Transcript
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    1201. DEFlhITIONS

    b. TARGET ACQUISITION. The detection, ,denWi-

    c.non, ud kouxn of t target II, sufficiem detad to pernut

    the cffecave cmpkyment of veaponr

    c. TARGET ANALYSIS. Intelliga~ wbicb portrays

    and louta the componenb of a target 01 tq,et campkx

    ItId uldiam IP lublembibty ral r&tin importmoc.

    d. TARGET INTELLIGENCE. lntelligcna which par-

    tray8 and buta tbe camponcn~ of I tar@ or target

    complex a4 indicatea it8 vulaenbility and relative impw

    tllla.

    c. TARGET LfST. A limmg of tug& vxbztumi and

    psomul@ed by the (CNOI echelon of cammud: it containa

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    f. TARGET MATERIALS. Graphic. textual. tdulu, 01

    other p~~~ntaticw of target intclligcnrr. prirmrily d-4

    to support opcratto~ awwt deqad tyta by one o,

    more upon vtenu. Target matert.h are ul,t.bk for

    trunrll& &lung. exccubng, md nabmttt wch opr.nttQnr.

    1202. TARGET ACQUISITION

    a. SOURCES AND AGENCIES. Tqet ,cput,t,&,,, i,

    the detectton. idcnhfiution, and location of a mt b,

    sutfwent dctad to pcmut the cffecttvc emprovmcOt of

    weapons. Every saurct and agency th., un p,,,,,& info,_ m.tmn mncemux tarseta must be expbited. Some of these that arc partwutarty s&niftcmt UI target reqtihoa UC:

    ( 11 rawer itlotenaf. Provm. Tawt matetub come

    m several fomla to fit a VUtety of opentiona. lnrluded in (he

    target matcnals program are the u t-et maeriab program

    (ATMP) and the bcttcal target mater,& pmgnm (TTYP).

    (2) xacd lnteNf#enca Proceufngsyrrsm (V,Ps,. Tbii

    data base 1s wadable wtbin the mtntclgenee center (IC) of

    the amphdwous command htp (LCC). This system provides

    automated storqc. retneval. and diimin.t,on of urgct

    r&ted ,rcuiiece.

    (3) FzllF /bmnci. AR FMF agcnuw. from comb,,

    ruts to mtelligena rpect.tisb ,CUM. ehou!-, be tasked to

    pro*idc appivpaatc lnfomutmn reglr&blg targets.

    b. REPORTING. Infomuhon r@& tugeta mast be

    rcpwtcd erpeditioudy to 111 interested commands m order

    to pcmut me tar the plannmg and CICCU,~~ o, appr.,pr&e

    attacks. Furthermom. these repoN should. whvt po&,e,

    cont,m ~ltficknt informstmn to pen,,,, a detakd wt

    antlvsls.

    1203. TARGET ANALYSIS

    a. Target uulyais ia an csential step UL the p,oduction of target mtelbtence. A swwted form for ,a@ ,nalysra

    u contamed by appendix AD.

    b. The tqtct mtelliince produced th,o,,gb target

    analyw s used to make the follormg dctermmauon:

    . which targets should be lthdced?

    . wut u the target dasiftcation and priotity!

    . When and how oten should the tuget be ,t,,&ed?

    . wlwb is the moat ~ppmprutc fire support nlew to Ita m ltwkblg the tqe,

    (1) Lamtfon. The target must be prcclsely located

    in orde to facdiute effective ,ttack under au candrtloru of

    vidbility. WIterr map *ecuracy wdl permit, tar@ should be located to ritbii 10 meten.

    (2) Allihdo. The tar@ altitude must hc gwcn carectly in ordn to pemut the ,wcunte delivery of werat,

    wupom. mtilkty, and NGF.

    (3) IkxrWion. The target ia dentlfied as 10 tt.5:

    (a) TYP hde.r.

    (b) Si. shape, and atntude, ,ncludu~ the

    length, wdtb. he&t (where approprute), and genera, &ape:

    i.e.. round. oblong. rtn&t. cwvcd. urwdu, etc. Athtudc

    dcaPlks tbe @id be.rw or rzunuth of ,he ma,or ax,s of the

    target and shoutd be given to the nearest 100 rmls.

    Q

    (4) Yufnemblty. The vtdncmbibty of a target

    depend, on fhc follawng:

    (b)

    M, be nerraury to destroy .n entire target tf the destructton of on of ie campenents WU udtiee. For example. a rrtbvad

    yard m&t be tied up by destruction of a witch, o( a cem-

    mad port could k temporudy panty& by dcstructmn of

    rb ~mWllle.tW III-M.

    (5) Rceupembffity. How lcq will it take the dam-

    aged tqtet to be reinforced or replaced? Thin infomutton

    YI nncaauy to dctcrmme the timing and frequency al strikes

    q.mt the t.Wb.

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    for ti rcttom buo whirh die wget list u Lnded: I.c.. tune

    and type of fue. acd for the dusfiuhon of targets.

    utegartzed a9 to innwna on phaa of the ampbibii

    0peolu.

    b. For extended o~ntmna ahorc. each command

    dopb a taxwtfng system that bat smb its mqnremenca.

    Rcgudkr of the system wed, the dutie. of the mteU&noc

    offiw remain ullw. In that be mut contmue to

    wqire. pmdua. amI divemuute tar@ mtdligence.

    1206. TARGET INTELLJCENCE OFFICER

    a. Muine dividom sad mast MACTFi have a target

    intdligwe offiar (TGTINTELO) authortwd u, the G-2

    scstioo of their headquarters by cutrent tables of oryru-

    utton. He pafonm bia dutk uada tbc at.ff met of

    the G-2 and wotks dwdy nth mpaaentatwer of the G3

    ,ectxon and tii ruppor( monttnatmn canter (FXC).

    b. The duna af the MAGTF tawzt vltdlisncc offimr

    UIdUk:

    (2) Ronde tan@ inteuigmce to tbc target mfor-

    matic4 ofticer for UK in the pmpmtmn of the ampbtbii

    twkfometytfkt.

    c. The tarset intd&ewt officez numtaim dose and

    mnttnuou iiuon with the target mformatbm officer (TIO)

    u, the FSCC to e- comtmwx and tidy crhqe of

    inforrruttoa ax-l tuget badligena. Duting opcntmlv the

    TIOwi,hwewxsstocnomuw qwtltla ot infamuhoon

    thuiarqrtedovervutousfireulpportnetI.

    d. Siw tabka of -tica do not pmvtde for a

    TCTlNTRL.D b&w division or landing forcz (MAGTF)

    k.d,thecommadamayd~tc&inf~byS.2orone

    of hia .&twits u the TGTINTRLO.

    1207. TARGET INFORMATION OFFICER

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    (2) Pmcwensnr. CINCLANTFLT and ClNCPACFLT

    hare pmmul3ad instruchonr re&ii the pmauamlt

    of map and dutu for their mspwtie YIU of intaut.

