath?

Jika sukar untuk bernafas, maknanya gas apa yang kurang? Oksigen atau

karbon dioksida?

If hard to breath, means what gas less? An oxygen or carbon dioxide?

Oleh itu, di sini anda perlu mengaplikasi mekanisme suap balik negative

agar pendaki tersebut selamat.

Thus, here you need to apply the negative feedback mechanism so that the

climber should survive.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 .............................................................................................................................

P2 .............................................................................................................................

P3 .............................................................................................................................

P4 .............................................................................................................................

P5 .............................................................................................................................

P6 .............................................................................................................................

P7 .............................................................................................................................

P8 .............................................................................................................................

P9 .............................................................................................................................

P10 ............................................................................................................................



P11 .............................................................................................................................

E11 Rajah 24 menunjukkan sejenis interaksi antara organisma.

Diagram 24 shows a type of interaction between organisms.


Namakan dan huraikan interaksi yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah di atas.

Name and describe the interaction shown in diagram above.

[4 markah]

[4 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Kenal pasti peranan pokok Rafflesia dalam interaksi ini.

Identify the role of Rafflesia in this interaction.

Adakah Rafflesia memberi manfaat, kerugian atau tiada apa-apa kesan

kepada perumah?

Is Rafflesia gives benefit, lose or no any effect to the host?

Jika ada. Apakah struktur pada Rafflesia yang menyebabkan kesan

tersebut.

If any. What structure on the Rafflesia which gives the effect.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ............................................................................................................................

P2 ............................................................................................................................

P3 ............................................................................................................................

P4 ............................................................................................................................

P5 ............................................................................................................................



E12 Seorang peladang mendapati apabila bilangan tikus bertambah, hasil buah kelapa

sawit berkurangan.

Cadangkan bagaimana peladang itu dapat mengawal populasi tikus tanpa

menggunakan racun perosak.

Terangkan bagaimana kaedah itu berfungsi.

A farmer found that when the number of mice increases, the yield of palm fruits

decreases.

Suggest how the farmer can control population of mice without the use of

pesticides.

Explain how the method works.

[5 markah]

[5 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Murid seharusnya tahu bahawa kaedah yang digunakan adalah kaedah

kawalan biologi.

Students should know the method used is biological control.

Kemudian, murid perlu menerangkan kaedah ini dan kesannya baiknya.

Then, student need to explain this method and its good effect.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ...............................................................................................................................

P2 ...............................................................................................................................

P3 ...............................................................................................................................

P4 ..............................................................................................................................

P5 ..............................................................................................................................

P6 .............................................................................................................................



E13 Rajah 25 menunjukkan proses pengkolonian dan penyesaran dalam suatu habitat.

Diagram 25 shows the process of colonisation and succession in a habitat.


Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan “pengkolonian dan penyesaran dalam suatu

habitat”?

Berdasarkan Rajah di atas, terangkan bagaimana pengkolonian dan penyesaran

membawa kepada pembentukan hutan primer?

What is meant by “colonisation and succession in a habitat”?

Based on diagram above, explain how colonisation and succession bring about

the formation of the primary forest.

[10 markah]

[10 marks]



Petunjuk

Clues

Murid perlu tahu maksud pengkolonian dan penyesaran.

Student need to know the meant of colonisation and succession.

Murid perlu bermula dengan spesies perintis, tumbuhan tenggelam,

tumbuhan terapung, tumbuhan amfibia dan tumbuhan daratan.

Student needs to begin with pioneer species, submerged plant, floating

plant, amphibian plant and terrestrial plant.

Kemudian terangkan apa yang dilakukan oleh tumbuhan- tumbuhan

penyesar tersebut.

Then, explain what the successor plants did.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

P2 ...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

P3 ...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

P4 ...............................................................................................................................

P5 ...............................................................................................................................

P6 ...............................................................................................................................

P7 ...............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

P8 ...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

P9 ..............................................................................................................................

