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Master Herbalist (Phytotherapy) Diploma Course – Assignment Thirteen – Page 1

MASTER HERBALIST (PHYTOTHERAPY)

DIPLOMA COURSE

ASSIGNMENT THIRTEEN

TUTOR TALK: The Learning Outcomes for this assignment are:

• Define fruits and vegetables, noting their colour, shape and seed.


ORRIS ROOT

OTHER NAMES: Wild purple flag. Iris florentina. It is important to get the correct plant so use the Latin name, otherwise you will purchase the usual variety of Iris… Iris germanica

var. florentina.

HISTORY: The Romans, the Greeks, and the Egyptians all cultivated this herb in order to extract its refreshing violet-scented oil. It is one of the few perfume fixatives that can be grown in the ordinary garden, which makes it a natural choice for adding to a pot pourri. The iris was named after the Greek goddess of the rainbow because of the huge number of shades of the flowers. Egyptians choose the iris to decorate the Sphinx. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The root of this hardy plant is a rhizome, a thick mass of roots. Its leaves are grey-green, sword-shaped and grow up to 45cms long. The whole is a shrub that grows between 60 and 120cms tall in deep, rich, well-drained soil. It is a variety of iris and its flowers are white. Orrisroot powder, which is a golden-yellow colour, is used in shampoos, as a fixative in perfumery and for pot pourri. Contains isoflavones, triterpenes and an essential oil. HABITAT: Native to Southern Europe and naturalised in Central Europe, Iran and North India. It tolerates most well-drained soils, preferring sunny, stony, dry, hilly situations. PART/S USED: The dried rhizome, which is gathered in the autumn. PREPARATIONS: NOT FOR EATING. Used as an ingredient in perfumery and in pot pourri ONLY. ACTIONS: NONE USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: NONE CAUTIONS: DO NOT USE except for perfumery. Hypersensitive individuals may react with urticaria on handling.

OSHA is an herb similar to parsley and dill; it is used often for respiratory ailments. OSWEGO TEA - See BERGAMOT ORANGE. PAEONY - See PEONY. PALAS

OTHER NAMES: Flame of the Forest, Bengal Kino HISTORY: Not known


DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A deciduous tree that grows to about 15 metres high, it has 3-lobed leaves and large orange-red flowers in clusters. All parts of the tree except the seeds contain tannins. HABITAT: Palas is native to India and Malaysia. It grows in forests and in open areas to altitudes of up to 1,200m. PART/S USED: Bark, flowers, leaves, gum, and seeds PREPARATIONS: Decoctions, tinctures, and the gum resin ACTIONS: It is astringent, anti-diarrhoea, digestive and a purgative. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: The gum that oozes from incisions made in palas bark is known as Bengal Kino. Mildly astringent Bengal Kino is used as a substitute for the kino derived from bastard teak. Bengal kino is taken as a decoction or a tincture for acid indigestion, diarrhoea and dysentery, it is used as a gargle for sore throats and as a douche for vaginitis. A decoction of the astringent leaves and flowers is taken for diarrhoea, heavy menstrual bleeding and fever, and can be applied to haemorrhoids and skin conditions. A decoction of leaves, bark or flowers is also thought to have aphrodisiac properties, while the flowers are believed to have a contraceptive effect. The seeds are purgative, and are mainly used externally to treat herpes and ringworm. CAUTIONS: Do not take during pregnancy

PALE CATECHU - See BABUL. PANDAN

OTHER NAMES: Screw Pine HISTORY: It was called Screw Pine after the spiral arrangement of its leaves. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The herb is small and tender, the stem tough and woody, and its stout roots protrude from the plant’s leaf bases. The fragrance of the picked leaf is said to resemble freshly mown grass or rice. The fresh leaves are often added to curries or are eaten with rice in coconut milk. In Bali streamed rice is served on the leaves of this herb woven into baskets. The leaves are sword-shaped and grow up to 90cms long. HABITAT: It originated in India but is now widely cultivated in Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Thailand as well as other parts of Asia. PART/S USED: The leaves, dried or fresh [it has no flowers] PREPARATIONS: None ACTIONS: None not used for medicine


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Not used CAUTIONS: None

PAPAYA

OTHER NAMES: Paw paw fruit. Melon tree HISTORY: Papaya juice, shoots and latex were used in Mayan herbal medicine. In tropical Latin America, the leaves are used as a meat tenderiser. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A herbaceous tree growing very rapidly to 8m that has segmented leaves, yellow flowers, and large, black seeded yellow to orange fruits weighing up to 5kg. Papaya fruit contains the enzymes papain and chymopapain, and traces of an alkaloid, carpainc. Papain, found in the milky white latex that flows from incisions in the unripe fruit, is a protein-dissolving enzyme that aids digestion HABITAT: Native to tropical America, papaya is now cultivated in tropical regions throughout the world. PART/S USED: The juice of the unripe tropical fruit contains papain, a non-animal enzyme that assists the digestion of protein. The fruit, latex, leaves, flowers and seeds are also used. PREPARATIONS: Used externally; the juice of the fresh plant can be used for wounds that refuse to heal. William Scharf, 31, became desperately ill after a kidney transplant. Strong antibiotics failed to heal the infected wound. The surgeon of the Transplant Department of Guy’s Hospital laid strips of fresh paw-paw fruit across the wound. After one week’s treatment Mr Scharf was cured. Many commercial preparations available Diet: Paw-paw fruit or juice, raw, at meals. ACTIONS: Acts best with an alkali such as Meadowsweet. Has a similar action to pepsin, an enzyme secreted with the gastric juices of the stomach. Helps with the digestion of wheat gluten, thus assisting recovery from coeliac disease. High in beta-carotene (A). Papaya is amenorrhoea, anti-parasite, and antiseptic, carminative and contains natural enzymes that help any digestion problems. It has high lysine and low arginine poperties USES OF THE HERB - MEDICAL: Helps combat acidity, flatulence and the incomplete digestion of meats. The latex from the trunk of the tree can be applied externally to speed the healing of wounds, ulcers, warts and cancerous tumours. The seeds are used as a gentle purgative for worms. The latex has a similar but more violent effect.


The flowers may be taken in an infusion to induce menstruation, and a decoction of the ripe fruit is helpful for treating persistent diarrhoea and dysentery in children. The ripe fruit is mildly laxative and the leaves can be used to dress wounds. CAUTIONS: Note: The fruit has a contraceptive effect in its ability to halt pregnancy by attacking progesterone, the hormone essential to pregnancy. (Researchers: Sussex University) The large green fruit is widely used as a contraceptive in India and Sri Lanka.

PAPOOSE ROOT - See BLUE COHOSH. PARAGUAY TEA - See MÁTE TEA. PAREIRA

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Pareira and similar species are famous for being the source of curare, the paralysing arrow poison used by Amazonian and other South American Indians to catch their prey. A dart or spear tipped with curare causes instantaneous paralysis on entering the bloodstream of the animal. Traditional recipes for toxins usually involve blending 10 or more different plants, but pareira or a plant with similar action is always present in the mix. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A vine that climbs high (up to 30 metres) into the tropical rainforests, it has large leaves up to 30cm long, and trailing clusters of flowers. Pareira contains alkaloids, including delta-tubocurarine and L-curarine. Tubocurarine is a potent muscle relaxant. HABITAT: Pareira grows wild in rainforests in the upper Amazon region and in Panama. It is collected from the wild as available. PART/S USED: Root, stem PREPARATIONS: Not recommended, too toxic ACTIONS: Not recommended, too toxic USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Pareira’s notoriety as a poison hinges on the effect of its toxic derivative entering directly into the bloodstream. Provided there are no cuts or sores in the mouth, the plant is reasonably safe taken orally as a medicinal remedy. The bitter and slightly sweet-tasting roots and stems are mildly laxative, tonic and diuretic, and also act to induce menstruation. The plant is chiefly used to relieve chronic inflammation of the urinary tubules. In Brazil, it is also used for snakebite, for which purpose an infusion of the root is taken internally, while the bruised leaves are applied externally. CAUTIONS: Use only under professional supervision. Pareira and/or curare are subject to legal restrictions in some countries.


PARSLEY

OTHER NAMES: There are many types of parsley. HISTORY: Bought to England by the Romans, it gained huge popularity as a culinary herb. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is a biennial but grown on an annual basis. It has tiny flowers, and if they grow, the leaves are not worth using and should be discarded as being unsuitable for cooking. The seeds contain apiol and are a source of precursor of carotene, Vitamins C, B, bioflavonoids, iron and folic acid. They also contains apiole and myristicin, a volatile oil, coumarins and flavonoids. The leaves are curly with a saw-toothed edge, and are bright green. HABITAT: Native to Northern and Central Europe, grows best in moist open soil in the shade PART/S USED: Dried root, seeds and leaves PREPARATIONS: Widely used as a tea infusion from leaves of the fresh or dried plant. 1-heaped teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 5 minutes in a covered vessel, the dose is a cup at one time. Liquid Extract: root or seeds 1 teaspoon in water. Tincture: root or seeds 2 teaspoons in water. Diet: Fresh leaves used in cooking. Eaten raw in salads in Russia. ACTIONS: It is rheumatic, emmenagogue, a laxative, a mild brain tonic, diuretic, carminative, an expectorant, a gastric tonic and a uterine tonic. A warming remedy for cold conditions, wasting, cachexia; avoided in fevers. Mild activator of adrenals and thyroid gland. Galen, a Greek physician, advised it for disorders of the womb and bladder. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Parsley is suitable for amenorrhoea; it is aggregate, carminative, diuretic, oestrogenic, high in boron, helpful for bladder infections, kidney stones, and repeated applications of the leaves aids the healing of bruises. Helpful in dealing with retention of excess fluid in the tissues, dropsy, bladder disorders, painful urination for those who pass water only after long intervals. Absent or painful menses. Windy colic. Inflammation of the prostate gland. PMT and menopausal hot flushes. To dispel fatigue. Mashed and unheated the leaves were once applied to the breasts of nursing mothers to arrest the flow of milk. Parsley is rich in minerals, calcium, potassium and silica and is said to strengthen the hair, nails and skin. Eliminates the smell of onions on the breath. Also beneficial to liver disorders, inflammation of gall bladder and to relieve cramps. CAUTIONS: In Russia it is used for abortions, and therefore not recommended for those pregnant. Contra-indication, inflammation of the kidneys. The tutor is very allergic to parsley, hint… don’t just sprinkle it on meals to make them look nice without ensuring that your guests are not allergic, many a meal has had to be thrown away. In one restaurant in Yeppon, Australia, the waitress said “I did not know it was a herb and refused to change the meal – after being told not to put any herbs on the meal”. Beware, someone can be allergic to anything!


PARSLEY BREAKSTONE - See PARSLEY PIERT.

PARSLEY PIERT

OTHER NAMES: Parsley breakstone HISTORY: Spoken of highly by Gerard, the 17th Century herbalist. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A hairy annual that grows to about 10cms. It has small, wedge-shaped leaves and tiny green flowers in tufts. The practising herbalist’s choice for gravel, kidney and bladder stones when they are not too large. HABITAT: Native to Europe and other temperate areas, it grows to an altitude of 500 metres. It thrives in dry sites, including the tops of walls. The herb is harvested in the summer when the flowers are in bloom. PART/S USED: Dried herb PREPARATIONS: Average dose 2-4g taken three times a day. Tea: 1-2 teaspoons of the dried herb to cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Dose: half-l cup. Liquid Extract: 30-60 drops. Tincture 1:5 in 45% alcohol; dose 2-l0ml. ACTIONS: It is anti-lithic, a soothing diuretic, a demulcent and an astringent. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: A useful treatment for kidney and bladder complaints, painful urination, oedema of kidney or liver origin. The herb is a good remedy for alleviating cystitis, bladder problems and painful urination. CAUTIONS: None known

PARSNIPS are carminative. PARTRIDGEBERRY - See SQUAW VINE.

N.B.: PASQUE FLOWER AND PASSIONFLOWER ARE BOTH CALLED MAYPOP AS AN ALTERNATIVE NAME. THEY ARE HOWEVER TWO DIFFERENT PLANTS SO BEWARE.

PASQUE FLOWER

OTHER NAMES: Maypop. HISTORY: In Greek mythology, the goddess Flora was jealous of her husband’s attentions to the nymph Anemone, and so transformed her into the ‘wind flower’. She was to be at the mercy of the north wind. The name pasque flower is derived from the French name for Easter, when the flower is in bloom. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Contains alkaloids, flavonoids, rutin, saponain.


HABITAT: Native to Europe and will be seen in dry grassland. It prefers chalky spoil; the aerial parts are harvested in the spring when the plant is in flower. PART/S USED: Dried leaves and flowers PREPARATIONS: Tea: quarter to half a teaspoon of the dried herb to each cup boiling water, infuse 15 minutes. Dose: half a cup morning and evening. Liquid Extract: half-2ml in water. Tincture 1 part to 8 parts 25% ethanol. Dose: 2-4ml. ACTIONS: It is a hypnotic, a vasodilator, an antispasmodic, a mild sedative and an analgesic without leaving depression, it is also a hypotensor, a tranquilliser, a central nervous system relaxant and strengthens the heart muscle. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Relieves sleeplessness due to mental restlessness. Helps reduce nervous excitability, an over-active brain, hyperactivity in children, hysteria, alcoholism, twitching of limbs, neuralgia and constrictive headache. Provides temporary relief of tremor in the elderly. Aids withdrawal from Benzodiazepine and Valium addiction, the pain of shingles, and anxiety neurosis. CAUTIONS: Take only under professional supervision and not during pregnancy. Warning, the whole plant can be toxic.

PASSIFLORA - See PASSION FLOWER. PASSION FLOWER

OTHER NAMES: Passiflora, Maypop HISTORY: The name comes from the beautiful flowers thought to represent the Crucifixion of Christ. 5 stamens for the 5 wounds, 3 styles for the 3 nails, and the white and blue colours for purity and heaven. Used for thousands of years in Central and North America to treat insomnia and epilepsy. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A climbing vine that grows to about 9 metres with 3-lobed leaves, ornate flowers, and egg shaped fruit. Passionflower contains phytoestrogens, which are beneficial to those suffering from Parkinson’s disease as it contains harmine and harmaline alkaloids. A dose of between ten and thirty drops of the tincture each day in a divided dose is recommended. Treats insomnia, is a mild tranquilliser and is helpful for nervous tension. HABITAT: It is native to the Southern part of the USA and Bermuda. It prefers loamy, nutrient-rich soils in the full sun. PART/S USED: Fresh flowers, dried and fresh aerial parts. PREPARATIONS: Tinctures are made from the whole herb, and infusions for sleepiness are made as a tea that can be drunk at a maximum of two cups each evening.