    (4) Topa,qAic Campmy. ThhetopwwfdemmpnP

    M auppkmmt the n.xnul m.p supply by tbe pmpambon of

    a limited number of -es_ OwhYa, onrpintl. dcetdIe+

    and map mhtltuta (much u photomap) for the MAGTF.

    See FMFM 44. &ngnnr Orm~Iionz for L dctaikd diswian

    of thii olganialtion

    b. SPECUL SECURITY OFFICRR. Tlda fmwhon in

    wally rcqumd at b-de md h&her level stzffs for contra4

    and hmdling of specid ulteni3ena. The procedum far thh

    function are mntamed in DOD lmtnrction 5200.17W?)

    whfsh is lV&bk dlmugh specml lecl&y ohiar duM&

    1302 STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURES

    a. GENERAL. Them arc hvo typea of SOPs of concern lo tbc uueu@ence oftiicer. lhey are the intdligencc s?xtlo

    SOP and the wut intclligmce SOP.

    b. INTELLIGENCE SECTION SOP. l%e lntellkencz

    offfar prepsmi the for the muthe wtintia of the irateI-

    l&m areaon. Tk fomut and mntcnt of the SOP depend

    ooUKlcIdof~sommud.therulurroftheopn(ioru.

    ami the de&u of the inh@na oftica. fJaaUy. the

    SOP shouu a&n tuka to the uH)II( mcmbm of the

    section to - the oldcdy. effiaent. and tin+ xcom-

    plbbmcnt of all redpwribilitia under the co@wk?e of the

    i&l&aKe omcer.

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    c. UNIT INTELLIGENCE SOP

    (b) Promote effiaency m mtelligena func.

    timm3 nthin the mmmmd by pmvidii uufomuty m

    appl*ltloa of routine pmccdwcd and tee

    (2) Ihere is no prwnbed romut for a tit imel.

    ligence SOP. Each unit should edlblbb appmphte SOPs c

    baaed on Its own rcquiremctr and inarmctions from higher

    hudquuten. See *ppendix AE for I sample outline for I

    !lN, intdliiencz SOP.

    13.2

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  • SECTION 14

    TRAINING

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    14D2 BASIC INTELLIGENCE TRAINING

    a. INTELLIGENCE SUBJECTS

    . Nature and pwpme of comb.t mtellipencc.

    . SamqdHapbne.

    . Defeme winat ho&k efforts toard subrem,ooo

    b. RELATED SUBJECTS

    . vrp, chat. and photo readii.

    . IJae ot .*adabk Cans of cvmmlm,cno.

    Obwvatton and reporting: cmpbas an obIectwe

    reportbY$ of facts r&et than sub,cc*w rcp.xtulg

    or interpretItmn or fxts.

    . camouflage.

    Swnnl. wasIon. mwtana to intenoptlon,

    escape. and the US. Cede of Condct.

    1403. TRAINING OF NONINTELLIGENCE

    PERSONNEL OF COMBAT AND

    COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

    Ronlntcuiie Feramnel of mmbat Md combat luppoti

    lINta UC rut.Je,t to oecasmnd employment a8 membera Of

    recolUldllllOC pamk. 0bxcvatio peas, and Iiiening posts.

    AU pdots may have oppottu~ties to observe temm not

    under our mnmd. Further. normaI combat employment

    pkcra such pcnonncl in poisitiom whe,e they frequentIy

    observe and came m cant& wth the enemy. Aecotdiiy. Is they oompnae a potentiaUy &able source of intruigence

    infomution. In addifion to those aabIectr ruted in paragraph

    14002, the foILwing should bc bad&d in the inteUiqcncc

    truningoftbescpamNlcI:

    a. INTELWGENCE SUBJECTS

    (1) Grwnd (IlIft

    . Scoutins and ~troII@, day and n&t_

    . Ohmtim post techniques. proadu~~. &

    a(UtplWt.

    s Techwues of employment for remote sensor.

    smimd awwdkwe radar. and night obscr-

    v.twn dcnces.

    (2) Air Unit& Tedmques of ~rUl nnU obserrttma,.

    (3) .&and Ground units

    (b) Detukd truing in the orwuution. tachca

    and tccbmques. ad equtpment of host& umts of the type

    bkeIy to be encountered a( obwwd by them.

    b. RELATED SUBJECTS

    (1) Reporting of inform&on to include the ~mpor-

    tance of tbnelinebs. xtity, and danty; and. Ior ground

    units. the prcpaatkm of tield mesaw. owiava, and ek-

    menwy sketches.

    (2) Ekmenury term,noIogy used ,n descnbii

    topogmphic and hvdmgmphk futures.

    1404. TRAINING OF PERSONNEL M UNITS

    AND AGENCIES WHOSE PRIMARY

    UISSION INCLUDES OBSERVATION

    OR RECONNAISSANCE

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    . Orqm,lr,~on. ,ac,,a and ,echmqueq and equip

    ment of the enemy.

    . CouteMtcLUience and xcuntv fnasurcs.

    . Obsewanon md rcpoltulq.

    . \Iap and imrgery reading: mdttay sketchit.

    . Remotc XRM,X. gound surre&na ,A,,

    pllnnulg coMdent10ns. and equpment caps

    bdiha.

    b. In addition. ofken and ~lencd ctdutcd prmnnel

    &wdd be tnmcd m the f&wing sub,eeb u ,equud bv

    ,belr dunes

    * Emmaoon of the enemy nt!mt,on, to *elude detcrmm.tion of enemy ap&ljtin and ,,d,,cr.

    dd,bh.

    1406. TRAINING OF INTELLIGENCE

    SPECIALISTS

    Inteh,tenec spa&t tern psmel such aa ,mqcy

    m,crpre,aon ,-. mtcrrogatortitito, te,ma, counter-

    mtcUi,ynce teams. and interpreter teuns recmve spwabud

    Lnvung m accordanoc wtb ,hnr no,m,l employment.

    MditionaUv. they should rcfewe ,mmmg in the rub~ecrs

    contuned in panprph 1405. Cktukd diin of such

    training whxb u wuUy accumpluhed a, formll inteljigcncc

    s&ok u not wbin the scope of thu mmwl. When

    speci&t lntsljiince personnel am to bc attached ,o the

    VAGTF for a gwcn opcntmn. they should be jomed ezrjy

    cnou& to ,ran wth the m,s wtb whom they wU be

    functmmn~ m combat. in order that they mzy become

    tharowldy mtegntcd mto the mtelligence orguuutmns ot

    these wuts.

    1407. INTEGRATION OF INTELLIGENCE

    TRAINING

    camtul integntion of the mtdliince tranlry pr.qram

    wtth other ,rtiw, enbanccs the value of both the mtcl-

    liina and the nonlntelbgenn ,n,nmg. Each UN, should

    reach that porn, m tnmmr in whxb appmprutc ,n,elbgence

    *ctwihc. arc done autom*hcaUy u part of ita basic ,a&.