P10 .............................................................................................................................

P11 .............................................................................................................................

P12 .............................................................................................................................

P13 .............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

P14 .............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................



E14 Terangkan mengapa ekosistem paya bakau perlu dipelihara dan dipulihara?

Explain why the mangrove swamp ecosystem has to be preserved and conserved?

[10 markah]

[10 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Pelajar perlu memberikan sebab mengapa ekosistem perlu dipelihara dan

dipulihara.

Student requires giving reason why the ecosystem has to be preserved and

conserved.

Jawapan anda mestilah merujuk kepada struktur unik yang terdapat pada

pokok bakau.

Your answer must be referred to the uniqueness structure of the mangrove

swamp.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ...............................................................................................................................

P2 ...............................................................................................................................

P3 ...............................................................................................................................

P4 ...............................................................................................................................

P5 ...............................................................................................................................

P6 ..............................................................................................................................

P7 ..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

P8 ...............................................................................................................................

P9 ...............................................................................................................................

P10 .............................................................................................................................

P11 .............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

P12 .............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

P13 .............................................................................................................................

P14 .............................................................................................................................

P15 ............................................................................................................................

P16 .............................................................................................................................



P17 .............................................................................................................................

E15 Huraikan cara-cara untuk menambahbaik kualiti air sungai untuk kemandirian

organisma akuatik yang lebih baik.

Describe ways to uprade the quality of river water for better survival of aquatic

organism.

[6 markah]

[6 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Perkataan kualiti air sungai merujuk kepada tahap kebersihan dan

kebolehgunaannya dalam kehidupan seharian.

The word ‘upgrade the quality of river’ is referred to its cleanliness and

usable level in daily life.

Perkataan kemandirian pula bermaksud kehidupan.

The word ‘survival’ is life.

Jawapan anda boleh daripada pelbagai dimensi peranan dalam kalangan

masyarakat, komuniti, guru, pelajar, industri dan agensi peguatkuasa.

Your answer should be from multi-dimensional role amongst a society,

communities, teachers, students, industries and enforcement agencies.

Jawapan anda juga perlu merangkumi kesan jika tiada usaha menambah

baik kualiti air sungai.

Your answer should cover the effect if there no effort to upgrade the

quality of river water.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ...............................................................................................................................

P2 ...............................................................................................................................

P3 ...............................................................................................................................

P4 ...............................................................................................................................

P5 ...............................................................................................................................

P6 ...............................................................................................................................

P7 ...............................................................................................................................

P8 ...............................................................................................................................

P9 ...............................................................................................................................

P10 .............................................................................................................................



P11 .............................................................................................................................

P12 .............................................................................................................................

P13 .............................................................................................................................

P14 .............................................................................................................................

P15 .............................................................................................................................

P16 .............................................................................................................................

P17 .............................................................................................................................

P18 .............................................................................................................................

P19 .............................................................................................................................

E16 Rajah 26 menunjukkan peranan mikroorganisma dalam suatu ekosistem.

Diagram 26 shows the role of microorganism in an ecosystem.


Berdasarkan Rajah 26, terangkan bagaimana mikroorganisma mengekalkan

kandungan sebatian X dalam tanah.

Based on the diagram 26, explain how the microorganism maintains the

composition of compound X in the soil.

[8 markah]

[8 marks]



Petunjuk

Clues

Banyak maklumat boleh didapati dalam rajah yang diberi.

More information can be found in the diagram given.

Murid perlu tahu bahawa sebatian X ialah nitrat.

Students should know that the compound X is nitrate.

Mulakan dengan bakteria pengikat nitrogen. Apakah yang dilakukan

olehnya?

Start with nitrogen fixing bacteria. Is that done by it?

Jawapan anda tidak semestinya mengikut turutan. Asalkan ianya

menyatakan dan menerangkan jawapan dengan betul.