ACTIONS: Used as a sedative, it is anti-spasmodic and tranquillising. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Its mode of action on the nervous system has been researched but little is known of its action. It is soothing and relaxing, and comparable to valerian, which makes it a suitable treatment for insomnia and relaxing. CAUTIONS: Can cause drowsiness, do not take high doses during pregnancy.

PATCHOULI

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: The plant originated from the Orient where the oil was distilled from the leaves and used to perfume fabrics. It was first described by botanists in 1840. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The plants are shrubby perennials with soft, oval-triangular leaves. They release their fragrance when crushed and flourish in humid conditions. HABITAT: Humid conditions above 60o f [16c]. PART/S USED: Leaves PREPARATIONS: Oil only ACTIONS: None as a herb, see the aromatherapy lesson for the oil. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: None CAUTIONS: None

PAU D’ARCO - See LAPACHO TREE. PAW PAW - See PAPAYA. PEACH

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Peach is used by the Chinese as leaves and bark, to make a tea for combating morning sickness, and is high in boron and glutathione. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is a hardy deciduous tree grown for its fruit. The flowers are pale pink and bloom in clusters in the spring. It has long, pointed leaves and very bushy foliage. Peach oil is a good skin softener. Contains oleic acid glycerides, the healing powers are due to the presence of benzaldehyde, amygdalin and prunasin which break down in water to produce cyanide, and can be poisonous. In small doses it can improve respiration and digestive well-being.


HABITAT: Cultivated world wide - generally in warm climates. PART/S USED: Its flowers, unripe fruits and leaves and bark for the herb, and the fruit when ripe. N.B.: peaches do not ripen once they are off the tree, as nectarines do. Never buy unripe peaches they never ripen fully at home! PREPARATIONS: Tea: half an ounce of the bark, or 25gms of the dried leaves in 650mls boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Dose: quarter to half a cup, as necessary. N.B.: Peach oil is rich in triglycerides; the oil is used as an emollient in the cosmetic industry and in creams it prevents moisture-loss and renders the skin soft and smooth. ACTIONS: It is a mild tranquilliser, an expectorant, a soothing laxative and stimulates the uterus and circulation. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Internal: Relieves morning sickness, hard dry cough, whooping cough and bronchitis. The plant can also be used to combat haemorrhoids, eczema, constipation and asthma. CAUTIONS: Do not use the herb during a pregnancy, as it stimulates the uterus. The ripe fruit is perfectly safe to eat at any time.

PEACHWOOD - See LOG WOOD.

Pear is high in lysine and low in arginine, the juice is anti-viral and the fruit also contains boron and catechins, and contains vitamin B6.

PEANUTS - See ARACHIS. PEEPAL

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Sacred to Hindus and Buddhists, the peepal is the tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment. It is a long-living tree; a peepal in Sri Lanka is thought to be over 2,000 years old. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The tree grows to around 8 metres with large, leathery, heart-shaped leaves, and purple fruit growing in pairs. The fruit contains fruit sugars, flavonoids and enzymes. HABITAT: Peepal grows in northern and central India, in forests and alongside water. It is also widely cultivated throughout the sub-continent and southern Asia. The fruit is gathered when ripe. PART/S USED: Fruit, leaves, bark, latex. PREPARATIONS: Decoctions, poultice. ACTIONS: It is astringent, laxative and anti-inflammatory.


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Its astringent bark and leaves are taken for diarrhoea and dysentery, whereas the leaves alone are used for constipation. The leaves are applied with ghee [a clarified butter] as a poultice to boils and to swollen salivary glands in mumps. The powdered fruit may be taken for asthma and the latex used to treat warts. CAUTIONS: None known

PELLITORY

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Culpeper wrote in 1652 that this herb “eased the pains of the head and brain”. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A perennial herb that grows to about 30cms, it has smooth alternate leaves, and large white flowers with yellow centres. Contains inulin, essential oil and anacycline. HABITAT: Native to the Mediterranean area as far as the Middle East. It is cultivated in Algeria where the root is dug up in the autumn. PART/S USED: Root and essential oil PREPARATIONS: The root is chewed or made up as a decoction. The decoction can be used to treat mouth problems or as a gargle. ACTIONS: Useful in the treatment of epilepsy and all mouth problems. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: The root is chewed to relieve toothache and increase saliva production, and is considered a tonic for the whole body in Ayurvedic medicine. Also used to treat paralysis and epilepsy. CAUTIONS: Never ingest the essential oil.

PELLITORY-OF-THE-WALL

OTHER NAMES: This is not a similar herb to Pellitory. No other names known HISTORY: This herb thrives on walls and the roofs of old buildings. It is also a weed and is controlled in Australia. Culpeper and Gerald both wrote about this herb. Folklore suggests that the tincture can be used to remove spots, freckles and other blemishes. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is a hardy perennial and native to southern and western Europe and parts of North Africa. The flowers are minute, green and appear in clusters. The stem is brittle, hairy and reddish in colour. Rich in sulphur, calcium, potassium and other trace minerals, flavonoids. It is a relative of the stinging nettle. Its height is about 40cms but its length can be anything. The pollen is highly allergenic. The leaves are narrow and covered underneath with fine hairs. Deep veins appear on the upper surface of the leaves. Foliage appears very early in the year.


HABITAT: Europe, North Africa and Australia. PART/S USED: Fresh young leaves are used in salads. Leaves are used, as is the herb. PREPARATIONS: Fresh herbs yield best results. Taken as often as required, the tea is made with 1-2 teaspoons of the dried herb to each cup of boiling water; infuse 15 minutes, dose half-1 cup. Liquid Extract half-I teaspoon in water. A home tincture can be made using 1 part fresh herb in 5 parts gin, macerate 8 days, shake daily, decant and take 1-2 teaspoons in water. Compressed, pulped, clean, fresh plant can be beneficial when applied to ulcers and wounds that refuse to heal. ACTIONS: It is a demulcent diuretic, laxative, anti-inflammatory and a kidney stone solvent. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat kidney stones, suppression or painful passage of urine, dropsy, cystitis, and oedema linked to kidney problems. The fresh leaves can be used for burns and scalds and to relieve skin ailments. CAUTIONS: None known

PENNYROYAL

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: First used by physicians of the ancient world. Pliny wrote that “Pennyroyal was a better herb to use than roses”. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is a perennial, perfumed, aromatic herb that grows to about half a metre high. It has toothed leaves and whorls of lilac flowers. Contains pulegone oil, isopulegone, menthol, limonene, bitter principle and tannins. HABITAT: It is native to Europe and western Asia but is now found in most parts of the world. It thrives in damp places and is harvested in the summer when in bloom. PART/S USED: Fresh or dried flowering plant PREPARATIONS: Average dose is 1-4g three times a day. For a tea use half-2 teaspoons of the dried herb to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes, and drink half a cup at a time. Liquid Extract 15-60 drops, in water. ACTIONS: It is carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, stimulant, antispasmodic, amenorrhoea and an antiseptic. Externally it can be used as an insect repellent. It can also be used as a hot remedy for cold conditions.


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat windy indigestion, nausea and vomiting, abdominal spasm of the womb stomach or intestines, constrictive headache and the common cold. It generally encourages a ‘sweat out’ in feverish conditions. Pulegium is Latin for flea, which is how it got its name, as a flea repellent. CAUTIONS: Contra-indications: not to be used during pregnancy, by nursing mothers or by those suffering with kidney disorders. It is known to cause abortions.

PENNYWORT

OTHER NAMES: Navelwort, Marsh Pennywort HISTORY: Not known DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Low creeper with circular leaves. It has small, pinkish flowers that bloom beneath the leaves. Each leaf base has a rooting node enabling pennywort to crawl along the ground and take up a lot of space easily. The stem goes down from the centre “navel” of the round leaf. HABITAT: Marshes PART/S USED: Leaves PREPARATIONS: Used in tinctures and infusions. ACTIONS: It is a demulcent and an anodyne. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: “I have found Pennywort to be a specific in earache - fresh leaves are pressed to extract the juice... rapid and complete easing of severe pain... safe with young children… not advised where there is damage to the drum” [David Hoffinann, The Holistic Herbal, Thorsons]. CAUTIONS: Do not use if pregnant, or nursing, or if you have kidney disorder.

PEONY

OTHER NAMES: often spelt PAEONY. Chinese: Bai shae Yae HISTORY: Since the time of Hippocrates [470-377BC], the peony has been used to treat epilepsy. Dioscorides suggested that it could be used to expel the placenta. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The peony is a perennial that grows to about 60cms. It has a tuberous root, upright stems, oval to lance-shaped leaflets and attractive, large, red, red-purple or white flowers. Contains Alkaloids, benzoic acid, tannins, asparagin, volatile oil. HABITAT: The peony is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean area. It is found in mountain woodlands and is widely cultivated as a garden plant. The plant is dug up in the autumn.


PART/S USED: Root and root bark PREPARATIONS: Strong infusion: 50gms bruised leaves to 650mls boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. External use only. Tincture of the fresh root gathered in spring composed of 50gms bruised root in 650mls 45% alcohol. Macerate 8 days, shake daily; filter. Bottle in an amber-coloured bottle. Dose, 10-20 drops three times a day ACTIONS: It is antispasmodic, sedative, diuretic and an emmenagogue. Can be used as a central nervous system relaxant, it is also antibacterial, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, a liver protector and a stimulant to the circulatory vessels. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: An old English traditional treatment used Peony to treat epilepsy, chorea. Used today to treat painful spasm induced by gall or renal stone, whooping cough, children’s convulsions, anal fissure, piles and ulceration of the perineum or coccyx. CAUTIONS: For use by medical practitioner only. There are contra-indications and large doses can be toxic.

PEPPER - See CHILLI PEPPER. PEPPER TREE

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: The seeds, leaves and fruits were eaten by the Aborigines. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is native to Tasmania and parts of southern Australia. The leaves and berries are added to all sorts of dishes, pasta, stews, and soups, and to flavour cheese. It also yields a red dye used to colour cheese and sauces. The herb is a frost-hardy shrub, the leaves are dark green and leathery, strongly aromatic with a hot spicy flavour. The berries are fleshy, aromatic and edible. It was mentioned in the 1880’s as a substitute for pepper or allspice in recipes. The plants are often used as hedging. HABITAT: Australia and Tasmania PART/S USED: The leaves and berries can be used fresh or dried PREPARATIONS: Ground to make a spicy powder, leaves eaten in salads and for herbal mixtures. Tinctures, teas and infusions. ACTIONS: Taken to improve digestion and to prevent a shortage of vitamin C. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: As above CAUTIONS: None known


PEPPERMINT

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: The ancient Romans chewed the leaves of peppermint to soothe their stomachs after a feast, hence the ‘after dinner mints’ that are given out, even though they may not contain any real peppermint! Dried leaves have been found in the pyramids dating from around 1000BC. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A strongly aromatic square-stemmed herb that grows to about two thirds of a metre, it has serrated leaves. Contains essential oil, flavonoids, azulines, carotenes. Tannin contains glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrrhizin that heals mouth sores. Tannin herbs high in include bearberry, eucalyptus, liquorice, peppermint, raspberry, and sage, St Johns Wort, tea. Tannins are the common name for tannic acid and are an antiseptic with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiviral activities. Tannins give herbs their astringency and the ability to bind or contract tissues, reduce intestinal inflammation, hence impeding the reabsorption of toxic materials. HABITAT: Not known PART/S USED: Oil distilled from fresh flowering tops, herb. PREPARATIONS: Commercially in teabags or by simple infusion: 1-2 teaspoons dried herb to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes; drink freely. Oil of Peppermint: 1-2 drops in water, honey or banana mash. Note: This is NOT the same oil as the essential oil. The essential oil should never be ingested. ACTIONS: Peppermint is digestive, carminative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, anti-emetic, a mild sedative and a peripheral vasodilator. It is also a source of potassium, magnesium and enzyme activators. Externally used as an insect repellent and is antiseptic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Peppermint alleviates any problems of the gut, and is beneficial to those suffering from certain heart disease. It is anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, antiseptic, anti-spasmodic, carminative and high in cineole. The oil should never be ingested. Dioscorides wrote that a spray of Peppermint worn on his cloak raised his depressed spirits. CAUTIONS: None

PERILLA

OTHER NAMES: Japanese Perilla, Shiso HISTORY: This plant is a popular ingredient in Japanese cookery. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is a half-hardy annual and grows to around 60cms tall in sunny positions. The leaves are rich in an incredibly sweet essential oil that is pressed from its leaves. This oil is used in many culinary dishes, such as bean curd, pickles and tempura. HABITAT: India, Japan and the Far East


PART/S USED: The leaves can be used fresh, pickled or dried. The stems are also used. PREPARATIONS: Used in tinctures, decoctions and as salads and culinary delights. ACTIONS: Perilla is anti-tussive, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and helpful for respiratory ailments USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Warming, taken to treat coughs, colds, bronchial congestion, asthma, muscle spasms, sickness, morning sickness, constipation, food poisoning, and for alleviating allergic reactions especially to sea food. CAUTIONS: The long-term handling of the plants can produce skin allergies.

PEWTERWORT - See HORSETAIL. PERUVIAN BALSAM

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: None documented DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: An evergreen tree growing to about 15 metres with a grey bark, and compound leaves that are dotted with oil glands. It has white, pea-like flowers and yellow seedpods. Contains oleoresin, a volatile oil, and resins. HABITAT: The herb is native to Central America, where it grows wild in tropical forests. The oleo-balsam is taken from cuts made in the bark. PART/S USED: Oleoresin PREPARATIONS: Decoction from the oil ACTIONS: It is antiseptic, a stimulate, it is also anti-diarrhoeal, an expectorant and anti-catarrhal. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: The herb stimulates the repair of broken tissue, it is also useful for treating bronchitis and emphysema and can be applied to the skin to alleviate eczema and other skin problems. CAUTIONS: Can cause an allergic reaction on the skin

PERUVIAN BARK - See CINCHONA. PERUVIAN PEPPER TREE

OTHER NAMES: Californian Pepper Tree, Brazilian Pepper Tree, False Pepper Tree HISTORY: The tree has for many centuries featured in Chilean religious rituals.


DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A small to medium evergreen tree, rather like a weeping willow. It grows to between 10 to 25 metres, in the full sun or partial shade. Its oil-rich compound leaves are feathery and bright green. Though it does not appear to come from Peru, it does seem to have originated in South America. It is known best for its pink peppercorn berry. Its pink-red fruits are borne on female trees and resemble peppercorns. They may be slightly toxic. HABITAT: Now found in all of South America. PART/S USED: The leaves and berries, dried or fresh. PREPARATIONS: Used in decoctions, teas and various other preparations. ACTIONS: It is anti-cancer, anti-tumour, antiseptic, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal and an expectorant. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Known for its action against bacteria, it can be used to treat viral and fungal infections and can be applied to wounds. It is an antiseptic, it can also be taken for any respiratory complaint. It is also anti cancer and anti-tumour. CAUTIONS: The berries should not be eaten or used in cooking, as they are now considered to be toxic, and may irritate the mucous membranes, especially of the respiratory tract.

PERUVIAN TEA - See COCA LEAVES. PEYOTE

OTHER NAMES: Mescal HISTORY: This herb has been used in Native American religious ceremonies for over 3,000 years. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The herb is a cactus that grows to about 5cms high. It has a squat, grey-greenish body with tufted hairs and pink or white flowers. Contains alkaloids and mescaline, a powerful hallucinogen. HABITAT: Peyote is native to northern Mexico. PART/S USED: The whole plant PREPARATIONS: None ACTIONS: Hallucinogenic USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: None CAUTIONS: DO NOT use this plant, it is illegal in most countries.


PFAFFA

OTHER NAMES: Brazilian ginseng HISTORY: Drunk freely by native population of Brazil. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A rich source of vitamins and mineral nutrients. Contains Germanium. HABITAT: Not known PART/S USED: Roots PREPARATIONS: Half-1 teaspoon of powdered root added to a cup of boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Dose: half-1 cup three times a day. ACTIONS: A nerve and glandular restorative, it is anti-tumour, anti-melanoma. Adaptogen - to achieve a more perfect endocrine balance USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: To strengthen the immune system against the progress of malignancy, as a restorative after illness, to treat infertility, to alleviate menopausal and menstrual symptoms. Restores the acid-alkali balance, thus facilitating blood-flow to cells. Used to treat osteomyelitis, high blood uric acid, PMT, and high blood cholesterol. CAUTIONS: Not given in pregnancy.

PIGEON BERRY - See POKEROOT. PIGEON’S GRASS - See VERVAIN. PIGWEED - See FAT HEN. PILEWORT - See LESSER CELANDINE. PILL-BEARING SPURGE - See ASTHMA PLANT. PIMENTO - See ALLSPICE. PINE TREE

OTHER NAMES: Hemlock Spruce HISTORY: None documented DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The tree grows to between 15 and 25 metres, and likes sunny positions away from polluted air. The oils of this pine include pinene and phellandrene. Both are effective rubs to ease congestion if placed on the chest or, used to treat rheumatism, they help the muscles to relax.


HABITAT: Canada and North America PART/S USED: Needles, shoots, resin PREPARATIONS: Tincture 1 part to 20 parts 90% alcohol; macerate 14 days, strain and drink 5-10 drops in water three times a day. The bark is used as an astringent. It is also a tonic. ACTIONS: It is antiseptic, antiviral, an expectorant, an antiprunitic and anlterative. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: BUDS have been used as a traditional remedy for pulmonary tuberculosis and upper respiratory disorders. Externally, an ointment is a good treatment for skin disorders and hair loss. Bark: Oral: diverticulosis, colitis, diarrhoea, and cystitis. Topical: douche: to treat leucorrhoea, prolapse of the womb, candida. Mouthwash and gargle: to treat sore throat and inflammation of the mouth or gums. CAUTIONS: Do not ingest the oil.

PINEAPPLE

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Not known DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A herbaceous perennial that grows to around a metre, with a short sturdy stem, spiny lance-shaped leaves and succulent reddish-yellow fruit. Contains bromelain, that helps the body to get rid of immune antigens. These immune antigens are implicated in the cause of arthritis. Bromelain reduces any swellings. Sources include breadfruit, figs, ginger, kiwifruit, papaya, and pineapple. Contains bromelain and vitamins A and C. HABITAT: Native to South America, but now cultivated throughout the tropics. PART/S USED: Fruit and leaves PREPARATIONS: As association, and the juice is drunk. ACTIONS: Pineapple is amenorrhoea and anti-clotting, anti-inflammatory, carminative, full of enzymes such as bromelain and pancreatin that digest food, it is high in vitamin C, and high in bromelain that makes it a potent anti-inflammatory. Pineapple is also used in preparations to take off the dead skin cells in facial preparations.


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Gargle with fresh juice for sore throat. Topical: A slice of the inner peel is placed over a corn, held in position by a skin adhesive and left on at night. In the morning the foot is soaked in hot water and debris scraped away; 2-3 applica-tions may be necessary. The juice of the ripe fruit is both a digestive tonic and a diuretic. The leaves are considered useful in encouraging the onset of menstrual flow, and easing painful ones. CAUTIONS: None generally, however some people are allergic to pineapple.

PINKROOT

OTHER NAMES: Carolina pink, Worm grass. HISTORY: Used by American Indians as a remedy for Roundworms. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Contains spigeline, tannin, oil. HABITAT: North America, where it prefers rich, deep soils on the edges of woods. PART/S USED: Root PREPARATIONS: Powdered root: 1-2 grams, twice daily in water. Tincture 1 part root to 5 parts 60 percent alcohol, macerated 8 days, shakes daily; filter. Dose, 5-15 drops in water, morning and evening. ACTIONS: It is anthelmintic, a mild analgesic, and cardioactive. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: “One of the most powerful medicines we have for worms, especially the common round worms; the powdered root being more efficacious” (Dr Benjamin Rush). Usually followed by an evening dose of Senna. Of value in valvular disorders and enlargement of the heart. CAUTIONS: Practitioner use only.

PIPSISSEWA

OTHER NAMES: Prince’s Pine. Ground Holly HISTORY: “It is reputed that North American Indians used hot infusions of the leaves to induce profuse perspiration in the treatment of typhus... that the Ojibwas used it as a stomachic tea, and that the Menominee’s considered it valuable for female ailments” (Virgil J. Vogel). Pipsissewa was much used by Native North Americans to induce sweating and treat fevers, including typhus. European settlers used the herb for rheumatism, and for urinary and kidney problems.


DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The herb is an evergreen plant with several stems, growing to 20cms. It has shiny wedge-shaped leaves and small, flat-topped clusters of white flowers tinged with red. Pipsissewa contains hydroquinones including arbutin, flavonoids, triterpenes, quinones, methyl salicylate and tannins. The hydroquinones have a pronounced disinfectant effect within the urinary tract. HABITAT: Native to North America, Europe and Asia, pipsissewa grows in woods and shady places in sandy soils. The leaves are gathered in summer. PART/S USED: Leaves PREPARATIONS: Average dose 1-3g. To prepare a tea add 1-2 teaspoons of the dried herb to cup boiling water; infuse 10 minutes before drinking ACTIONS: It is antiscorbutic, a diaphoretic, a diuretic an alterative, a tonic, a urinary antiseptic and an astringent-tonic. Contains salicylic acid, which has a mild pain-killing effect. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat dropsy following measles and other children’s fevers. Of value in kidney stone disorders. Clears scanty urine of high colour and used against catarrhal discharge, ulcers, and other sores. Can be used as a tea or as a lotion. Pipsissewa is mainly used in an infusion for urinary tract problems such as cystitis. It has also been prescribed for more serious conditions such as gonorrhoea and kidney stones. By increasing urine flow, it stimulates the removal of waste products from the body, and is therefore of benefit in the treatment of rheumatism and gout. The fresh leaves may be applied externally to rheumatic joints or muscles as well as to blisters, sores and swellings. CAUTIONS: Contains aspirin, so do not use with anyone allergic to aspirin.

PLANTAIN - See BANANA. PLEURISY ROOT

OTHER NAMES: Butterfly weed HISTORY: In North American herbal medicine, pleurisy root was considered a cure-all. It was used to treat conditions as diverse as pleurisy, typhoid, pneumonia, catarrh, dysentery, colic, eczema and hysteria. The Omaha ate the raw root for bronchitis and other chest conditions. Many tribes thought pleurisy root was a good remedy for hot dry fevers.

“The Natchez Indians believed this plant to be the best agent for pneumonia. They boiled the roots and took a cupful at a time. If one was sick with a hot dry fever” wrote Dr John Swanton, “[and he] drank this and wrapped himself up well in bed, he would soon perspire freely”[Virgil .1. Vogel]. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A perennial upright herb growing to 1 metre, it has narrow lance-shaped leaves and spikes of numerous 5-petalled orange or yellow flowers. Contains flavonoids, cardioids, amino acids. It is oestrogenic.


HABITAT: This herb is native to the southern USA. PART/S USED: The root, which is harvested in the spring. PREPARATIONS: Average dose, 1-4 grams, or equivalent. Three times a day. Every 2 hours for acute cases. Tea: Use half-2 teaspoons of the dried herb to a cup of boiling water, infuse 15 minutes. The dose is half-1 cup. Liquid Extract: 1-4ml in water. Tincture 1:10 in 45%. Dose, 1-5ml. ACTIONS: Acts as a febrifuge, an antispasmodic, an amphoteric, an expectorant, a diaphoretic and a carminative. Stimulates the function of mucous and serous surfaces. It is a stimulant to the autonomic system and equalises the circulation by opening up surface capillaries, thus promoting the free flow of blood. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Though its most specific usage is relieving the pain and inflammation of pleurisy, pleurisy root has other applications. It is useful for hot, dry and tight conditions in the chest. It promotes the coughing up of phlegm, reduces inflammation and, in addition, helps reduce fevers by stimulating perspiration. The root is also taken for the treatment of chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. CAUTIONS: Do not take during pregnancy. Excessive doses may cause vomiting.

POISON IVY - See RHUS TOXICODENDRON. POISON NUT - See NUX-VOMICA. POKEROOT

OTHER NAMES: Pigeon berry, Cancer Root HISTORY: Has a native folklore history of curing cancers and for its painkilling attributes. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is a hardy perennial, with clusters of deep purple berries, and pointed leaves arranged alternately up to 30cms long. Ashes of the burnt root, said to contain caustic potash may account for its powerful action. Contains lectins, tannin, triterpenoid saponins, resin, and gum. It has a long list of actions, but is a very toxic and an extremely dangerous plant. HABITAT: Native America PART/S USED: Leaves, root, and berries


PREPARATIONS: Average dose not more than 8ml per week. Decoction: 60mgs powder to each cup water simmered gently 5 minutes; dose, half-1 cup. Does not yield all its properties to water. Note: Berries contain a property that kills off snails carrying schistosomiasis -bilharzia para-site. New Scientist 1989 No 1690 p21 ACTIONS: A lymphatic alterative, it is also anti-neoplastic, a fungicide, a parasiticide, anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory. Dr Tyler Kent referred to it as the vegetable ‘mercury’. Its action on the blood is slow but powerful. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat swollen glands and lymph nodes, mumps, tonsillitis, sore throat, inflammation of the prostate gland, ovaries and testicles. Also to treat chronic irritant skin disorders: ringworm, eczema, psoriasis, pityriasis, acne, scrofula, lupus; itching of the genitals and anus. Ulceration (internal and external). Polymyalgia, rheumatism and arthritis. Breast problems, mammary abscess, fissured nipples, fibroid nodules and hard lumps that have been diagnosed benign. Chronic fatigue syndrome. Obesity: eliminates excessive fat in fatty degeneration. Birds that feed on its berries lose most of their fat. To arrest erosion of periosteum in bone. Itching piles. Diverticulosis, ulcerative colitis (enema). Once traditional for syphilis and STDs. Sore throat, chronic follicular pharyngitis; early physicians gave the fresh juice for spasmodic and membranous croup; mercurial poisoning from dental amalgam in teeth fillings. Lipoma (persistent internal and external treatment). Dr W.A. Dewey, Ann Arbour, Michigan, USA, saw an epithelium of the lip cured. Some forms of cancer spread via the lymphatics for which Pokeroot has an inhibitory effect. Dr Johann Schopf advised a tincture for carcinoma, and John Bartram, explorer and medical botanist, was convinced the root offered a cure or relief of symptoms for some forms of cancer after 50 years among North American Indians. CAUTIONS: Do not take the herb during pregnancy. THE HERB IS DANGEROUS AND NEEDS CAREFUL HANDLING. SOME BOOKS SAY THAT QUALIFIED HERBALISTS ARE THE ONLY PEOPLE ABLE TO USE IT, OR THAT IT SHOULD ONLY BE PRESCRIBED BY DOCTORS.

POLYPODY

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: As it is often found on oak trees it was thought to have the same magical powers as the oak [see OAK]. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A fern that lives on the roots of trees and likes the oak. Its leaves are pale to grass-green in colour and grow up to 40cms tall. Contains essential oil, tannin, saponin glycosides. Its main ingredient is osladin contained in a sticky rhizome. The root was once used as an adulterant for liquorice. A very sweet warming herb.


HABITAT: Northern climates, found on oak trees PART/S USED: Rhizomes and fronds PREPARATIONS: Take as a decoction, half a teaspoon of the root to each cup water simmered 15 minutes, dose half a cup. ACTIONS: An expectorant, an alterative, a laxative, antistress, cholagogue and a stomachic tonic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat stubborn cough, bronchitis, loss of voice, weak digestion, catarrh, and to promote flow of bile. CAUTIONS: May cause a harmless rash that soon disappears.

POMEGRANATE

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Pomegranate is mentioned in the Bible as a treatment for diarrhoea. Its seeds are astringent. The pomegranate has been a healing herb and a culinary favourite for thousands of years. It is also a key flavour in Middle Eastern cuisine. The many seeds contained in its large fruits are boiled to make a syrup used in many dishes, like the Iranian dish faisinjan. Mentioned by both Dioscorides and Pliny, and in the Egyptian Ebers papyri written about 1500BC as a cure for tapeworms. It was also used as a religious and cultural symbol. The pillars of King Solomon’s Temple are decorated with pomegranates. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A dense frost-hardy shrub or small tree, with closely packed, glossy, bright green, oval and lance-shaped leaves. The flowers are solitary and orange-red, and quite large. The fruit has a leathery reddish-yellow rind, and juicy translucent pulp. Contains alkaloids and ellagitannins. HABITAT: Native to Asia, especially Afghanistan, Iran and the Himalayas. Now naturalised in the Mediterranean. PART/S USED: Root bark, fruit and rind PREPARATIONS: Except when being used to treat tapeworm, use only in small, frequent doses as large doses nauseate. Decoction can be made of the bark or fruit rind: 50gms to 2 pints water simmered down to 1 pint, dose: a wineglassful three times a day. ACTIONS: It is vermifuge, bitter, aphrodisiac and a demulcent. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat round, pinworms and tape worms -patient fasting one or two days before taking a teacupful of the decoction. Also used as a treatment for an irritable bowel and dysentery. For cystitis eat the fruit. CAUTIONS: There are legal restrictions in some countries regarding the sale of dried root bark.