    The mtelliince o,ticer ho&l camfully study hL un,,s

    hun,q scheduk to determme my pmuMe subjects in which

    some phu ot intelbgencc trunmg would be .ppmpnatc.

    Then. in coordin.tlon wth the off, mponable for that

    14.3

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    COMBAT INTELLIGENCE themllImunL

    (1) F?epare mte&gence studlea OR all other alus of b. COUNTEIUNTELLICENCE

    . the wxld whew Ihe camand ma&hi be cnmrmttcd. Thex

    studio do not hare to bc nnttm. but the materiala sbovld bc (1) Pnpue rmmtcnntellynee PkM to slpport av

    oguurrd to perma npd pmdumon cmtmgcnq pkna aeagwd to the eommmd.

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    (2) EMIre tit pcmod of the mmmud arc pmp

    sty dared and that - list8 ye kept current.

    c. ADMINISTRATION

    (3) Renew pktu pmmu&ed by hi budqwrten

    for NP md &at stodpdcs to determine d the d of the

    c.Jmrrmd are utwticd. and udtute xtio for -tlc

    w.

    (4, Advke the personnel oftice, of rcqutementa for

    k,t,xd mtdiiqence pewmel wttbbt the command and

    rerommesd the a&mtent of wch pamand to vanoua

    biiets and unIta Wltbin the unnmand.

    (.+ Ensure that d m&ntzed items of intdliicc

    equptttmt se on hand and tn pmper mantenlncc and

    butwe letion to corn* any diipandu.

    (6) MabIt& frequent lkkon wtb the inteuiinet

    effkem of kgber. adjxent. and lower commands m order to

    keep &eMt ot tbeu 61tuatto atId the tquvcmek for

    LWMfmCC.

    d. TRAlhING

    (2, conduct the intdtigenoc tramtng of rnteuttnec

    pct8oMcl of tbc mmmMd.

    (3) u every exe- tcJ tat the nudity and

    mmpktencm of SOP.. ud make chat&a u rcquved.

    (4) Pkn, cooldbute, and supew!ac nnwte sensor

    tntnma ot the SCAMP and other untta of the cwmmd.

    lM3. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION

    COMBAT INTELLIGENCE

    (2) Propa and ptcsmt an INtLi mteuiincc bding

    to the mttlmuuiu. bk tiff. d otba Interested personnel.

    Tbk k nwmrlly gkea orally. mJrins muimum use 01

    lplphk aids.

    (3) upon recctpt of me mmmmderr pknNn$

    3utdMct. prepare ail mittal intelligence CatlmatC. 11 tune

    permtts. tbk estiuute k notm9ny wntten. Subsequent

    uturutw are uaully prepsred and gwen Omu. where

    pcdubk. mtelligeKe psmmei tram subordinate cummznds

    are pooled to ass&t in the ptT$umtlo of the mtcwJencc

    study ud edtmute. Tbk estimate mllsl be c.xnpkted early

    m plltmuts, nnoc pntio~ of it appca in otbcr stat*

    QhmrtCd.

    (4) Dctemlbw (he CommMd~ intcuigenee rcquuc.

    merits. pcyJue a mlkction p+ e- tba appropnrte

    otden and rqti are unt. and utperv~~~ the cdkchon

    effort. Since. during the pktmmg phase. the \IACTF

    depend8 abnod exdumveh on bit&r and adjacent commads

    for infomutimL rcquca should be slbmtncd a.9 SOOn

    as pcable VI mdu to pctmit these cammmdt the

    max~wtt powbk &m-z tn awenng the IiAGTFs

    ttqUtVttUt%

    (6) Pmducc and dkcemuute mteibgenee.

    15.2

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    (8) Acqum and rndulyzc *arms. pmvtdtw the mtel- shdd be postponed wad after cmbukatto. when poeable. !+ence thu bumed to the tire support cowdiitw 01 hi Lc.va and lrhny ate teduccd (~adwliy. >mec any sadden

    reprexntattrw. cuIt*ent wll gwe Me 1 speculrtton.

    (9) S,rr the VAGTF wdl be embadwd on revem,

    ,hhlps. pkn ,ot d,scm,,,,u o, intornutmn md ,teU.ccc

    whdc the !dAGTF ,I embarked are developed UI mordmatton

    w* tbc lmplubiolu tack force mtelbgenee ottiecr.

    (10, cootdtue wtth the permel otfiar ad the

    loglsttcs ottictr regalii the hudlittgot uptwcd personnel.

    documents. ud mamaL

    (11) I cootdittatton wtth the tWS3. prepare

    wxdtruted. detuled rcconnutwce ad sunedkce pluu,

    j _ t&ii all c0Ucett.3 agectea.

    (6) Cenw*hlp u strwed connmntly.

    by rrch mdwtdual Y empburzed. ace thu I the only rally

    ctfecuvc cvwxma pwrlm. It may be desmble to

    ~~lmett cewnng mrd snd tekphonc u,k before

    e,badt.tto M empbaw.e surty teds. Ako. the

    parsslon of dvnes u omully forbtdde. uni permlul

    caICM arc ngJdly contrc4kd.

    (7) Prepam the eountcrmtclJiicncc plln t, ksuce

    IS part of the intelliiena *ox.

    (8) To minuntze the prohahdity 01 ktcr comptxmuse.

    recommcdationr thotdd be stbrmtted regtdinq the

    ~kcttoo ot embulotto mttd reheat4 area md the

    vlectlo of mutes and ttmea for (he mo~eme, to the

    cmbatiatmn area.

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    (13, PLn wth the CEO. requtteme~ for votce .d

    d,gjtal c.,mmtmtcat,a li&a. emrdlnate the use of mmotc

    mmr dab brJrs wtth the amohtbkua task torte WeUwnee

    b. COUNTERINTELLIGENCE

    19) The ,mportrce of thev measwes c. be appe-

    cutcd vhc the uque opponuntncs for esptorugc durw

    the pk,% phue am understood. The natm ad extent

    O, fnendlv rcuviuea. otk~q wdcrprcad opportuntty tar

    mfonnam collectton. EIW ,tomutw rerwdiw the

    upen,, to be moat sucepttbk te eompmm~~c dunw tbk

    phw. unlcr pmpcrly protected.

    (1) Estabbdt tamcted a- for pkw. Thav

    amas am guaded. 2nd entry u etn4kd by a speeui acczm

    its,. CmtteMteUi,?ecc teuM coduct freqtx, uwpentoc

    ad Cahtaha of these areas.

    c. .ADIlINlSTRATION

    (2) Pktg mtomtltto Is nkaxd only 0 a need.

    t&now bass. Common sew IS mquvcd to detcmune the

    s,ze md mmpwtio t the eed-to.kw group. It my

    be ecssry to mitkte action to obtam ckatacm tot rcrtam

    members ot the corn&.