Your answers are not necessarily in sequence. Provided that they state

and explain the answers correctly.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ............................................................................................................................

P2 ............................................................................................................................

P3 ............................................................................................................................

P4 ............................................................................................................................

P5 ............................................................................................................................

P6 ............................................................................................................................

P7 ............................................................................................................................

P8 ............................................................................................................................

P9 ............................................................................................................................

P10 ..........................................................................................................................

P11 ..........................................................................................................................



E17 Rajah 27 menunjukkan dua aktiviti pertanian yang menggunakan produk bahan

kimia.

Diagram 27 shows two agriculture activities which use chemical product

substances.


Bincangkan kesan baik dan kesan buruk kedua-dua aktiviti yang ditunjukkan pada

Rajah di atas. Perbincangan harus berdasarkan impak pada pertanian dan alam

sekitar.

Discuss the good and bad effects of both activities as shown on diagram above.

Discussion should base on the impact on an agriculture and environment.

[10 markah]

[10 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Jawapan anda mestilah mengandungi kesan baik dan kesan buruk menabur

baja.

Your answer should include the effects of good and bad effects of fertilizer

input.

Jawapan anda juga perlu mengandungi kesan baik dan kesan buruk

menyembur racun serangga.

Your answer should contain the good and bad effects of spraying

insecticides.



Jawapan

Scheme:

Kesan baik (Menabur baja)

Good impact (Spreading fertilisers)

G1 ............................................................................................................................

G2 ............................................................................................................................

Kesan buruk

Bad impact

B1 ............................................................................................................................

B2 ............................................................................................................................

B3 ............................................................................................................................

B4 ............................................................................................................................

B5 ............................................................................................................................

Kesan baik (Menyembur racun serangga)

Good Impact (Spraying insecticides)

G3............................................................................................................................

G4 ............................................................................................................................

Kesan buruk

Bad Impact

B6 ............................................................................................................................

B7 ............................................................................................................................

B8 ............................................................................................................................

B9 ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

B10 ..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................



E18 Rajah 28 menunjukkan tiga tong sampah kitar semula P, Q dan R. Tong sampah

kitar semula ini digunakan untuk mengumpul bahan-bahan terpakai.

Diagram 28 shows three recycle bins P, Q and R. These recycle bins are used to

collect used materials.

Kertas terpakai Kaca terpakai Plastik terpakai

Used paper Used glass Used plastic


Bahan-bahan terpakai tersebut adalah daripada sumber semula jadi.

Kertas daripada pokok

Kaca daripada mineral

Plastik daripada petroleum

Terangkan bagaimana amalan mengitar semula bahan-bahan terpakai dalam Rajah

28 di atas menyumbangkan kepada pengekalan keseimbangan alam.

The used materials are from natural resources.

Paper from trees

Glass from minerals

Plastic from petroleum

Explain how the practices in recycling of the used materials in Diagram 28

contribute in maintaining the balance of nature.

[10 markah]

[10 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Jawapan anda mestilah menerangkan bagaimana kitar semula bahan- bahan

buangan secara berasingan.

Your answer should explain how the recycling of waste materials



separately.

Murid harus tahu setiap bahan seperti kertas, kaca dan plastik berasal

daripada mana.

Students should know each material such as paper, glass and plastic

comes from where.

Jawapan

Scheme:

Kertas Paper,

P1 ............................................................................................................................

P2 ............................................................................................................................

P3............................................................................................................................

P4 ............................................................................................................................

P5 ............................................................................................................................

P6 ............................................................................................................................

P7 ............................................................................................................................

P8 ............................................................................................................................

P9 ............................................................................................................................

P10 ..........................................................................................................................

P11 ..........................................................................................................................

Kaca Glass,

G1 ..............................................................................................................................

G2 ..............................................................................................................................

G3 .............................................................................................................................

G4 ..............................................................................................................................

G5 ..............................................................................................................................

G6 .............................................................................................................................

Plastik Plastic,

L1 ............................................................................................................................