POOR MAN’S WEATHERGLASS - See SCARLET PIMPERNEL. POPLAR BUDS - See BALM OF GILEAD. POT MARIGOLD - See MARIGOLD. POTATO

Potato is useful for black eyes, just place a piece on them. To treat sties place the scrapings from the inside of a raw potato and leave secured by a bandage. The vegetable is high in glutathione and its juice alleviates constipation. For big toe inflammation [gout], use a Potato Poultice: 1 part potato juice to 3-4 parts hot water, applied on a suitable material. Cover with a protective bandage or tape.

PRICKLY ASH BARK

OTHER NAMES: Toothache Bark or Toothache Tree HISTORY: Much esteemed by American Indian communities in the pioneer days. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A deciduous shrub that grows to about a metre tall with thorny grey branches and compound leaves [Zanthoxylum is the species name]. Contains coumarins in Zanthoxylum amencanum and herculin in Zanthoxylum clava-herculis. Alkaloids are found in both species HABITAT: Not known PART/S USED: Bark - fresh and dried, berries and the fresh plant. PREPARATIONS: To prepare a decoction: Add a quarter to half a teaspoon of the dried herb to a cupful water, simmer for 20 minutes. The dose is half to 1 cup. Tincture 1:5, 45% ethanol, the dose is 2-5mls. ACTIONS: It is an alterative, a bitter, an antispasmodic, a carminative, a tonic, and a diaphoretic. It is also a positive diffusive stimulant to arterial and capillary circulation. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat cramp-like pain in the leg, muscular rheumatism, arthritic tendency, Raynaud’s phenomenon and temporal arteritis. To aleviate toothache the herb can be chewed. It also improves the circulation of blood through the brain and is therefore of value in chronic fatigue syndrome. CAUTIONS: Do not take if suffering from stomach problems or in pregnancy.

PRICKLY LETTUCE - See WILD LETTUCE.


PRICKLY PEAR

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: In Mexico prickly pear was made into preserves and an alcoholic drink. The split stems were also used to stabilise fractures. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is a perennial cactus that grows to about 3m, and has large, spatula-shaped stems covered in clusters of spines, brilliant yellow flowers, and round purple fruit. The fruit contains mucilage, sugars, vitamin C and other fruit acids. The flowers contain a flavonoid. HABITAT: Native to Mexico, it is now found in tropical and sub-tropical areas throughout the world. PART/S USED: Flowers, fruits and stems PREPARATIONS: The fruit can be mashed and decoctions made of the stems. ACTIONS: The flowers are astringent, and reduce bleeding. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: The flowers are used to stem bleeding, and they are also used to alleviate gastro-intestinal problems, diarrhoea, colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. CAUTIONS: None

PRIMROSE

Do not confuse with EVENING PRIMROSE. OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Its name Primula means first rose, and is a common herald of spring. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The plant is about 15cms tall, it has small yellow flowers with darker centres, and heart-shaped petals. In a true primrose the flowers are all on separate stalks, but with modern breeding the flowers are now found in clusters and in a variety of colours. Both the flowers and the short, thick rhizome contain a fragrant oil that is often added to pot pourri. Contains phenolic glycosides, flavonoids and saponins. HABITAT: Europe and Northern Asia in many different habitats PART/S USED: Herb, root PREPARATIONS: Tincture: for a fresh plant add 250gms to 650mls 45% alcohol and macerate 8 days, filter and take 1-10 drops twice daily. Ointment: 25gms herb to 10 parts of suitable base. The young leaves can be added to salads and the flowers crystallised.


ACTIONS: It is antispasmodic, anthelmintic, anti-rheumatic, carminative, an expectorant and an astringent. It is also anti-inflammatory and an emetic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: The plant is seldom used today. Previously it was used as a treatment for muscular rheumatism, gout and pain in the back. CAUTIONS: May cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction in some people.

PRINCE’S PINE - See PIPSISSEWA. PRUNE

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Not known DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Contains malic acid, sugar, pulp, and minerals: calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, plus Vitamins: A, BI, B3, C. Higher in B2 than any other fruit for mental health and emotional balance. The kernel contains oil and amygdalin. HABITAT: A prune is a type of dried plum, grown in warm climates. PART/S USED: Fruit PREPARATIONS: Prunes, figs, papaya and pineapple all contain natural enzymes that help dissolve unwanted growths. Prune contains a fibre and was used in remedies for gut problems; it is ideal for treating constipation. ACTIONS: It is both nutritive and a laxative. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to raise haemoglobin levels and the red cell count in iron deficiency situations. Being high in magnesium, it promotes the excretion of excess calcium by the kidneys. This action is useful for hardening of the arteries. Fruits too well known to require description. CAUTIONS: None known

PSYLLIUM

OTHER NAMES: Spogel seeds, Psyllium seeds, Ispaghula husk HISTORY: A safe and effective laxative for thousands of years in Europe, North Africa and Asia. Given their small size and colour, they have been mistaken for fleas. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The plant is an annual growing to about half a metre high, with narrow leaves and clusters of minute white-brown flowers. Contains mucilage, triterpenes and alkaloids.


HABITAT: Native to the Mediterranean area. Thrives in poor, dry, sandy soils in the full sun. PART/S USED: Dried ripe seeds PREPARATIONS: Average dose is 3-5 grams [2 grams for children]. 1-2 teaspoons of seeds once or twice daily, helped down with sips of water. As the seeds swell and make a jelly in the intestines, it is important to drink water, so that they slide out as faeces without constipation. ‘Regulates blood sugar levels and nutrient absorption’ [JAM. Nov 86, p.2.] ACTIONS: Psyllium is amphoteric, adds bulk to faeces, and can promote the healing of the gut from diverticulitis and other gut diseases. It is also anti-diarrhoeal, demulcent and bacteriostatic. Psyllium increases stool output while decreasing the transit time in healthy people. It is also anti-inflammatory. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat chronic constipation, particularly in the elderly, irritable bowel syndrome, mucous colitis and amoebic dysentery (Indian traditional). To assist the management of diverticular disease and reduce the incidence of bowel complaints. An alternative to constant use of purgatives that decrease sensitivity of alimentary mucous membranes. Useful in pregnancy. Its use lowers the cholesterol level by eliminating excess bile salts. Psyllium added to food adds bulk to stools and makes them easier to pass through the anus. CAUTIONS: Do not take if you have asthma.

PU HUANG - See BULRUSH. PUERTO RICAN CHERRY - See ACEROLA. PUKE WEED - See LOBELIA. PULSATILLA

OTHER NAMES: Sometimes also called Pasque Flower, but not to be mixed with the Pasque flower of Pulsatilla vulgaris. This one is called Anemone pulsatilla. Your tutor has been told they are two separate flowers, but if anyone else knows different please write [this one is not called Maypop as an alternative name - see PASQUE FLOWER]. HISTORY: None documented DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is about 20cms tall, and prefers the open heaths and woods and damp soil. It is less feathery than the pasque flower, being more like a buttercup with a white flower and a creamy colour inside. Contains anemone camphor, saponins and lactones. HABITAT: Not known PART/S USED: Dried herb


PREPARATIONS: From the dried plant only. Average dose: 0.1 to 0.3g three times a day or as prescribed. ACTIONS: A female nerve relaxant, a mild sedative, an alterative, an antibacterial and a mild analgesic, it is also antispasmodic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat inflammation of the ovaries, testicles, prostate gland, and genito-urinary infections generally. Absent or painful menstruation with headache, PMT, menopausal hot flushes, inflammation of the bladder, anxiety neurosis, tearful over-sensitivity in women, pains that flit from joint to joint. Hyperactivity, insomnia. measles, chicken-pox and mumps in children. Benzodiazepine or Valium addiction - to assist withdrawal. Frequent micturition by men at night. Styes (topical). Adrenal exhaustion. Schizophrenia. Senile dementia. Believed to have an influence on some obsessive mental illnesses. For hearing loss (Pulsatilla plus Hawthorn in equal parts). Combines well with Passion flower and Jamaica Dogwood for hyperactivity and sleeplessness. CAUTIONS: None known [no references in any book].

PUMPKIN SEEDS

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: The pumpkin has been used as a medicine in Central and North America for many generations. The Maya applied the sap of the plant to burns, the Menominee used the seeds as a diuretic, and European settlers ground and mixed the seeds with water, milk or honey to make a remedy for worms. This practice became so widespread in homes across North America that the medical profession eventually adopted it as a standard treatment. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: An annual plant with twining stems, lobed leaves, yellow flowers and large orange fruit. Pumpkin seeds contain 30% unsaturated fixed oil, which includes linoleic and oleic fatty acids. The seeds also contain cucurbitacins, vitamins A, B, and minerals calcium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc. HABITAT: Probably native to North America, pumpkin is now found worldwide. It is harvested in autumn. PART/S USED: Seeds, fruit pulp PREPARATIONS: The seeds, or a puree mixed with honey, can be eaten freely. Tea: 2-3 teaspoons seeds to cup boiling water; infuse 10 minutes; drink freely as a ‘male’ tonic. OR chew 2-3 teaspoons seeds daily. As a facemask: puree applied to skin can be a remedy for dryness and wrinkling.


ACTIONS: Anthelmintic - important worm remedy, use the seeds ground and mixed with honey. Diuretic - infusion of 2-3 teaspoons seeds in cup boiling water; infuse 10 minutes - half-1 cup. Pumpkin is high in amino acids; it is phytosterol and the seeds are a powerful diuretic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Because of its anthelmintic effect, the herb is used to arrest enlargement of the prostate gland. Also used to treat cystitis, minor kidney dysfunction and tapeworm. Pumpkin seeds are taken principally as a safe de-worming agent. They are particularly useful against tapeworms in pregnant women, and children for whom stronger-acting and toxic preparations are unsuitable. The seeds are also mildly diuretic, and have been used in Central American herbal medicine as a treatment for nephritis and other urinary system problems. Varieties of pumpkin that are particularly diuretic, tonic to the bladder and high in zinc have been recommended in the early stages of prostate problems. The pulp is used as a decoction to relieve intestinal inflammation, and is applied as a poultice or plaster for burns. CAUTIONS: None known

PURPLE CONEFLOWER - See ECHINACEA. PURPLE FOXGLOVE - See YELLOW FOXGLOVE. PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Culpeper wrote in 1654 that the herb “was useful for treating eye problems”. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: An attractive perennial that grows to about 1.5 metres tall, it has straight stems, pointed lance-shaped leaves and spikes of brilliant purple flowers. Contains salicarin, tannins, mucilage, plant sterols and a volatile oil. HABITAT: The herb is native to Europe but is also found in other parts of the world. It thrives in marshes, along streams and rivers, and is gathered in the summer when in bloom. PART/S USED: Aerial parts PREPARATIONS: Can be used in decoctions, teas, poultices and lotions. ACTIONS: It is antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, astringent and anti-diarrhoea.


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: The main uses of this herb are to quell diarrhoea and dysentery. It can safely be used with babies. Alleviates bleeding from heavy menstrual flow, bleeding between the flows, to heal leg ulcers, eczema, and all types of itching skin. The whole plant is known to be antibiotic and is effective against typhus. CAUTIONS: None known

PURPLE MEDICK - See ALFALFA. PURPLE ORCHID

OTHER NAMES: Salep HISTORY: Dioscorides wrote about this orchid in the First Century SAD. It has tuberous roots and they have been eaten as a vegetable. In Greece, women ate them to increase their sexual appetite. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The herb is perennial and grows to about 60cms; it has narrow leaves, often with purple blotches. The flowering stem bears purple or pink flowers. The plant has two tuberous roots one larger than the other. The herb contains 48% mucilage HABITAT: The purple orchid grows in Europe and other temperate and sub-tropical regions. It is commonly found in woodland and grassland. Salep, the name of the purple orchid’s tuber, is gathered and dried in the autumn. PART/S USED: Tuber PREPARATIONS: Used as a vegetable similar to the potato. ACTIONS: Anti-diarrhoea USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: As a vegetable CAUTIONS: None

PURSLANE

OTHER NAMES: Garden purslane, Chinese Ma Chi Xian HISTORY: Dates back thousands of years in China and India. It was also known to the ancient Egyptians. In Europe it was thought to keep the forces of magic at bay and was sprinkled around the bed to prevent lightening striking.


DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: This weed is the richest source of 0-3 fatty acids yet examined. Purslane is eaten extensively as a vegetable in soups and salads in eastern Mediterranean countries. The entire plant is edible: can be eaten raw, cooked, or pickled; has a mild acid taste and a fatty or mucilaginous quality [Journal American Oil Chemists Society 1991 68 198-9]. Contains potassium oxalate, mucilage. Purslane is anti-oxidant, rich in calcium and carotenoids, also high in glutathione and beta-carotene, vitamins A, C and E, magnesium, potassium, oxalic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, and is known to prevent blood clots and a build–up of cholesterol. HABITAT: Native plant that grows from Greece to China. Thrives in dry, sandy, nitrogen-rich weed/soils PART/S USED: Herb, seeds, juice PREPARATIONS: Can be cooked as a vegetable, added to salads and sauces, and used in teas, decoctions and infusions. ACTIONS: A refrigerant used to reduce body heat, a mild antispasmodic and a diuretic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: To treat headache from nervous excitability: 2 tea-spoons leaves added to a cup boiling water. For sore throat and sore gums, use the juice as a mouthwash and gargle. For severe pain in the urethra with strong desire to pass water, drink 2-3 teaspoons of the fresh juice. For dry coughs: take a teaspoon of fresh juice with honey. For muscular rheumatism or gout, use the leaves as a poultice. For ulcers and sores use the juice as an antiseptic and healer. CAUTIONS: No longer used medicinally.

PYRETHRUM

OTHER NAMES: Dalmatian Pellitory HISTORY: None documented DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The plant is a hardy perennial and has a daisy like appearance. Its leaves are a greyish green, and are divided and downy on the undersides. The flowers are similar to those of a daisy. The stem can grow as high as 75cms tall. This herb contains a powerful insecticide, and is used to protect against airborne insect diseases, such as malaria. The dried flowers are often burnt to ward off insects, or the powder sprinkled to keep cockroaches, mosquitoes and flies at bay. HABITAT: Most of Europe, but originated from part of the Croatian coast and Albania. PART/S USED: The flowers are picked just before they open. PREPARATIONS: Used as an insecticide ACTIONS: None


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: None CAUTIONS: May cause allergic reaction because of the potency of the insecticide.