    (3) AU ~terui teietrw to the opntro t.5 we

    appxoptutc sattnty clutatiutto. Grtam iterrur whtch arc

    puuadarly semttiw ate &cd. not to be umcd lonvatd

    ot banalto comtad posts or VI amtaft flymax over enemy

    held terms.

    (4) Detcmtmc if code wmbob = ecuew for

    markmg of vchi& aid opnmrul eqtttpme,. If so. they

    arc ttsd to corer extshng tacttul mukig.

    (2) lnittate ~etta to obtatn necessary map xxi

    &arts. Coordbutc wtth the otfiar as@d rcapo~dtty

    for atwage. bawl&. ad isue.

    (3) Renew the MAGTF tnteUiicc SOP and the

    mteU@ece scetto SOP, ad make teqtwed chanpea.

    (4) E,,we that the ,tcUiicncc sw1t.z pe~sonnei ad

    equ,pnmt are ready tar embark&m.

    (5) If pncmabk. atrage for locattnn the MACTF

    mtrlligaxz section mth the mtphtbiotts task terce

    itell&eor sectto. thmby rcnnttttg a joint vlteU&cc

    center.

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    d. TRAINING

    (1) Fia. mordbute. Md svpmr ulylutmblute

    intdbgence tnmbq rcquucd by the commaI.

    (2) fntelulfy bamm3 of intelligenec pelwmel

    1504. AMPIUBIOUS OPERATION

    (EMBARKATION PHASE)

    a. COMBAT INTELLIGENCE. Commenct tbc,c.mt cd-

    kctton. pmcemng rnd diimuution of blteuI3w.e ntb the

    lnteui3cnc tection of the lmphlb~ tatk torte and cou-

    hnw c.mrdlMted reca llnwanccandame~~

    b. COUNTERlNTBLIJCENCE

    (2) Ensue that ContaCt between Ibe troop and

    &Ji,nt. both en mute .nd in the embarkation ue.. u kept

    to 111 rbsolute mInImum.

    (4) E- poatwe ldenhhatlon ot all ~MN to

    be embarked.

    (5) hK to the new&y to huupo* and mardull

    luge amouota of cgwpment, the tbrut of sabotage mu be

    at its greatest durm3 the cmbarkahon pbw. Fmpr meaura

    an n- ta deny the enemy x.xm to the many p&en.

    ttdly lumtlve bt3eu ptwotcd.

    c. ADMINISTBATION

    (1) Establish the mtelligcnce re(ion in wgacd off&

    rpacca aboad ship.

    1505. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION (REHEARSAL PHASE)

    . . COMBAT INTELLIGENCE. Tclt plw for the

    mucmon of blfomution ud the pfoeam3ulddimcmi.

    ruhan of intelligence indudiq the rewm&taec md

    slweiumce &.

    b. COUNIWUNTELLICENCE

    c. ADMINISTRATION. Ted c.,mmunia&,,u. ,taff pro.

    ccduw. and the pmriawu of the MACTF inteil&na SOP

    ud the mteuiia aectlnn SOP.

    1506. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION

    (MOVEMENT PHASE)

    a. COMBAT INTELLIGENCE

    (1) Produce and &muute intdiigencr u obtained.

    (3) Mtiuin a CGiltuluvlg mtdligeac cslimlte.

    (4) Suwmta with the amphibious tnk force intd-

    ligcnces&ontheelnvtiwdthcmoMlivlnctud

    surlcdlulcc plul.

    (5) Remamend .pp~pn&e duttfst w nx&icabona

    to the rcsm Mluulcc and nn*cdlulec &la

    b. COUNTERlNTW.LlGENCE

    (2) Aettnte the joint intclbsenee center if not p (1) Belmvt reawionl on mf.nmm# the Imop

    noudy done. ,b.,ut Dday. H-!mur. de&n&d land@ budw, hebcopta

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  • FMFM 2.1

    1507. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATION

    (ASSAULT PHASE)

    (7) Supervine w!h Ihc amphtbiau ta.& force utel-

    JJJce 5wtJon the eXeEtH) of the reconaaaluc and

    sunuUanu pJan.

    b. COUNTERINTELLIGENCE. Supcms. tJw accom.

    plirhmmt of mtmtermtcJJ~ence epeatiolu m accordance

    w+Ja the muntetmteU&ncc pJan. included ye the

    foliowl~:

    I. COMBAT I>TELLICENCE (2) Estaisk -ty agaimt sabotage for dl mdJwy

    instaJlatir.a and for rhosc etvihan mstaJJatio~ to be kept

    (1) Pmduec ud dlssemmate ,nteJJiimce a, obtamed. In opcntkln.

    (2, OimemlNtc urgent !nfomlrtton and Lntdliinct (3) EstabJii mlmtcMtdJ~ece mtermgatmn center

    by the fastest pomblc meam to the umta or wff amtvxts adjacent to the pnsoner+f.ru mtermgatmn centet or

    tJut rqture It. other secure M.

    (3, Hamam a cOtmumg ultr.Jltgena esttmate. (4, Establd~ cmnJfan contml me- mch u hcck-

    porn& ident&atioon car&, ud curfew m cwdiiwn

    (4) Rena the cdkcuon plan .a rqwmd. WltJt the pcmonneJ officer.

    (5) Pmndr tvqet tntebnee to the FSC or his (5, Loate and rcco*er COtrabMd mater!& swh

    tCplWWJVC. u amu. exphwi*e% cmnmlUUnon equipment. food.

    medfcll aupplics. or other items whld, tune not hen sus

    (6) Supemac the aecompluhmcnt of inteUiin= rendered in accordance w*lth pmclamatmns.

    rehvitier m rccodannce xltb the mtdUJence annex. lnduded

    arc the folJowlng: (6) Entorte c.ampJJance wth camou!lw,e and hhck-

    Ot &ttom.

    (a, EEIi are mswered. deleted when stidii.

    ad new EEIr added as rcqwed. (7) PubUsh effective CountelagM.

    (b) lntcJUgcneccdlect~on &are rcmmplJ&d. (8) Conduct rawtty checka of aJl aleu vluted

    by WI troops putlcuJ.dy command posts, to dctvmvlt

    (c) Gptuxd pcrronnd. document,. and matettel if my wmpmmtling materul bu been uudvertentty left

    are exploited fully. bdlind.

    (d) Maps. charts, and pJmtogr@a are dtunsd (9)F.stablhh uwlteneconMmY8ncc meMt!rea in .

    mddiiutoiaarequrtd. DJordiNhml mtb the opewiom off&r.