L2 ............................................................................................................................

L3 ............................................................................................................................

L4 .............................................................................................................................

L5 ............................................................................................................................



L6 ............................................................................................................................

L7 ............................................................................................................................

L8 ............................................................................................................................

L9 ............................................................................................................................

E19 Terangkan bagaimana platlet membantu dalam menghentikan pendarahan semasa

luka.

Explain how platelets help to stop bleeding when a wound occurs.

[4 markah]

[4 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Soalan ini berkaitan dengan mekanisme pembekuan darah.

This question is related to the mechanism of blood clotting.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ............................................................................................................................

P2 ............................................................................................................................

P3 ............................................................................................................................

P4 ............................................................................................................................

P5 ............................................................................................................................

E20 Terangkan kepentingan pembekuan darah ini.

Explain the importance of this blood clotting.

[4 markah]

[4 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Mekanisme pembekuan darah tidak perlu diterangkan di sini.

Blood clotting mechanism need not be explained here.

Untuk soalan seumpama ini, murid boleh membuat imaginasi salur darah

manusia sama seperti salur paip.

For questions like this, students can make the blood vessels of the human

imagination like pipelines.

Apakah yang akan berlaku jika salur paip itu bocor?



What will happen if the pipeline was leaking?

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ............................................................................................................................

P2 ............................................................................................................................

P3 ............................................................................................................................

P4 ............................................................................................................................

P5 ............................................................................................................................

P6 ............................................................................................................................

P7 ............................................................................................................................

P8 ............................................................................................................................

E21 Rajah 29 menunjukkan bahagian batang satu pokok yang gelang kulitnya telah

dibuang. Pokok tersebut disiram dengan air setiap hari.

Diagram 29 shows the part of a stem of a tree where the ring of bark has been

removed. The tree is watered every day.


Berdasarkan rajah, terangkan apa yang berlaku kepada pokok tersebut selepas satu

bulan.

Based on the diagram, explain what happens to the tree after one month.

[4 markah]

[4 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Murid perlu perhatikan bahagian atas pergelangan keratan yang

membengkak.

Students should note the upper section of the swollen ankle.

Kenapa bahagian atas sahaja yang membengkak?

Why are only the top of the swell?



Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ............................................................................................................................

P2 ............................................................................................................................

P3 ............................................................................................................................

P4 ............................................................................................................................

E22 Rajah 30 menunjukkan pergerakan air melalui air melalui pokok.

Diagram 30 shows water movement of through a tree.


Suhu persekitaran yang tinggi menyebabkan kepanasan melampau pada

tumbuhan. Berdasarkan rajah 30, terangkan bagaimana transpirasi membantu

menghalang kejadian kepanasan melampau pada tumbuhan.

High temperature in the environment causes overheating in plants. Based on the

diagram 30, explain transpiration helps to prevent the occurrence of overheating

in plants.

[8 markah]

[8 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Murid tidak perlu menerangkan proses pengangkutan air dari akar ke daun.

Students do not have to explain the process of transporting water from the

roots to the leaves.



Soalan ini mengkehendaki murid mengaitkan dengan faktor-faktor yang

mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi.

This question requires the student to associate with the factors that affect

the rate of transpiration.

Jawapan

Scheme:

E0 ............................................................................................................................

E1 ............................................................................................................................

E2 ............................................................................................................................

E3 ............................................................................................................................

E4 ............................................................................................................................

E5 ............................................................................................................................

E6 ............................................................................................................................

E7 ............................................................................................................................

E8 ............................................................................................................................

E9 ............................................................................................................................

E23 Huraikan tiga proses yang terlibat dalam pembentukan air kencing.

Describe three processes which involve in formation of urine.

[6 markah]

[6 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Murid perlu tahu tiga proses tersebut.

Students need to know three processes.

Murid perlu menerangkan proses-proses tersebut secara berasingan.