QAT - See KHAT. QIANG HUO

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Used in China since the 2nd Century BC, and listed in the herbal written in the First Century AD. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is a member of the carrot family, with an upright ridged stem and deeply cut leaves. Its flowers bloom in dense clusters. It contains a volatile oil. HABITAT: Native to central China, its root is dug up in the spring or autumn. PART/S USED: Root PREPARATIONS: Decoctions and tinctures ACTIONS: It is both an antiseptic and diaphoretic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used mainly for alleviating chills, colds, and flu, it is also used to promote sweating and so flush out any toxins. CAUTIONS: May cause vomiting, use at low dosages to begin any treatment.

QIN JIAO

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Qin jiao is one of the 252 herbs listed in the Chinese herbal written in the 1st Century AD. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A perennial herb that grows to about 70cms, it has opposite lance-shaped leaves, and bell-shaped violet flowers emerging from the leaf axils. Qin jiao contains alkaloids such as gentianine and gentianindine, and bitter principles. HABITAT: Qin jiao is native to Mongolia and northeastern provinces of China, where the root is unearthed in spring or autumn. PART/S USED: Root. PREPARATIONS: Tincture ACTIONS: Stimulant, sedative [balances], anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Like its European cousin, gentian, gin jiao is a strongly bitter herb. It is commonly taken in the form of a tincture in order to stimulate the digestion and cool the body in general. Qin Jiao is also mildly pungent, and is therefore appropriate for a somewhat different range of illnesses. In Chinese herbal medicine it is prescribed for the treatment of “wind-damp” conditions such as fever, jaundice and “dry” constipation. It is used generally to help support the function of the liver and digestive system. As it is anti-inflammatory and mildly sedative, it can also be prescribed as a treatment for various rheumatic and arthritic conditions. CAUTIONS: None known

QING HAO

OTHER NAMES: Chinese wormwood HISTORY: First mentioned in China in 168BC. In traditional Chinese medicine it is used to treat malaria. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A perennial herb that grows to about a metre, with green feathery leaves covered in fine hairs. The leaves are bright green and saw-toothed. The herb contains vitamin A, artemisinin, and oil. HABITAT: Grows in grasslands and on waste ground in Vietnam, Japan, and other far eastern countries. It grows from seed or old rootstock. PART/S USED: Fresh leaves harvested in the summer PREPARATIONS: The tincture is prepared from the leaves and given four times a day. The infusion is used by European herbalists for headaches combined with fever. ACTIONS: It is anti-malarial, anti-fungal, antibiotic and reduces a fever. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: It is used against fungal skin conditions and Weil’s disease. Against malaria it has a direct effect upon the malaria parasite called plasmodium, a protozoon introduced into the body by infected mosquitoes. In Thailand it has been noted in research to be better than using chloroquine. CAUTIONS: Take only under professional supervision and not when pregnant.

QU MAI - See FRINGED PINK. QUAKER BONNET - See SKULLCAP. QUAKING ASPEN - See WHITE POPLAR BARK.


QUASSIA

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: None documented DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: An ash tree that grows to around 25 metres. The wood of the trunk is dried and cut up as a medicine. Quassia is a traditional remedy for malaria and can be useful in treating head lice. Contains alkaloids and quassinoids. HABITAT: West Indies PART/S USED: Wood chips PREPARATIONS: Three times a day take a tea: 1-heaped teaspoon chips in each cup cold water; steep overnight. Dose: half a cup. Tea may be used externally for body lice. Tincture Quassia. Dose: 2-4ml in water. ACTIONS: Anthelmintic, a tonic bitter, anti-pyretic, orexigenic. Increases the flow of gastric juice and saliva. Also used as an insect repellent. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: As a cure for lack of appetite, constipation, dyspepsia, fevers, indigestion and worms. Topical: infusion is used as a skin wash for scabies, fleas and other parasites. CAUTIONS: Excessive consumption can cause stomach irritation, nausea and vomiting.

QUEBRACHO

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: The name quebracho comes from the Spanish qnebrar meaning ‘to break’ and hacha meaning ‘axe’, an allusion to the hardness of this tree’s wood. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The tree grows to 30m, and has thick corky bark, leathery leaves and tubular white flowers. Contains tannins, indole alkaloids, sterols. HABITAT: Quebraeho is found in the southern half of South America. The bark and timber are used commercially. PART/S USED: Bark PREPARATIONS: Three times a day of a concentrated infusion, dose: 2 to 4ml. Liquid Extract: dose, 0.5 to 1 .5ml in water. Tincture: 1 part bark to 10 parts 45% alcohol; macerate 8 days, shake daily, filter. Dose: 2 to 4ml in water. ACTIONS: It is antispasmodic, anti-asthmatic, tonic bitter, hypotensive, diuretic, uterine sedative, peripheral vaso-constrictor and a mild local anaesthetic.


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: For breathing difficulties associated with heart and lung disease, and upper respiratory distress following physical exhaustion. Though rarely used in modern herbalism, it can still be an effective remedy. With its antispasmodic effect on the bronchial tubes, quebraeho is used therapeutically to treat asthma and emphysema. It is a tonic and reduces fever. This herb is astringent and has been used externally on wounds and burns. CAUTIONS: Large doses can be nauseating. Take only under professional supervision. Quebraeho, which is toxic in excessive doses, is subject to legal restrictions in some countries.

QUEEN ANNE’S LACE - See WILD CARROT SEED. QUEEN’S DELIGHT

OTHER NAMES: Yaw Root HISTORY: Used for syphilis in the U.S.A. before 1828.

DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is a perennial subshrub that grows to about 90cm tall. It has a creeping root-stock with stems that are clustered and branched. Leaves are often marked with chancre-like spots; these are a signature for syphilis. The leaves are ovate or oblong, three to eleven cm long. The flowers are yellow and without petals, in dense terminal spikes twelve cm long. The male flowers are in clusters, and the female solitary. Constituents: tannin, an acid resin, and indole alkaloids including quebrachamine. HABITAT: North U.S.A. in sandy light soils, in dry soils in full sun.

PART/S USED: Dried root PREPARATIONS: Decoction: Half-1 teaspoon to each cup of water gently simmered 20 minutes. Dose: one-third to half a cup. Liquid Extract: 10-30 drops in water. Tincture 1:5 in 45% alcohol. Dose: l-4ml. Powder: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). ACTIONS: An alterative, a traditional blood purifier, an expectorant, diaphoretic, lymphatic, antispasmodic and a circulatory stimulant. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat scrofula and chronic disorders of the lymph glands, elephantiasis, skin diseases with moist discharge. Also used to treat piles, congested liver, hoarseness, and bronchitis (weeping eczema, etc), bone pains, chronic rheumatism and other muscular problems. A popular plant medicine for syphilis and other STDs in the Southern States of America before the age of modern medicine.


Combinations: (1) With Sarsaparilla as a lymphatic stimulant. (2) With Poke root for early stages of glandular fever. CAUTIONS: Practitioner use only. Large doses are emetic and cathartic.

QUEEN OF THE MEADOW - See MEADOWSWEET. QUILLAJA BARK

OTHER NAMES: Soap bark HISTORY: None documented, but it seems obvious that native South Americans used products of this tree to wash themselves and or their clothing. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It is an evergreen South American tree, with attractive trails of waxy leaves. The bark is rich in saponins, which are soap-forming chemicals. The tree’s name comes from the Chilean word for washing. The saponins are used to make ordinary soap and also as foaming agents in fire extinguishers. Contains saponins, tannins, calcium oxalate. HABITAT: South America PART/S USED: Dried inner bark PREPARATIONS: A strong decoction is used to wash the skin in cases of vermin infestation. ACTIONS: A stimulating expectorant, an emulsifying agent and a detergent. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat bronchitis, aortic disease with heart enlargement and skin disorders. Once used as a substitute for soap. CAUTIONS: Practitioner use. Large doses emetic. Do not use internally unless a practitioner.

QUINCE

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: The quince has long been prized as a fruit and medicine in Greece and the eastern Mediterranean. It was used as an astringent in the time of Hippocrates 460-377BC. Dioscorides records a recipe for quince oil that was applied to itchy, infected wounds and spreading sores. In northerly climates quince is often cooked to make a preserve. The English word “marmalade”, meaning citrus fruit jam, comes from the Portuguese word for quince, marmelo.


DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A deciduous tree growing to 8 metres that has green-grey oval leaves, pink or white flowers and yellow, pear-shaped sweet-smelling fruit. A source of Vitamin C and also tannin, pectin and fruit acids; the seeds contain about 20% mucilage, cyanogenic glycosides including amygdalin, fixed oil and tannins. HABITAT: Native to south-west and central Asia, quince has become naturalized in Europe, especially in the Mediterranean region. It grows in damp, rich soils in hedges and copies. The fruit is harvested when ripe in autumn. PART/S USED: Seeds and fruit pulp PREPARATIONS: Used in cooking. A poultice can be made using both the cooked fruit and the seeds. ACTIONS: It is a demulcent, nutrient, anti-diarrhoea, astringent and a laxative. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used in the treatment of irritable bowel, dysentery, sore throat and mouth, dry cough and constipation. For mild burns: stand seeds in water overnight, collect the mucilage in the morning and apply. Can be eaten freely as a fruit. The great astringency of the unripe fruit makes it useful as a remedy for diarrhoea, one that is particularly safe for children. The fruit and its juice can also be taken as a mouthwash or gargle to treat mouth ulcers, gum problems and sore throats. When cooked, much of the fruit’s astringency is lost; quince syrup is recommended as a pleasant, mildly astringent, digestive drink. The seeds contain significant quantities of mucilage, and are helpful both in treating bronchitis and as a bulk laxative. CAUTIONS: Do not use the seeds except under professional supervision.

RADISH

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Radish is a cruciferous vegetable. In Russia they are used to treat thyroid problems. High in phytosterols and vitamin B6. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The plant is a hardy annual. The radish that we see in the shops in the UK is just the taproot, and is red on the outside and white-fleshed on the inside. The radish in the east is more important, where they are often grown to a large size and look more like eggs. In Japan they often measure over 80cms in length. The Japanese even give small radishes as gifts. The flower is cross-shaped, white or mauve, and blooms in the summer. Its leaves are irregular and lobed. HABITAT: Europe and Asia in well-drained soil PART/S USED: The whole plant can be used.


PREPARATIONS: The roots are cooked as vegetables and grated so that they can be added to stews and fish dishes. The Cantonese use them in soup. The leaves are gathered when young and fresh. The seeds can be dried and used in pickles. ACTIONS: Radish is antibiotic, an expectorant and a natural tonic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: See above. The seeds may also be used to bring up trapped wind. CAUTIONS: None known.

RAGWORT

OTHER NAMES: Stinking Nanny, St James’ Wort HISTORY: None documented DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Neglected fields are soon overrun with this weed, which grows on any waste ground and dunes. The grooved stem branches above the middle and grows 30 to 150cms tall. The flowers are ray florets, and have orange heads that are in flat-topped corymbs. The leaves are deeply lobed, blunt toothed, dark green and hairless, or with sparse hairs underneath. Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, volatile oil. HABITAT: Found in all temperate climates. PART/S USED: Fresh leaves PREPARATIONS: Tea, infusions and poultices. ACTIONS: Anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: An ointment of fine-cut, dried aerial parts can be used as a poultice for rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lumbago, sciatica and for other pain relief. CAUTIONS: External use only.

RAMSONS

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Ramsons is an onion-like plant and has been considered to be a herb that is useful in preventative medicine. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A bulbous perennial smelling strongly of garlic. It grows to about 28cms tall, and has a triangular stem and broad elliptical leaves. Clusters of white star-shaped flowers grow from a common stem. Contains volatile oil, aldehydes, vinyl sulphide and vitamin C. HABITAT: Native to Europe and Asia, they carpet shady parts of woodland.


PART/S USED: Bulbs and aerial parts PREPARATIONS: Used as a food and very similar to garlic. ACTIONS: Largely preventative health, anti rheumatic, stimulant, carminative, fumitory and vermifuge. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used as a food, lowers the blood pressure, helps to prevent arteriosclerosis, eases stomach pain and is a tonic to the digestion. Stimulates the circulation, and is thought to be helpful to those with asthma. CAUTIONS: None

RASPBERRY LEAVES

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Historical evidence suggests that raspberries were cultivated since early times. The ancient Greeks and Romans valued the plant highly. The Pilgrim Fathers took the plant with them to the USA. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The bushes grow to a height of 1.5 metres. The leaves are serrated, strongly veined and covered with a white down on their undersurfaces. They grow wild on heaths and woods, and the fruits are made up of small one-seeded carpels that are red when ripe. Raspberries contain anthocyanins and anthocyanosides [see BILBERRY] and arE high in tannins. Also contains Polypeptides and flavonoids. HABITAT: Europe and North America, now found in many parts of the world. PART/S USED: Dried leaves, fine cut PREPARATIONS: Raspberry tea can easily be made from tea bags that are easily available. To make a tea from dried leaves place 25gms of the leaves to 650mls boiling water, infuse 15 minutes and drink a cup at any time of the day. Children can have a wineglassful. Babies: teaspoon doses. Liquid extract: 1-2 teaspoons in water. ACTIONS: A pre-natal aid, an astringent tonic, an antispasmodic and a parturient, with a reputation for painless and easy delivery in straightforward births. USES OF THE HERB –MEDICAL: As an alleviant for pain or profuse bleeding of menstruation. Helpful in the last 2 months of pregnancy to tone uterine muscles. Promotes milk production. Alleviates mouth ulcers, sore throat, tonsillitis (gargle and mouth wash). Vaginal discharge (douche). Sickness and nausea associated with pregnancy. Relieves labour pains and is useful for morning sickness or as a relaxant for uterus and abdominal cramps.