    (e) Reports UC wbmttted on bme tn tJu popet (10) Seize. exploit. and protect munterintdligence

    fotmu. t=fw%

    155

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  • FMFM 2-1

    C. ADMINISTRATION (6) Report the status and rudincaa of rcmotc swwor

    equipmen* to the c-2.

    (1) When dbwtcd. dies&e the jomt inml~nce

    center and dispke the YACTF mtelL&nce sectxrn

    *re.

    b. COUNTERINTELLfCEhCE

    1508.

    a. COMBAT INTELLlGENCR

    biiphie repo* on memben of the

    eivilim popullcz who have been obeened w mva~ted.

    (1) Complete studies of the memy concemm3 hi0

    orgntrrhoh we.pm and equzpacnt. tactical doctrine.

    ud mmb*t efficient. llledc studiu, abn3 Wltil any other

    matcnJ deemed apptopnate. am fonvuded to higher head.

    quarters.

    (3) Ev.lute md report on the cffecnvenem of the

    c.wnteMtel&eacz tams, techniques and pTocedure6. and

    equqxtwnt emplayed.

    (4) Enbute aad report on the effeetweness of

    coimterintelligenct opentmm mnducted in the opennon.

    (2) submit Ii& of comctioru to existm3 map charts. and ama atudicr to appmptiate hcdqwtcn u

    mid.

    E. ADMINISTRATION

    (2) Renew tbc plam for stockpdin3 of INpa ud

    charts to luppwt contmgency operattonh and ncommcrd

    changes rqued.

    (3) Renew the MACTF u,teU&encc SOP md the

    intcu&eme ~chal SOP. and nuk.e cbatwer u requual.

    c

    c

    (5) Evrluate ml rep~ti on the cffectiwws, of d. TRAINING. Resume mtelliima tnming. with

    draacminauon of ryreting vlromlruon to .ppropru*e t-ii cmpiusls on those areas which combat hrs proven we in need contml agegcncxd. 0, the gwtcst attewion.

    a Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 2-l

    c

    c

    SECTION 16

    AIR INTELLIGENCE

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  • FMFM 2-I

    (d) Debnefinaof comht crews.

    (2) Ross (i.e.. evdlute and W-t) the miketed

    mfornutton to:

    (a) Detemdne its probabk s-y. sigmfiance,

    mdbnpotianx.

    (b) Deternine the &&ionec of the mformc

    tiobn L( it related to the ucampliskment of the uruts Wdon.

    (3) Dirsmmatc the pmmaed intdliincs by penodic

    mteu&nce report?. apecld mtelbgma rem. lnt4iincc

    summazxh termn and wutbn atudie% atlutton *w. and

    bnefii.

    b. YWELLANEOUS DUTIES. Miwdlaneout duties of

    tbc ,lz bIteSigwlcc orfiw and bia ECMO arc to:

    (3) cooldIMte rqldrementa for mapa and dutt and

    control Ihcir diimuutws

    1604. TARGET INTELLIGENCE

    1605. TARGET INFORMATION

    lb2

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  • FMFM 2.1

    . Sekcm the OdNttec.

    . DetcnnuKs the umber of Y)*e mquucd bad upon the pmb,bdities and damage level desrd.

    1607. TARGET SELECTION

    b. The opentiana scctmn wdl PI. tbe owmz.tton ot

    the stnke UNts. rendnvour paws. ud appmadl mtes to

    the tam++.% The OpmtmM sectIon mu not diit the type

    ot f.,,matiom to be usd on the mtsion. but they wdl

    excrclse certam coodbtatiw to c- th.1 the tqeta

    UT ha it the proper time. tbst the different aubodirute

    UN~J understand rho w ludii tbc stnkc. md that Jl

    ruts 0, a pmcti type arc cmplavLrq nmdu trctlcs.

    1608. FLAK INTELLIGENCE

    Flak mtcllqcncc u that put 01 tachcal air mtcUrence

    concerned wtb the colkctmn. cvahut~on. and diimrutmn

    of intelliqence tegadmg the enemv gmtmd-to-w defenses. It

    mduder the c&iliho and ltmthho~ of spcafk enemv

    uutaU~hons to defend @nst au attacks. Flak b dewed

    imm the Gemtan tam for antiwaft artd!ay and. z1

    presently wed. ,nciudcs all enemy ground-toa dcfenswe

    werpona. This seetmn dii the elements of flak

    intelligenrr. so- of mformation, and tbclr .ppliati.n.

    16D9. ELEMENTS OF FLAK INTELLIGENCE

    The ultimate objective of tlak inteUi,yncc I to pmnde tbc air mmp0l~nt with a~ accurate rppnisai of UIC cifco-

    t,ve,,cs, of the enemy zq.,tmd.tour defense means. Thu

    a. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS. Perfomunn

    ch,mnmsha of the enemy au defenw weapona m&du~

    tbclr ruqe. nte of fit, and other techruul data.

    b. LOCATION AND IDENTIFICATION. Lwhon ud

    &,tifiitiea o, the .w deferme xupmu mcludbq the type

    ad number of weapona in an area: wbcthcr respons am

    INnuluy. ~tomatiully. or radar contmued: and whether

    weapons arc fucd of mobik.

    e. PASSlVE CONSIDERATIONS. Pawe eonadentmns

    luch Y terram. camouttqc. dwermon, etc.

    1610. SOURCES OF INFORMATION

    The mf.,rmation an enemy a,, defew from whrch

    mditln mt~ll&nce u based is aequucd by the iollowlng

    Illem:

    a. ,AER,AL IYACERY One of tbc moat reliable

    meti of loutino: enemy ai defense wtallatmna is

    *rough the Interpretam of cutTent aerul lnqwy. In

    addition te loatmg the guna and Mavle hunching mtes.

    good tmqery pmrdes intomutton of the pmbablc fre

    control svstem UC&. Current nmqery mterpretihon methods

    are up&k of detectq and drffcrent,atmg between most

    M,OI type, of weapons and frcdihes.

    b. ELECTRONICS RECONNAISSANCE. Elecuonia

    mco,maua,,ce (bv obtauuxq m,onnatmn 0 location, mnge,

    and freq,,enc,a .,, enrmy radar equipment) u able to pronde

    techrum, d.1. ~pp,imblc to the dcqt of etfectwe elecfmscs

    countem~asures. See FVFM 23. S&wb lnreflfgencel

    Efectronie W%re Opemhw (U). for further de,& of

    rkctmw_a RC-XIIIILSSU~CC.