Students need to explain these processes separately.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ............................................................................................................................

P2 ............................................................................................................................

P3 ............................................................................................................................

P4 ............................................................................................................................

P5 ............................................................................................................................

P6 ............................................................................................................................



P7 ............................................................................................................................

P8 ............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

P9 ............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

E24

Hormon korionik gonadotrof (HCG) manusia mempunyai peranan yang sama

seperti hormon peluteinan (LH). Seorang wanita menghadapi masalah tidak

boleh hamil disebabkan kegagalan dalam pengovulan. Wanita itu telah hamil

selepas doktor memberikannya suntikan HCG.

Human Chorionic gonadothrophin hormone (HCG) has a similar role to

luteinising hormone (LH). A woman has a problem conceiving due to failure in

ovulation. The woman becomes pregnant after a doctor has given her

injections of HCG.

Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, terangkan bagaimana suntikan HCG

membolehkan proses kehamilan.

Based on the statement above, explain how the HCG injections enable the process

of pregnancy.

[6 markah]

[6 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Murid perlu kaitkan fungsi LH yang sama dengan fungsi HCG.

Students need to associate LH same function with the function of HCG.

Penerangan anda mestilah menyatakan apakah yang akan berlaku selepas

ovulasi sehingga proses persenyawaan berlaku.

Your explanation must state what will happen after ovulation until the

process of fertilization occurs.



Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ............................................................................................................................

P2 ............................................................................................................................

P3 ............................................................................................................................

P4 ............................................................................................................................

P5 ............................................................................................................................

P5 ............................................................................................................................

P6 ............................................................................................................................

E25 Terangkan lengkung pertumbuhan belalang.

Explain the growth curve of grasshopper.

[4 markah]

[4 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Murid harus tahu bentuk graf pertumbuhan belalang.

Students should know the shape of the graph of growth of grasshopper.

Murid perlu terangkan makna disebalik bentuk graf tersebut.

Students need to explain the meaning behind the graphical form.

Jawapan

Scheme:

P1 ............................................................................................................................

P2 .............................................................................................................................

P3 ............................................................................................................................

P4 ............................................................................................................................

P5 ............................................................................................................................

P6 ............................................................................................................................

P7 ............................................................................................................................

P8 ............................................................................................................................

P9 ............................................................................................................................



E26 Kejuruteraan genetik ialah satu teknik di mana kandungan genetik sesuatu

organisma dimanipulasikan. Berdasarkan pengetahuan anda tentang kejuruteraan

genetik, terangkan sama ada bidang ini wajar terus diperkembangkan.

Penerangan anda hendaklah mengandungi contoh-contoh kebaikan dan keburukan

berdasarkan konsep kejuruteraan genetik.

Genetic engineering is a technique whereby the genetic content of an organism is

manipulated. Based on your knowledges on genetic engineering, explain whether

this technique should be developed further.

Your explanations must include examples of the advantages and disadvantages

based on the concept of genetic engineering.

[10 markah]

[10 marks]

Petunjuk

Clues

Penerangan anda haruslah menjurus kepada bidang pertanian, penternakan

dan bidang perubatan.

Your explanation should focus on the fields of agriculture, livestock and

medicine.

Jawapan anda haruslah lebih spesifik untuk setiap aspek dengan

menyatakan kebaikan dan keburukan setiap aspek tersebut.

Your answers should be specific to each aspect by stating the pros and

cons of each of these aspects.

Murid digalakkan menulis jawapan dalam bentuk jadual.

Students are encouraged to write the answer in the form of tables.

Jawapan

Scheme:

Memperbaiki kualiti hasil pertanian dan penternakan:

Improve quality of farming yield and livestock:

Aspek

Aspects

Kebaikan

Advantages

Keburukan

Disadvantages



Rawatan penyakit dalam bidang perubatan:

Disease treatment in medical field:

Aspek

Aspect

Kebaikan

Advantage

Keburukan

Disadvantage