Combines well with Motherwort (equal parts) for threatened miscarriage. Combines with Marshmallow and Agrimony (equal parts) for diverticulitis and bowel disorders. External: Tea can be used as an eye douche for conjunctivitis. CAUTIONS: None known

RAT’S TAIL - See BANANA. RAUWOLFIA - See INDIAN SNAKEROOT. RED BEET - See WHITE BEET. RED BERGAMOT - See BERGAMOT ORANGE. RED BUSH HERBAL TEA - See ROOIBOSCHE TEA. RED CHILLI - See CHILLI PEPPER. RED CINCHONA - See CINCHONA. RED CLOVER

OTHER NAMES: Trefoil HISTORY: Mentioned by Hippocrates and by physicians of the Ancient World. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: It grows erect between 5 and 100cms. It is more or less hairy and grows the tallest in grassland. The leaf is comprised of 3 elliptic leaflets, often with a pale crescent, and usually rounded at the tips. The leaf stalk is about 20cms long. Immediately below the flower head are two leaves that have a bristle on them. The flowers are pink with compact ovoid heads. Contains flavonoids, isoflavones, resins, and coumarins, minerals, and vitamins. The shoots are high in calcium. HABITAT: Europe and northern Asia. Widely distributed in fields and on roadsides. Prefers deep, rich, dry, or moist soils. PART/S USED: Flower heads PREPARATIONS: Make a tea from 25gms of the dried herb to 650mls boiling water; infuse 15 minutes and drink a cup. Home tincture, 1 part flowers to 5 parts vodka; macerate 8 days and decant, the dose is 5-10mls. ACTIONS: A deobstruent, an antispasmodic, an alterative, a sedative and an expectorant. It is a mildly stimulating and relaxing alterative with an affinity for throat and salivary glands. Anti-inflammatory. Reputed antineoplastic for reduction of tumours and hard swellings, especially of ovaries and breast. Has a long traditional reputation as a drink for cleansing the lymphatic vessels through which cancer is believed to spread.


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Red Clover aids the body as if it were a natural oestrogen, it prevents cancer, is anti-angiogenicones and increases the oestrogen levels in the body. To treat mouth ulcers and sore throat, use a strong tea gargle, swallowing a mouthful at each session. Also used as a treatment for skin diseases: scrofula, eczema and old sores that refuse to heal. For whooping cough and bronchitis in children, drink the tea as often as required. CAUTIONS: None known

RED ELM - See SLIPPERY ELM. RED FLOWERS - See SCARLET PIMPERNEL. RED INDIAN PAINT - See BLOODROOT. RED PEPPER - See CAYENNE. RED POPPY - See FIELD POPPY. RED ROOT

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: None documented DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Red root is a small shrub that grows in the prairies in eastern North America. HABITAT: North America PART/S USED: The root, which is naturally red, and after any frost appears redder! PREPARATIONS: Can be used as a tincture, a tea, a strong decoction, a gargle, or in capsules. Tincture: Dry root, 1:5 with 50% alcohol, 30 to 90 drops up to 4 times a day. Tea: 1 teaspoon powdered root in 8 ounces water, simmer 15 minutes, strain. Drink up to 6 cups per day. ACTIONS: First and foremost a lymph system stimulant, it is also anti-inflammatory, and tonic. It is astringent, a mucous membrane tonic, an alterative, an antiseptic, an expectorant, an antispasmodic, and a blood coagulant. Used to treat liver inflammation and congestion USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: See above CAUTIONS: None known


RED SAGE

OTHER NAMES: Dan Shen, also known as the Asian Red sage. HISTORY: Was mentioned in a herbal written in China in the First Century. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Dan Shen is a hardy perennial growing to about a metre, with toothed oval leaves and clusters of purple flowers. Contains diterpene bitters, volatile oil, flavonoids and rosmarinic acid. HABITAT: Not known PART/S USED: Dried leaves. PREPARATIONS: Take around 1-4 grams of the herb three times a day. Tea: half-1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water, infuse for 15 minutes. Liquid Extract: 15-30 drops, in water. Tincture: take 30-60 drops, in water. Sage Oil: External use only. ACTIONS: Antiseptic, antibacterial, astringent, tonic, expectorant and diaphoretic. Active against: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Salmonella spp. The essential oil is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Folk medicine associates it with longevity. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat sore throat, laryngitis, pharyngitis, to reduce blood sugar, tonsillitis, inflammation or ulceration of mouth, gums and throat and some respiratory problems. Also for excessive sweating, night sweats use cold, flatulence, loss of appetite, weak stomach, chronic gastro-intestinal catarrh, anxiety, menopausal problems, memory problems and mental confusion. CAUTIONS: Convulsions may be caused by taking thujone. Sage is high in this substance, beware! Not indicated in high blood pressure, presence of blood in the urine, pregnancy or epilepsy.

RED VINE

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Not known DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Contains Vitamin C. Vitamin P effect. Constituents: grape sugar, malic acid, gum. HABITAT: Not known PART/S USED: Leaves


PREPARATIONS: Tea: 1 heaped teaspoon to cup boiling water: infuse 15 minutes. Half-l cup three times a day. ACTIONS: Vein restorer, Alterative. Astringent (external). Anti-diarrhoea. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat capillary fragility, varicose veins, piles, chilblains and hardening of the arteries. Excessive menstrual bleeding, irritable bowel. Menopause - to normalise the circulation. CAUTIONS: None

REHMANNIA

OTHER NAMES: Di Huang [Chinese], known in the west as Chinese Foxglove HISTORY: An important herb in China that was referred to by Ge Hong, the 4th Century Chinese physician and alchemist. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A perennial that grows to about half a metre in height, with large sticky leaves and purple flowers. Contains phytosterols, mannitol sugars and rehmannin. HABITAT: Grows wild on sunny slopes in northern and central China. The root is harvested in the autumn after the plant has flowered. PART/S USED: Root, dried and fresh. The root can be chewed, and has a slight bitter flavour. PREPARATIONS: Simmer 15gms of root in red wine for 20 minutes, and drink 100mls a day for blood loss and anaemia. ACTIONS: Tonic, kidney tonic and liver tonic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Raw and prepared root is eaten raw and cooked in wine. The raw herb clears the blood, and the cooked herb is used for alleviating heat problems indicated by a red tongue. Also a treatment for hepatitis. CAUTIONS: None known

REISHI MUSHROOM

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Not known DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Contains glucans of the same structure as lentinan, found in Shiitake. Contains germanium, which helps oxygenate cells. HABITAT: Not known


PART/S USED: Not known PREPARATIONS: Powder: 1 teaspoon daily for immune enhancement. 2 teaspoons for cancer and AIDS to enhance the immune response. Works well with Shiitake Mushroom. ACTIONS: Anti-tumour [animal studies], Hypotensive, antiviral, immunostimulant, antitussive, expectorant. Antihistamine. Antibacterial. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Contains adenosine, which inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombocyte formation. Used to treat high blood pressure and chronic asthma. A popular Chinese remedy in syrup for bronchitis. Officially recognised in Japan as a cancer treatment. Also a treatment for candida, chronic fatigue syndrome, and the side effects of radiation and chemotherapy. Helpful for high blood pressure, allergies and to reduce blood fat. Diet: Reishi is marketed as a food with no health claims made for it. CAUTIONS: No known side-effects.

REN SHEN - See GINSENG. RHATANY

OTHER NAMES: Krameria root HISTORY: A traditional South American remedy. Natives used it as an astringent. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Rhatany is a dense evergreen shrub that grows to about a metre tall and has a deep root, oblong leaves and large red flowers. The herb contains tannins, phlobaphene, benzofurans and n-methyltyrosine. HABITAT: The shrub is found in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, on the western slopes of the Andes at altitudes over 1,000 metres. The root is dug up any time in the year. PART/S USED: Dried root PREPARATIONS: Average dose is half-2g taken in a divided dose over three times a day. As a decoction: half-1 teaspoon of the dried herb, to each large cup water gently simmered 20 minutes, the dose is one-third to half a cup. The tea can also be used as a wash for treating haemorrhoids. ACTIONS: It is anti-tubercle, haemostatic, a powerful astringent and it is anti-microbial.


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Rhatany is astringent and anti-microbial and is a useful remedy for problems with the gastro-intestinal tract. The bark is used to treat gingivitis. Basis of treatment for tuberculosis, spongy, bleeding gums, bleeding piles, nasal polyps, haemoptysis, incontinence of urine. CAUTIONS: None known

RHEUMATISM ROOT - See WILD YAM. RHUS TOXICODENDRON

OTHER NAMES: Poison oak, Poison ivy HISTORY: Not known DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A perennial shrub that grows to about two meters. Its stems contain a milky juice. Its leaves are compound with three thin, downy leaflets, and small greenish flowers followed by pale brown fruits. Contains tannins and rhiotannic acid. It is a narcotic irritant. It is the most poisonous member of its genus. The toxic sap often turns black on drying, and has been used in the past as indelible ink. It is a deciduous plant and usually develops into a small multi-stemmed vine, sometimes with aerial roots. The leaves come in varying shades of green, are alternate and divided into three with undulating margins. The poisonous properties are contained in all parts of the plant. HABITAT: Native to Eastern North America in thickets. PART/S USED: Leaves and stems PREPARATIONS: Tincture in 60 % alcohol 1:10. The dose: 0.06-0.l2ml. Rhus Tox Ointment. Anthroposophic. Constituents: 100g contains: Rhus toxicodendron tincture 10ml in a base containing lanolin, beeswax and vegetable oils. Apply on a dry dress-ing, popular as a homoeopathic remedy. ACTIONS: Action: alterative, with special reference to non-irritant skin disorders. Discontinue if itching ensues. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Widely used in homeopathy for rheumatism and other muscle pains.

CAUTIONS: Causes a violent allergic response on contact or by simply being near it. Poison ivy causes pain and blistering, and urushiol is the culprit ingredient. The area affected needs to be washed with soap to avoid the poison entering the skin. Plantain can control the poison of these plants.

RICHWEED - See HORSE BALM.


ROCKET

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Dates back to ancient civilisations. Was used as a salad leaf in ancient Rome. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The four-petalled flowers are creamy white and have distinctive veins of purple. The whole aerial plant and the seeds are edible. It grows to about 70cms and is a frost-hardy annual. Grows wild in warmer climates, though not the tropics. HABITAT: Mediterranean and western Asia, in waste or on cultivated land. Prefers a warm position. PART/S USED: Whole aerial plant. Leaves gathered after flowering. PREPARATIONS: Tinctures, fresh leaves, and infusions. ACTIONS: Mainly culinary. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Mainly a culinary plant, though thought to have digestive properties, and was purgative. CAUTIONS: None, but excessive doses may cause vomiting.

ROMAN CHAMOMILE

SEE ALSO: German chamomile OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Roman chamomile has long been valued as a medicinal plant in Britain. Though called Roman chamomile, this herb was not cultivated in Rome until the 16th Century, probably arriving there from Britain. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A perennial that grows to about 50cm, it has feathery leaves and daisy-like flowerheads. Roman chamomile contains volatile oil, sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, coumarins and phenolic acids. HABITAT: Native to Western Europe, Roman chamomile is now cultivated across Europe, and also in other temperate regions. The flowers are harvested as they open in summer. PART/S USED: Flowers, essential oil. PREPARATIONS: As necessary, 4-6 flower heads to each cup boiling water, infuse 15 minutes; drink half to one cup at one time. Tincture 1:5, 455 ethanol. Dose: 3-5ml. Chamomile ointment used to treat nappy rash, dry skin, and irritation of the skin.


ACTIONS: Antispasmodic, a mild analgesic, anti-inflammatory, bitter, carminative, skin de-sensitiser, mild tranquilliser, anti-convulsant, anti-emetic and a mild sedative. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: A remedy for the digestive system, Roman chamomile is often used interchangeably with German chamomile. However, an infusion of Roman chamomile has a more pronounced and bitter action than its German namesake. It is an excellent treatment for nausea, vomiting, indigestion and loss of appetite. By stimulating digestive secretions and relaxing the muscles of the gut, it helps normalise the digestive function. Its marked anti-inflammatory and anti- allergenic properties make it helpful when applied to irritated skin. A useful treatment for nausea and indigestion from emotional upset, facial neuralgia, insomnia, Meniere’s syndrome, and gastro-intestinal irritation with diarrhoea. CAUTIONS: Large doses can be emetic. Not used in pregnancy, but German chamomile can be. Do not use the essential oil internally.

ROOIBOSCH TEA

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: None documented DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: An African legume shrub that contains cyclopine. HABITAT: South Africa PART/S USED: Leaves PREPARATIONS: Teabags available ACTIONS: Anti-spasmodic USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: A tea drunk by Bushmen and Hottentots in the Cape district of South Africa. A bush tea that is rich in Vitamin C and minerals: manganese, potash, magnesium, iron, and phosphate. An alternative to domestic tea that offers a caffeine-free, low-tannin beverage that promotes digestion and assists liver and kidney function. Rooibos is a carminative, is safe for children, alleviates insomnia and is used by physicians in South America for making a tea to calm infants with colic. As a mild antispasmodic is of value for muscular cramps and rheumatic aches and pains. Contains sufficient natural fluoride to resist tooth decay. Its anti-histamine effect is useful in cases of allergies such as hay fever and milk allergy. CAUTIONS: none known


ROSE

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Long history - see AROMATHERAPY. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Rose oil of the highest quality comes from Bulgaria, where its distillation has been a major industry since the 17th Century. Constituents: Oil containing nerol, geraniol, geranic acid, eugenol, myrcene and other constituents. Source of Vitamin C. HABITAT: Bulgaria and other parts of the world. PART/S USED: Petals PREPARATIONS: Oil ACTIONS: A mild sedative and a mild local anaesthetic, it is anti-inflammatory, a laxative, a liver protector, also antidepressant, an aphrodisiac and it is cardioactive. It increases bile-flow, is anti-viral and a menstrual regulator. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: To reduce high cholesterol levels. “To raise the spirits and cheer the heart”. Rose water can be used as a lotion for inflamed eyes. As a vehicle for other medicines and to treat vaginal irritation and dryness. Oil of Roses Study: “Recent scientific research on Rose oil has yielded interesting results. Reportedly, Rose oil includes spasmolytic, sedative, local anaesthetic, antiseptic, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, laxative, digestive, hypolipidemic and cardiotonic properties. An ointment called “Rosalin” was tested against many microorganisms with positive results, and showed benefit to cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. “Another preparation, “Girostal”, containing Rose oil and Vitamin A, appears to have a blood lipid lowering [hypolipidemic] effect, especially in gall stones and fat degeneration. Psychological studies indicate that Rose oil can induce “sweeter dreams” and increase concentration and rate of work capacity. Safety studies indicate that Rose oil has a very low oral toxicity in humans.” WS. Brud and I. Szydlowska, Bulgarian Rose Otto: Priceless Perfume, Precious Medicine International Journal of Aromatherapy, Aut. 1991, Vol 13, No3,pp.17-19 CAUTIONS: none known

ROSE BAY WILLOW HERB

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Rose bay willow herb leaves were taken in Europe as an astringent tea. In Siberia, an alcoholic drink has been made from this herb and the Fly Agaric Mushroom.


DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A perennial growing to 2 metres with an erect stem, narrow leaves and long spikes of pink-purple flowers. Contains flavones and tannins. Leaves once used as a substitute for tea. HABITAT: This herb is found in Europe and western Asia, and grows in clearings, in hedgerows and on waste ground. It is picked when in flower in late summer. PART/S USED: Rhizome and aerial parts PREPARATIONS: Tea: 2 teaspoons dried leaves or flowers to cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes, drink a cup of tea when wanted. Decoction of the rhizome, 1 teaspoon to cup water gently simmered 15 minutes. Half cup, three times a day. Home tincture: dried rhizome 1 part, in 10 parts 45% alcohol. Macerate 8 days and decant, take 1-2 teaspoons in water, three times a day. Ointment: 1 part dried leaves to 8 parts Vaseline in gentle heat, half-hour. ACTIONS: It is astringent, anti-diarrhoeic, a demulcent, a haemostatic and is mildly anti-microbial. Its leaves are diuretic. Externally used as an emollient. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat weak stomachs, gastro-enteritis, dysentery and summer diarrhoea in children. Also diarrhoea of typhoid fever, colitis, diverticulosis and mouth ulcers. Can be used as a pharyngitis gargle and mouth wash. An infantile eczema ointment can be made from the leaves. Rose bay willow herb has been used in Germany and Austria to treat prostate problems. CAUTIONS: None known

ROSE HIPS

OTHER NAMES: Wild briar. Rose hip tree, Dog Rose HISTORY: Long before the discovery of Vitamin C, Rose Hip tea was used for the common cold and locally for inflamed or bleeding gums. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A natural source of Vitamin C. rose hips contain flavonoids, tannins, vitamins, carotenoids. Rosehips are high in pectin and are the source of Vitamin C, which was first discovered in this plant. Rose hips also contain Vitamins A, B1 and B2 in its pulp. In some situations, because of a lack of a major enzyme in the liver, the human body in unable to manufacture its own Vitamin C from glucose, as most members of the animal kingdom can do. In such cases the vitamin C has to be taken into the body from an outside source, one of which is the Rose Hip. As a fitness tea, Rose Hips help maintain a healthy collagen - the gelatinous substance that holds trillions of individual cells together, and which offers a limited protection against viral infections. Dog rose also relieves nausea.


HABITAT: Native to Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. Prefers porous soil in hedgerows, woodland and thickets. Grows to 1600 meters. PART/S USED: Ripe Fruits [hips] are gathered in the autumn, halved and allowed to dry-out. PREPARATIONS: Tea: add 1-2 teaspoons Rose Hips, or half a teaspoon powder, to each cup boiling water: drink as often as needed. The combination of Rose Hips and Hibiscus offers an alternative to caffeine drinks. Teabags offer a popular daily health tea as an alternative to caffeine drinks ACTIONS: Rose hips are anti-diarrhoeal, anti-stress, anti-gall and kidney stone, diuretic, astringent, and mildly laxative. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Rose hip capsules or tablets are taken as a prophylactic against colds and infections. CAUTIONS: None known, except that if you have too much vitamin C it causes diarrhoea. If this happens cut back on vitamin C until your body is comfortable - an indication that the body has the dose it requires.

ROSELLE

OTHER NAMES: Jamaican Sorrel, Lemonade bush HISTORY: None documented DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Its flowers are pale yellow or pinkish in hue, but the calyx, the outer envelope of sepals, turns bright red as the plant blooms. The plants are collected when mature and used fresh or dried. The slender leaves taste something like rhubarb. They grow to a height of 2.5 metres. Lemonade bush is an alternative name because a drink was made from it. It is cultivated as a cash crop. HABITAT: Tropical Africa and Eurasia. PART/S USED: Whole plant PREPARATIONS: In decoctions, its seeds can be roasted, it can be used in herbal teas or it can be added to such dishes as curries. ACTIONS: Mostly culinary, but they also have a diuretic effect, lower feverish temperatures and relieve digestive problems. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: See above CAUTIONS: None known.


ROSEMARY

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Well known native of the British Isles. It has a long history of improving and strengthening the memory, and was burnt in the houses of Greece for people who were studying for examinations. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A strongly aromatic herb that will grow to about two metres high, it has narrow dark green, pine-like leaves, small, pinkish lilac flowers, and is known as a symbol of fidelity. Contains flavonoids, diterpenes, volatile oil, rosmarinic acid. HABITAT: Native to the Mediterranean coast. PART/S USED: The leaves are gathered and used for oils, or dried for use as a herb. PREPARATIONS: A tincture is made that is an excellent tonic for stress. Take 2mls a day. The oil is popular with aromatherapists. ACTIONS: Stimulant, astringent, nervine, anti-inflammatory, and carminative. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Rosemary is 5% bactericidal, it is also amenorrhoea, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, carminative, high in cineole and a food preservative. It is known to alleviate cataracts and stops fats from turning rancid. It is part of the mint family and is known as the herb of remembrance. When used as a scalp massage it is said to encourage hair growth. May help to protect against Alzheimer’s disease. N.B.: Rosmarinic acid is found in all plants of the mint family. CAUTIONS: Do not take rosemary if suffering from high blood pressure.

ROU DOU KOU - See NUTMEG. ROWAN

OTHER NAMES: Mountain ash HISTORY: In old American medicine, the Potawatomi used the leaves to make a tea to treat colds. In Scotland the rowan is almost revered, and many songs have been written about it, including songs by Robert Burns. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: This attractive tree grows well in woodlands and rocky, mountainous regions of Europe. It reaches a height of 20 metres. The bark is smooth, shiny and silver-grey, and the leaves are compound with 2-7 leaflets and one terminal leaf. The leaves are hairy at first but become smooth and a darker green. The flowers are creamy white and give way to red berries maturing from orange to red. The fruit is rich in vitamin C and can be made into jelly. If the rowan is near a house, it is considered to bring bad luck if it is cut down in Scotland. It contains tannins and fruit sugars. HABITAT: European regions


PART/S USED: Bark and fruit PREPARATIONS: Decoctions, teas and tinctures of the bark. ACTIONS: Astringent for both bark and berries. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: The bark is used as a douche for leucorrhoea or as a gargle for sore throats. The fruit is used as a gargle for tonsillitis. CAUTIONS: None known

RUE

OTHER NAMES: Herby grass, Herb of Grace, Sea dew HISTORY: One of the sacred herbs of the ancient world. Once used by the Roman Catholic Church for exorcism. Rue bushes were once used to sprinkle Holy water during Mass. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A small evergreen shrub found widely in the Mediterranean area, its leaves are a distinctive club shape, which inspired the club suite in playing cards and are used in various remedies. Rue is amenorrhoea and anti-histaminic. Contains coumarins, lignans, flavonoids including rutin, alkaloids, volatile oil. HABITAT: Mediterranean area and Southern Europe as far north as the Southern Alps. Prefers a sheltered position in dry rocky or limestone soils. PART/S USED: Whole herb PREPARATIONS: Take three times a day. Tea: half-1 teaspoon of the dried herb to each cup boiling water and infuse 15 minutes, drink half to 1 cup. Liquid Extract: 5-15 drops in water. ACTIONS: It is anti-spasmodic, anti-tussive, emmenagogue, abortifacient, ophthalmic, anti-hysteric, anti-epileptic and carminative. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: For suppression of menses from cold or shock. To promote menstrual flow after months of absence. Used as an eye-douche for over-use of eyes, eyes that tire easily and weak eyes with a tendency to inflammation. The uses of Rue for failing eyesight dates back centuries, the Great Artists of the Renaissance took it for this purpose. Also a cure for headaches due to eyestrain, bruised bone, cartilage troubles, ganglion of wrist, dry skin and to promote perspiration. Also to treat Bell’s palsy, mouth ulcers, and sprains of wrists and ankles. Rue tea is a traditional remedy for multiple sclerosis. Internal use today discouraged in modern practice. CAUTIONS: Not used in pregnancy. Excessive handling of the fresh plant may cause ‘contact dermatitis’. Practitioner use only.


RUPTUREWORT

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Rupturewort was first documented in the 16th Century in European herbals. Its genus name refers to its reputed ability to heal - hernias Herniaria. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: An annual perennial with bright green oval leaves and clusters of green flowers. Contains herniarine, coumarins, flavonoids, phlenolic acids, saponins and paronychine. HABITAT: This herb is found throughout Europe and western Asia. It thrives in barren areas, in lime and sandy soils. It is gathered when in bloom. PART/S USED: Aerial parts PREPARATIONS: Make a tea by using 1-2 teaspoons of the dried herb, or 3-4 teaspoons of the fresh plant, to each cup boiling water, infuse 10-15 minutes. A poultice can be used to heal ulcers. ACTIONS: It is a diuretic, a renal antispasmodic and an astringent. Its action is the opposite to that of Bearberry. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: To treat the kidney and bladder, the fresh plant is used. The whole plant appears to have an anti-spasmodic effect on the bladder. CAUTIONS: None known

SACRED BARK - See CASCARA SAGRADA. SAFFLOWER.

OTHER NAMES: Hong Hua CHINESE HISTORY: In 19th Century North American herbal medicine, safflower was used to induce sweating, to promote the onset of a menstrual period and as a treatment for measles. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: An annual growing to about a metre high, that has long spiny leaves with 6 oblong-oval leaflets, and groups of yellow flowers arising from the leaf axils. Safflower contains carthamone, lignans and a polysaccharide. HABITAT: Thought to be native to Iran and north-western India, and possibly Africa, this herb is also found in North America and the Far East. It grows on wasteground and is gathered in summer. PART/S USED: Flowers, seeds, and seed oil PREPARATIONS: As oil for use in cooking and aromatherapy.


ACTIONS: Safflower is thought to open up the blood vessels of the scalp; it is a vasodilator. Safflower seed oil, a polyunsaturated fat, contains 75% linoleic acid and is a nourishing source of fats rich in essential fatty acids. Prevents hardening of cholesterol in the arteries and aids prevention of arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease and kidney disorders. Combines with cholesterol to form and repair connective tissue. Externally: eczema and roughness of the skin are soothed by its healing properties. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: In Chinese herbal medicine the flowers are given to stimulate menstruation and to relieve abdominal pain. The flowers are also used to cleanse and heal wounds and sores and to treat measles. In the Anglo-American herbal tradition, the flowers are also given as a treatment for fever and skin rashes. The unpurified seed oil is purgative. CAUTIONS: Do not take the flower or seeds during pregnancy [purified seed oil is safe]. RESEARCH: Chinese research indicates that safflower flowers can reduce coronary artery disease and lower cholesterol levels. Safflower contains a polysaccharide that has been shown to stimulate the immune function in mice. Safflower oil also lowers cholesterol levels.

SAFFRON CROCUS

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Folklore: In the past, saffron was credited with an immense array of health benefits. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was used not only within medicine and cookery, but also as a cosmetic dye. Saffron peaked in popularity as a medicinal herb in Europe during the late Middle Ages. The herbalist Christopher Catton provides an example of the herb’s acclaim: “Saffron has power to quicken the spirits, and the virtue thereof pierces by and by to the heart, provoking laughter and merriment”. Saffron is amenorrhoea, and also lowers the blood pressure by a chemical named crocin. The centres of 75,000 flowers are needed to make a pound of spice. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A perennial growing to 23cms from a bulb-like corm, it has narrow leaves, and mauve to purple flowers with 3 deep red, thread-like stigmas. Saffron contains a volatile oil composed of terpenes, terpene alcohol and esters. The herb also contains bitter glycosides [including crocin], and vitamins B1 and B2. HABITAT: Native to India, the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean, saffron is cultivated in India, Spain, France, Italy and the Middle Fast. It is harvested in early autumn and then dried. PART/S USED: Flower pistils, stigmas and styles collected in the autumn. PREPARATIONS: Tincture: 1 part to 5 parts 60% alcohol; macerate 8 days; shake daily; filter, bottle. Dose: 5-15 drops in water three times a day. ACTIONS: Aphrodisiac, sedative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and an expectorant. Has been used as an anti-tumour agent in primitive communities.


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used to treat dry cough, whooping cough, bronchitis, insomnia, hysteria, haemoptysis, menstrual disorders, and depression. Today’s use chiefly confined to food flavouring and colouring. Despite its long history as a medicinal herb, saffron has fallen out of favour as a treatment. Cheaper and superior herbs are easily found to replicate its ability to induce menstruation, treat period pain and chronic uterine bleeding, and calm indigestion and colic. EXTRA INFORMATION: In Chinese herbal medicine, saffron stigmas are occasionally used to treat painful obstructions of the chest, and are also used to stimulate menstruation and to relieve abdominal pain. CAUTIONS: In very large doses saffron may induce abortion. During pregnancy, take only in amounts normally used in cooking.

SAGE

OTHER NAMES: None HISTORY: Salvia, the Latin Name, means to cure, and sage is an excellent remedy for the digestive and respiratory tracts. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: An evergreen that grows to about a metre tall, and has square stems and hairy grey-green or purple leaves. HABITAT: It is known chiefly as a culinary herb and is native to the Mediterranean area. Prefers limestone soils in full sun up to 750m. PART/S USED: The fresh and dried leaves PREPARATIONS: Use the infusion as a gargle up to three times a day; the fresh sage leaves can be rubbed on to bites and stings. The tincture is a digestive tonic, take 2mls with water twice a day. ACTIONS: It is astringent, antiseptic, aromatic, carminative, oestrogenic, reduces sweating and is a tonic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: The thujone is in the oil and is strongly antiseptic. It is an ideal herb for sore throats and gargles. Also useful for mild diarrhoea. Sage is a common remedy for scanty menstruation. CAUTIONS: Do not take if epileptic or pregnant.

SALAD BURNET - See GREATER BURNET. SALEP - See PURPLE ORCHID.