    163

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  • FMFM 2-1

    1611. APPLICATION OF FLAK INTELLIGENCE

    ezokvgy. Sm.& routine nd.s.,~ m,y be b&fed by a smyle

    officer. Combat bmtii are generally caductrd at the

    group level ante tbla u the level in Mume aviatmn which

    Flak bltdligena Y uauuy pcpucd I, the hiiet air mmully hu svailabk atI pertinent intdtiience infonnat~on

    mmponat c&km of ontmudiatbeprticvluUU. pertunins to arqncd InuBoM. Thi# bneftblg u genenuy

    Effective t&k aoaiyaia dependa on wailable data v attended by ali pattci~ating perxwnel. Lkpendii on the

    chc NP and Iwtiorl of battle lntilirmR ile&hom. number of Pdoota bwd*ed. old ntcbt leaden 0, tbw

    oftiters briefmta arc conducted to emwe they bwc the blfomution twxied to execute their [email protected] mistas_ upon

    c,,mpktien of tkc muion. pdou and - 1~ debmfcd.

    .%b dehicfuyl supply vabubk infomuhon ,qding the

    uec*~~ of the mimw and itl effect won the enemy.

    h&ala any Information mlding to the mub of the ssipd 1613. CONDUm OF BRIEFINGS mimon. mfomutioll reauwed bv the cdkctim dan of b!dux

    c Provided by www.marines.cc

  • --.- _

    FMFM 2.1

    AND WEATHER

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • .

    17.2

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 2.1

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 2-l

    - -.

    Fire 17-l. Conuve Beach.

    t

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • t.

    /----------- mnauis WAVES

    /----------7

    Fii 17.2. A Cmluve Sborelble.

    17.5

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • 2.1

    --__ U --__

    -\

    f

    17-6

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 2-l

    c

    / -----______ 1

    / ___________

    \

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 2-1

    (e) Offshors Mad,. Shorelinea we often pm.

    &ted by @oup of small &nda of wnoua srze whrch ke so

    clou to the madand that they crute a complicated warn

    of w&,wys lmmediitely offsbore. ThL ,omuon presnts

    dsriou, problems to both the .ttxker aad tbc defender. If the

    defender orgudza most of the unportrnt indtndurl idands.

    he Ia able to bfmg fue to hu on the attwker *mm many

    dbectiom aa tbc rttackii force attempta to thrud iu way

    anto tbe mast of the mainland. Rauta of appmrch tbmwb

    tbae Mllndl mto the muntand may be ,ortuolM .nd mane.

    ted. The st,S+ power of M amphibiius rrsrult &add not

    be diip,tcd by the asavdt ot off&we ,s,.n& betorc the

    laRdbIg on the man buehed of the ludmg area 15 com-

    meneed. The &land, may be u&ted and ,eddue.d indeud by

    emxedve mm, Wmgs. after rhtcb they MY otter the ,tt.dcer ,enes of farombble artillery powmu from x hieh to

    support the landii as well w masks for the rvvmbly past-

    tionr of landii craft. Offshore lauds may be dtfficuh to

    defend if (he ataker hu commsd of the ar .nd sea at the

    tune .nd p&e of i.nding. (See t-&s. 17.7 and 17-8.)

    (I) FIoren shorel. If the shorelme bordcn arctIe

    or sub,rct,c xm or u swept by mid currents. ,,I) facucal con-

    fiit!a u liable to altem.tion by freezmg of the adjacent

    IoATalmm

    F&e I7.7. CaStal Ida& in Poranon of the Defender.

    e

    c Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 24

    c

    Ii.9

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 2-l

    (3, Con&n, and cover are d&r&k for both tbe

    a.& and the defenm. If troap .xn more fowud under

    the concublunt of Woods. the chanced of *dtienng lurplse

    are gTe.ar. If hoop can mow pmtnted from enemy rbw

    by ditches. embukmenb, or w& the attxk wdl be more

    cffectwe. A dcfcndn seeks to defend behind an M whid,

    ba mrer for (he defendii troop ad concc~nt for thek

    organnation of the gound. but dos not offer the cnem)r

    ooCKd r~dleh

    (4) The mobiity of the mntmand L COMdered m

    detemtmmg av&bk covet and cowedmen,. Cover am!

    ~oneabneat are dearable dwmg tmop morement~ by any

    means. Rautcr which afford good CoveI and concc~nt educe the rulncnbility of I movmg fomr to detectton .nd to dc&uctton by fw.

    c. ORsrACLE3

    (1) An obstacle YI any natural or araticid tetnm

    fcatux which stop or unpedea mditary mowmat. Natural

    obstade. indude riven.. stmams. can&, lakes. swamp. ddfs.

    steep dopci dens woods, ~un$e%. deszb, mountum.

    aties. ud - typm of tan&able roil. Artiticid obstaclea

    are work, of ~orurmchon and destzwtton executed to stop

    o, unpede m,bt,,y movement. They indude mmetield~.

    mters. mtitmk ditcba. trendxs. abstts. roadbloc& dclib-

    cc&y lloodcd ueu. ucu catted with bxdoglcd

    ud &rmal agents. extensive rubbk. form fbw. tree

    b,o,&m cawed b, m&s tii ud aresa contamuuted

    wtb widud nudes mdltion.

    (2) ot&clcs, to be fully effective. mlut be covered

    bv obsrmtio., asd fii. Howew, eve undefended obatwla

    may ctwmdiz an attacker ml0 cal~entratm~ wbieh are

    easer to detect and arc smtable for nudea attack. Obstadw

    -ndtada, to a diction of attwk favor the defender

    by dowb,g the enemy. for@ hii into wncxnttiot

    that tend to occur whde n- obsudes. and hokiii

    Ihe .ttadKer for a longer tune lmdn the effectiw fkw of the

    d&n+. Ohuder parallel to M axis of dnncc may gwc

    the attacker Rank pmtection. However. par&l obstaclea

    may bltafere wb latenl moemr,ttt and cootdbution

    d. KEY TERRAIN FEATURES

    b bmed on the m&on of the command. Terrain funtm

    selected are tbcde wbicb in our conkol giu UI . muked

    ad** in the acLvmplisbment of our minton. or which Q

    If seized or contmlkd by the e-,, hinda matldlY the

    accomplishment of the mimon For exampk. a bnda over

    an lmfo&ble rtvef may gI*c aceam to the oppc-dte dwe

    without mquiring ul aad, m+ng. cofltml of * mad or

    cad center may redvet the encmyc ability to resat our

    ad.,na. A levd de.mtg in rough ta,.bt m, be the oh

    .wsabk Ming field for &mobile opnttona Kq krmm

    arten with the level of command. For nunpk. to tbc MAF

    commmder. L *ae town may afford muked nlvant4a aa

    a communrution center. but to . battalion eammuda. the

    htgb ground which domutatea ttu town MI be mow unpor-

    tmt. and tie tom itself may be an obsade. Ob8tadea arc

    rarely key termbt futurea. Tbe b& gmurd dommatma a

    river.. rather tbut the river ttsdf. t uwdly the key tenam

    feature for tbe lower Iad, wmmuldn.

    (2) Key terrun. in uldition to kttluencing the mu&n

    acmmphzhment, b ddo bigkly cigntfieau in appiybtg combat

    porn. Conh.,l b not enawed only by r&we .ttd occuprhon.

    seizure aad phrstul oaucanq it key tenam futurea bv r&ively large forea may not be fusible. Dcmnlcuvc fka

    d&wed by longange mea,. un destroy for-a phvsdly

    armpytq key tetnm. Tite comma&, control key t-

    and woids demuction of bb fotcu wkile keepmg the enemy

    from g,ining oontrol. 6mrol indudea m.neuver. auwd-

    lance. security. ud employment of effective TJCS. Tecmin

    which permit, o, denies -wer m.y be key temin.

    T.etiul use of terrain often ia directed .t itlauaw me capabiity for applying e0mb.t pow% ud at the same time

    focuang the enemy blm LFQl which read, in reduction of

    his J&q to apply hts tvmbat power. Temm which wnmts

    01 denta maneuver nuy be key temb. The effect of tcrfam

    0 rnanever. application of WInbat powxr. 2nd pahon

    of force integrity are eonaidnations in aelecting key temm.

    Its control. and tactical us.

    17.10

    c Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 2.1

    (4, I the defenre. key trmin futurea are uaully

    wthin tbc a8mgc.d sector md within or behind the selected

    dcferuive ,m.. These futurea are wmdly:

    (b) Temi which penutr the defender to corn

    UI obetade by fut.

    (c) Importmt oommutuutlon cudm which

    atfeet cammud. cmnmwucattons. ud the we of -es.

    c. AVENUES OF APPROACH

    (1) Crovnd Aucnvu ofApproach

    (b) A v4q appmwb giver the dra

    fom some eovu from enemy dbvct fne and some concal-

    mmt from cnmty oboenation. A v&y ppQKh btdudts

    the tloomr of the alley, dopa of the &es, ud mdiy

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • 2-I

    f

    Fii 173. A Topcswhtc

    e

    17.12

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 2.1

    e

    Fii 17.12. An Aerul Photwwb TM Hu Ree Rid& aad Stmm Lb14

    17.13

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • Provided by www.marines.cc

  • c (c, A modtfic.tton of layer.tmtiw m.y k

    ~eeompliskd by uung the same color s&me. but cmpha-

    stzily the contotn bttes onlv. Thu method is qluckcl but

    no, as rtectfe

    17.15

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • c Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 2.1

    Fii 17-18. Same Termi aa m Fiwe 174. Now Altered

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • ,

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • tmtte~vc~ mom ,a provtdd. ad. sarbequcnt adnncr

    ftomtbebcxhcabem&Lattydii.Can-

    vcncly. Utc c.astaJ pkm hu certattt dimdntttqe~.

    Attdkty. NJ guntut. attd sttal bomba&xnt an.

    hbldemi by the lack 01 prommen, [email protected] pmtB:

    bamdartn ad ob,ccttvcs sc dtfticult to locate o the

    mtmd: md the zxtlvlte.ttce of dwectmt may be

    difficult tot sma wt,. If UK ~uttd ts wooded.

    tern-ca ryncks wdl bwc diftictdty scorn--

    plidlbq tbev -mu. Arntba anuidmtion In

    rcgwdtotlatgI.xmd*tbttbstlMbaoftbc~dl-

    hcd uuully w, not be located 011 4 dcfmdve

    temm.adlotetmopowdlbet?qlvcdfwtbe

    pmtectlon of the tti. tbul bmdetttta the upabdity

    of the cntbx iom to adwa ttdmd rwtdly.

    Broken C-d. wbctc the v%wnd Ia ehatp4y btdtm.

    Y UI tbe but ot exte~ve wd dunes M L low coastal

    pktcau. the attrdter ha. the rdvmtqe d wtul

    freedom tmm ho&e obsrv~tw. Aho. a nena 01

    mtall compattmenta md corndots littt the extent oi

    defenavc ttru. However. the defender pmvidcd ntb

    an mf-bute sewa ot du.Uov. lo4 dckyu$ p~~ttanr

    front wbtcb to slow the Itoll aazute of the bacb-

    had. Gircctton attd mntml may be cmmnly

    difficult.

    co&d uounsw wbete moMUUU twolch

    ditwly upon the se.. the kck of buehu of wfticknt

    sue to ac.wlmdatc a large fota may rqum the

    rej-xtto of an othmg dewable k&w M. How-

    cm. thcte at.2 atcttMiut~ witkb may twos lmtdt

    tmops. Steep ground try be my lightly defended ot

    eve e&eted entwely by the defmder. tbll.

    .

    FMFM 2.1

    Pmttthns i lkbdy equtpped force to xiac It ad

    abtam tacttcal rurpnr. ALo. domttutittg t- rmy

    benptdlyxkedaduaedtopmtecttbekdb3gof

    them.btforaovetbc.che.rbkbuec.,rctedbytbk

    vtzed tetnicl. when the motmtabM are rpuated

    fmm the bcsb by smtly twmg cmtttui. the defender

    hu the .dnntw of c.xttinw &ervati.x of Le

    kttduyuuut~tilheudriveotttoftbem.,,mtai

    mus. Altb&t e,tamely m,& m0unt.b~ yt

    dtffictdt to attwIt. it k &a diffkadt far the defmdcr

    tosupportbkpIttioNbtstdt-ntktyptetnttl

    may offer excaUctlt oppothmitk8 for tbc UT of beli-

    e4ptetbomc 01 aim truswtcd fotcer t., block mve.

    ment of tbe defudcri - to tbe Mbtg are..

    The a.&er may be able to achkve sttrpmc bv

    kndi# vltexpctedly on a rat&ted beach Md mauc

    a taptd movettxnt wet the ~tttnl ternin bmxt by

    xcu.-w tbc purs utd tvuka of qger by tbc UK of

    helicopterbome or air txuapotied facea.

    Teme,. Tcmciw is common abaq coasta which

    bare Wc from the sea rt itttetmaettt inter&.

    The tactxal aspects of tbae fomvtiw ndI depend

    Iat& pat the w/a Lrd stnpttem of the cliff.. If

    the escarpments ate butters to alI iygu of troop.

    thsu smtmtb must be ncutmJkul 01 wzed by hcb-

    mptcrbome M ai? trup&cd form wit& the

    temamt# urtdt tmow tore ktenJly to a pceeabble

    pxt.If.uumoreoftentbecue,tJtetkamDyh

    sttmtotmted by infawn. frontal amuit may be tan

    effeeme. if the atack k by frontal uvtdt, the

    suppottbtg wupo# of &atdt koop lay be It& to

    neutmbze deemtve poatwn in the f.cea ml .lo,q

    the I-,~ of the chffs. llte deftthve rytux of the

    fomutlon will flcibtate me mtrd of utch rue, but

    weftd prtot pkN& eslmr# tbe comdtlm of

    wpp3rhg tires mm the lu- 6ckut.s of the

    mxrplet& u -tkl to the pmemtton of a

    temmi ccast.