SALPAN

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Not known DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A bushy perennial growing to 1.2 metres with woody stems, oval leaves, white or lilac flowers, and beaded seedpods. Salpan contains a volatile oil and an alkaloid. HABITAT: Native to India, southern Asia and Africa, salpan is found as undergrowth in tropical forests. PART/S USED: Root PREPARATIONS: Tea and tincture ACTIONS: It is a tonic, a digestive and is anti-catarrhal USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Salpan root is bitter and tonic, and is used in Ayurvedan medicine to improve poor appetite and digestion, and to treat dysentery and haemorrhoids. The plant is also given for feverish and catarrhal conditions such as bronchitis and asthma. CAUTIONS: None known

SAMPHIRE

OTHER NAMES: Sea Fennel HISTORY: A much valued herb in the past, samphire fell into disfavour but is slowly becoming popular again as a vegetable, either pickled or eaten fresh. The English herbalist John Gerard described it in 1597 as “the pleasantest sauce, most familiar, and best agreeing with man’s body, both for the digestion of meates, breaking of stone, and voiding of gravel”. Samphire was a well-known preventative against scurvy, and was pickled and taken on long sea journeys. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Samphire contains a volatile oil, pectin, vitamins especially vitamin C and minerals. A maritime herb growing to a height of 60cms with long, succulent, bright green leaves and clusters of small yellowish-green flowers. HABITAT: Samphire grows on the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts, Europe and Asia Minor. It is found on rocks and cliffs close to the sea, and is gathered in early summer. PART/S USED: Aerial parts. PREPARATIONS: As a vegetable, in decoctions.


ACTIONS: Diuretic, digestive. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Though it is currently little used in herbal medicine samphire is a good diuretic and holds out potential as a treatment for obesity. Samphire has high vitamin C and mineral content and is thought to relieve flatulence and to act as a digestive remedy. In this, the plant resembles its inland namesake, fennel. CAUTIONS: None known

SAN QI

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: It was used as a tonic for centuries before being mentioned in the herbal of 1578 by Li Shizen. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The plant is a deciduous perennial with an erect stem that grows to about a metre. It has compound leaves, small greenish flowers and small berry type fruit. Contains steroidal saponins and a flavoinoid. HABITAT: Native to and cultivated in South China. The root is dug up before flowering or after the fruit has ripened. PART/S USED: Root PREPARATIONS: Decoctions and tinctures and poultices to heal bruise and burn. ACTIONS: Tonic and hypotensive, USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used as a tonic for the adrenal glands and for the production of corticosteroids and male sex hormones. It helps the blood flow through the coronary arteries and is used for the treatment for arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure and angina. CAUTIONS: Do not take in pregnancy.

SANDALWOOD

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: Used in India for thousands of years, Sandalwood is mentioned in the oldest Vedic works. From the 5th Century BC, the wood was used to build temples because it was immune from the threat of termites. It is still used as an incense in India. The trees grow in Asia. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A small evergreen parasite tree that grows to about 9m tall. The tree must be over 30 years old before it begins to give any oil. HABITAT: Asia


PART/S USED: Oil. PREPARATIONS: The oil is not ingested. ACTIONS: The oil is anti-infectious, astringent, cardiotonic, decongestant, diuretic, general tonic, styptic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Antiseptic and bacteriostatic against staphylococcus aureus [gram positive bacteria]. Modern scientific research confirms a long traditional belief among the Australian aborigines of its effective use as a urinary antiseptic for chronic cystitis. Chinese medicine confirms. Contains a volatile oil. CAUTIONS: None known, but do not ingest the oil.

SAND SPURREY - See SANDWORT.

SANDWORT

OTHER NAMES: Sand Spurrey HISTORY: None known DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Herbaceous, low growing, sticky and hairy annual with small thin leaves and pale pink flowers that grows to about 6mm. HABITAT: Found in the wild throughout Europe, Asia and Australia. Sandwort thrives in sandy and gravely places, especially close to the sea. PART/S USED: Aerial parts PREPARATIONS: Decoction ACTIONS: A diuretic and antiseptic that is eaten as a vegetable in Iceland. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Relaxes the walls of the urinary tubes and bladder. A useful herb for the treatment of cystitis, kidney stones, acute and chronic cystitis. CAUTIONS: None known

SANG YE - See WHITE MULBERRRY. SARSAPARILLA

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: The herb became famous in the 16th Century as a remedy for syphilis.


DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A tender climbing evergreen. Its flowers are white or pale green and solitary but male flowers are sometimes in clusters. Contains steroidal saponins, parillin, resin, oil. HABITAT: Europe, America and West Indies. Prefers humid forests, swamps and river banks. PART/S USED: Dried root and rhizome PREPARATIONS: Decoction: add half an ounce to 650mls water, gently simmer 20 minutes and drink a small cup full. Liquid extract 1:1, 50% ethanol, the dose is 2-4ml. ACTIONS: Anti-rheumatic, anti-itch, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, diuretic, antiseptic, a powerful blood tonic, a metabolic stimulant, an immune enhancer, a pituitary stimulant and a substitute for adrenal steroid. Contains the male hormone, testosterone, and cortin, a hormone that regulates metabolism and produces a balanced haemostatic function. Has a progesterone-like effect, which produces heavier muscle tone. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used by sports-people to build up the body and to improve their physical performance. Used as a remedy for pre-menstrual tension and to treat impotence and sexual debility, rheumatism, gout, vaginal and anal itching. Also for chronic skin eruptions: psoriasis, eczema, leprosy (as an adjunct to primary treatment), bacterial dysentery and mercurial poisoning. These conditions are confirmed in Chinese medicine. CAUTIONS: None known

SASSAFRAS

OTHER NAMES: Ague tree HISTORY: None documented DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A deciduous tree that grows to about 20 metres with distinctly deeply lobed leaves. The volatile oil is used to flavour beers and tonic drinks. In the 1960’s the oil was discovered to cause liver damage and cancer so its use was discontinued. Contains alkaloids, tannin, volatile oil, resin, lignans. HABITAT: North America and China PART/S USED: Root bark PREPARATIONS: Tea; add a quarter of a teaspoon to each cup of boiling water; infuse 15 minutes before drinking. Though highly regarded in history for rheumatic pain, evidence of toxicity has been reported. No longer advised for internal use.


ACTIONS: Anti-rheumatic, diuretic, a stimulating diaphoretic, a powerful blood tonic and a carminative. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: As a treatment for the aches and pains of rheumatism, gout, and for chronic skin disorders, kidney complaints, high blood pressure and for the infestation of lice, fleas: CAUTIONS DO NOT USE: It has now been found to cause cancer and liver damage, the above is for information only.

SAVORY

OTHER NAMES: Winter savory. There are two different plants, winter and summer savory. The winter is evergreen, the summer an annual. HISTORY: Used by the Romans as seasoning. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: Winter savory contains thymol and menthol: both plants can be used interchangeably. The leaves of both plants add a peppery edge to sausage and other meat dishes. In former times dried savory was used with bread crumbs to coat fish before frying. Both grow to about 40cms. HABITAT: Northern Europe PART/S USED: Leaves and flowering tops. PREPARATIONS: Tinctures, teas, infusions and decoctions. ACTIONS: Both are aphrodisiacs, antiseptic, anti-diarrhoea, expectorants, and stimulate the nervous system. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used as a tonic for the digestive and nervous systems, clears bronchial infections, reduces nausea, is a tonic for the intestines and soothes sore throats. A fresh sprig will soothe wasp and bee stings, and the flowering tops make a cleansing wash for oily skin. CAUTIONS: Do not use during pregnancy.

SAW PALMETTO

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: The berries were eaten by Native North Americans, and animals that grew fat on them. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A small palm growing about 6 metres tall with fans of yellow-green leaves with ivory flowers. Constituents: fixed oil, essential oil, and polysaccharides.


HABITAT: North America native on coastal plains, swampy low-lying land with well drained soils. PART/S USED: Berries PREPARATIONS: Decoction: quarter to half a teaspoon crushed berries added to a cup of water gently simmered for 15 minutes; dose, half-1 cup. Liquid Extract: Dose 10 to 25 drops. Note: Controlled trials have shown that the plant extract can reduce benign enlargement of the prostate gland, thus allowing urine to flow more freely and obviating frequency at night. ACTIONS: An adaptogen, a urinary antiseptic, a tonic nutrient, an anabolic, an endocrine stimulant, a diuretic and a sedative. It is also anti-catarrhal and a mild antispasmodic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Used as a treatment for the benign enlargement of the prostate gland, also for absence of sex drive. Inflammation or catarrh of the urinary tract, painful urination, impotence, cachexia and wasting diseases. Taken as an aid to increase weight and strength. Saw Palmetto prevents the formation of DHT. DHT kills off hair follicles so using this herb may prevent baldness. CAUTIONS: None known

SCABWORT - See ELECAMPANE. SCARLET PIMPERNEL

OTHER NAMES: Shepherd’s Weatherglass, Red flowers, Poor Man’s Weatherglass HISTORY: The Greeks said it induced euphoria, their name for it being “loud laughter”. The name ‘the poor man’s weatherglass’ comes from the way the flowers always close just before it is going to rain. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: A creeping annual that grows to about 5cms tall, with oval to lance shaped leaves and salmon-red flowers on long stems. Contains cucurbitacins, which are cytotoxic and damaging to the cells, glycosides and saponins. HABITAT: Not known PART/S USED: Aerial parts PREPARATIONS: Take three times a day under practitioner guidance. Poultice can be used for anyone for the bites of rabid dogs and also for any other animal bite. Also snakebites in an emergency before getting hospital attention.


ACTIONS: Cholagogue, vulnerary, antitussive, diuretic and hepatic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: To stimulate the flow of bile and for the treatment of nosebleed, snakebite, cataract and liver congestion. “Measles and other eruptive fevers.” (John Hill, 1772) “Hydrophobia, epilepsy and maniac depression.” (Gray, 1818) CAUTIONS: Do not use except under professional guidance, except in first aid as a poultice for bites until medical attention can be gained.

SCHISANDRA

OTHER NAMES: Wu Wei Zi [Chinese] HISTORY: Traditionally a tonic herb used extensively in China. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: An aromatic woody vine reaching up to 8 metres with pink flowers and spikes of red berries. Schisandra is used in China to treat hepatitis and other liver ailments; the seeds contain about twelve liver protecting substances. Contains lignans, volatile oil and vitamins C and E. HABITAT: China and Central Asia. PART/S USED: The dried fruit. PREPARATIONS: Decoction is made for coughs using 5g of berries to 1000mls of water, and divided between three doses over a day. ACTIONS: It is a tonic, adaptogenic, and protects the liver. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Is known to stimulate the liver and has adaptogenic properties that help the body adjust to stress. The berries are thought to help those prone to depression. CAUTIONS: Large doses can cause heartburn.

SCHLOSS TEA - See MARSHMALLOW. SCREW PINE - See PANDAN.


SCURVY GRASS

OTHER NAMES: Spoonwort HISTORY: As the common name suggests, this plant has long been used for its high vitamin C content. It was used by sailors and others to prevent the onset of scurvy, a potentially fatal vitamin C deficiency marked by bleeding of the gums. The English physician Robert Turner, writing in the 17th Century, recommended scurvy grass taken in ale as a remedy for a range of conditions, including “ague”. Prior to the discovery of vitamins, the effectiveness of the plant in preventing scurvy was ascribed to its volatile oil. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The grass is a low-growing perennial with fleshy heart-shaped leaves, dense clusters of white 4-petalled flowers and rounded swollen seedpods. Scurvy grass contains glncosilinates, a volatile oil, a bitter principle, tannin, vitamin C and minerals. HABITAT: Native to Europe and temperate regions of Asia and North America, but now rare. Scurvy grass thrives in the salty soil of coastal areas and salt marshes. It is occasionally cultivated. PART/S USED: Whole herb Leaves, aerial parts. PREPARATIONS: Tea: 1 heaped teaspoon of the dried herb to each cup boiling water, infuse 10 minutes, the dose is half of a cup three times a day. The tea is also used as a wash for mouth ulcers. ACTIONS: Antiseptic, aperient, anti-scurvy, diuretic. USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: Once in demand by seamen for the prevention of scurvy before the discovery of Vitamin C. Also used as a treatment for acne, bleeding of the gums and other Vitamin C-deficient symptoms. Besides having a high vitamin C content, scurvy grass has antiseptic and mild laxative actions. The young plant, which has a general detoxicant effect and contains a wide range of minerals, is taken as a spring tonic. Like watercress, it has diuretic properties and is useful for any condition in which poor nutrition is a factor. It can be used in the form of juice as an antiseptic mouthwash for mouth ulcers, and can also be applied externally to spots and pimples. CAUTIONS: None known

SEA BUCKTHORN

OTHER NAMES: None known HISTORY: The berries have traditionally been eaten with milk and cheese by Siberians and Tartars, who also used them to make a pleasant tasting jelly. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: The herb is a thorny, deciduous shrub, grows to 5 metres and has narrow silvery leaves, male or female flowers and clusters of brownish-orange berries. The fruit contains flavonoids, fruit acids and vitamin C.


HABITAT: Native to Europe and Asia, the herb grows mainly in sandy coastal areas and in dry riverbeds in mountainous regions. The berries are harvested in autumn. PART/S USED: Berries PREPARATIONS: Decoction of the berries ACTIONS: It is astringent, USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: The berries are very high in vitamin C and are used by the body to encourage it to become resistant to infections. The decoction is used to treat skin eruptions and irritation. CAUTIONS: None known

SEA DEW - See RUE. SEA FENNEL - See SAMPHIRE. SEA HOLLY

OTHER NAMES: Eryngo HISTORY: In 17th Century England, sea holly root was candied and eaten as a sweetmeat. It was also consumed as a means of preventing scurvy. In his Irish Herbal 1735, K’Eogh states that the herb “provokes urination and menstruation, encourages flatulence, and removes obstructions of the liver, kidneys and bladder.” In K’Eogh’s time, sea holly was a popular medicinal herb, and was considered helpful in the treatment of a wide array of neurological conditions, including paralysis and convulsions. The plant was also used as an aphrodisiac. DESCRIPTION OF THE HERB: An evergreen perennial growing to 60cms with spiny silver leaves and tiny flowers in summer. Sea holly contains saponins, coumarins, flavonoids and plant acids. HABITAT: Sea holly is found in coastal areas of Europe, preferring sandy soils. The root is unearthed in autumn. PART/S USED: Dried root PREPARATIONS: Average dose, 2-4 grams or fluid equivalent, three times a day. Decoction: Shredded root: 1 teaspoon to each cup water simmered half a minute; infuse 10 minutes. Dose: 1 cup. ACTIONS: It is anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antispasmodic, galactagogue, diaphoretic and diuretic.


USES OF THE HERB – MEDICAL: In contemporary European herbal medicine, sea holly is used as a diuretic. It is prescribed as a treatment for cystitis and urethritis, and taken as a means to alleviate kidney stones. It is unlikely that the herb actually dissolves established stones, but it probably helps retard their formation. Sea holly is also used to treat enlargement or inflammation of the prostate gland, and may be of benefit in treating chest problems. CAUTIONS: None known SEA ONION - See SQUILL.

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