    (b) Compomnan~aon. TIae t&f of the &

    Dodd beak down into a eotttputmentltiocl wbicb pemtttr I

    unit on YI mditiul beach to utablbh ita om limited

    bachhead on defuuibk ground in a anull retnut mmput-

    tent. It sbmdd be pomble to untte ltui expand these Ibutted

    berdtbcdda 0, lapult troopa into Mtcceamvdy kt@t tctnm

    cmnputmmtsutiltbebeuhbudkocnrpiad.

    fc)Rou&aof&a~ Ahdiqmnrhovldbe

    choemwhtch&wtJteforcetmkblgthekndiBg.or.rub-

    vqwnt force. to mow out Of the uu. Tbe fora ehould at

    be tqttted to drlnec &rot& cattt&untivety tmpwabk

    17.19

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  • FMFM 2-1

    covered mutesof admnce.

    Tcmm affcnng manmum pmtecaan from enemy

    fucs. both nudur and nonnudea,.

    ObwwM pants.

    Swtabk conditiona for the landing md operationa of

    hcbcopterbome forca and tbelr early b&up with

    WIfxY forces.

    Temm mutable for logrstie opentmns.

    (d) Obrder

    &end. The tctnm of the knding area should pernut

    t rapbi nlwcnunt of the iNt*l YaYc* ml& to COnI.

    madii ternin. N*turd obatadu are e1tber utdiwd

    to the advantage of the atacker. modifti in their

    Nmrd form. 01 rroded. If a .Cl. lake. swamp. or

    Lagoon can be ublked to proted a flank of the

    attarkbtg force. it should be exploited to the grutedt

    pwibk advantage. Siiy. an obet.ck m,y &

    included m the force bachhad fine. tbw eltmuuting

    the mcaslty of actually ocepymg the grolmd. (Sac

    fw. 17.19.) Thu. . beach M which might otherwise

    be wceptable will be uneat&actosy if it k baded by

    lutunl tcmfn oks-tsckd such LI riven. lakes, or

    n.mpn Smc+ detailed knmvkdge of the terrafa in.

    landii opntian ia mucb - Lbmted than in land

    warfare. edPeciauY mnammg the anuua unib,

    PutievLr attention Ia given to all natural ohada

    War* of Ma,,. Work, d mar, are not rvturd obatr-

    de,. but the effect of buildii se. walk, pwm.

    fences. duns. and.. d&u. and other co~truchon c1

    Lb.t of M ok&de. whetba 01 not they bxve been

    intentionally comtructed for defenwe puwoses.

    Also. obsudu may ,ppar in the form of obemtctions

    ud rubble created by the premvnton bombudment.

    Nudea weapon detonated just offshore fmm a

    IMdii buch. or in the b&tom8 Of shdlow bubom

    M nren may produce I alter with a bp which wdl be

    1~ obstade to runyhon. Even if the lip ~teelf is not

    a,, obsmde, the intc~e radfftion pmduced in the c

    watu and. on adjoii land arms. pmbably would be an obstadc. at lcut for a few days.

    Cmwd aa OII Obrrocb. Soil tnfffcabil~iy u the

    ability of sad to support mditaty InffiC of a given

    de&y. Thii tiffubd~ty vana wtb sod compostion

    and wettbcr CondItiona (See Fii. 17.20.) wbm the

    wutber 16 dry. most dry mda wdl suPPat mditw

    tmftic_ Horcw. when the wather I wet, certain sods

    became Impssable to milftw kaftic and thus.

    m,,st,tute an &&de. Fturhea are often dunctened

    bywmetypofsud.WhmthewdkIowc.buvg

    ~&de4 ud equpment are moved through it tib

    great difftctdty.The sand an dao be an obstadc in

    other ways; i.e.. in uu3iq repeated mdfUnCttOlu

    & StoppageI Of .tomatx IvcaPona when the uaul

    offshore wmd rpruds it duougb the meduninu of

    such *upon& In pkmlfng an opemtmn. tnftiabdihl

    durtscmkprepadfwthekndingua.Tht& .

    charta indicate the magnihde of an obsucle the Sod

    ,tldf wdl FoMtitutc to mditw tnfRe w&da set

    wathn caditions. Soil tnfficabiity mf0mutic.n u

    17.20

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  • FMFM 2.1

    Fii 17.20. Gmd Its& Be .n Obaade

    17-21

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  • FMFY 2.1

    IiS! aDomATE TO oooo. vm DlmmllT. Auwmlm MLwuTllEn

    17.22

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFH 2.1

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 2-l

    mnforammts. wnt-m my be ahk .h to enfdade the ada of these sm.U pomontones 01

    pamtr If the sdknt k & psliwda or pmmo,

    tory. the glmfve upport dup lgwltr enjoy freedom

    of utton It su and can take poattom *a rtie *t

    both sides of the aalknt and thus provide dor

    support by aeepq the fmnt of the dranq

    amudt troop Huv cooctmtmN of enemy forced

    and mrtenal on krge pelvrwlu M p-ntoria

    may be dealt wttb effectively by the cmpkymen,

    of nuclear rmmttto~ fvtd by Suncvc support rhip.

    -ThrNtureofibetmunntbin~Lndinquu

    affecta employment of an support. In pktmmg 841

    employment. I, I neaswtom&c.8hdyafthe

    nd$e system. If then Y L &es of tidga which nut

    more 0s kt4 papali& to the dhectmn Of .ttxk.

    the mmmamier may plan to ublk4 dose support

    urmtt mtb manmum cffectivenca, in the neutxd.

    iumn of enemy powtom on mm sbpa by the

    emplorment ot m&n and nonnudur ord~uncc.

    However. If the ridge syrtem Is a scna of r!dga

    nw~ or les parnIle to the direction of an.&. the

    employment of dose suppwt limrft may be some-

    rbat m.utcteA. In the ktter euc. the dimcnon of

    lircnrt awra-h to the targa may be Limited to.

    nm strught toward or direstly way from the front.

    and the rffcalveneas oi the In VJppart H reduced

    further by the intmdetmn Of certain safety lequim

    mata for both nudar ud n0mtude.r re.pom.

    - 4ltbowb c&am t- fuhua may completdy

    resktet the employment of naval gutBe, thee nmc

    fwurea may Impose M sxb limwton on the uw

    of dae UT support. Thesefore. depending on the

    number of aircraft waikbk. the cnmmandaanuk

    air rupport. not only to wppkment NVJ glmfve,

    but for kwta which ue bucwsibk to nw.l

    guntii. very rnountiMu9 termIn and a low ceding

    My rcsllt in egli@bk .#I opentiol& e*etl thwgb

    other mndittona may be aubbk for k&i

    wentions

    . Ffdd Ones .dw,,e. pmblmu kddcnt to the nnpkvmont of &Id u$lkry am denttoll to

    tbae of mnvcrdiolui M vufue. Horem. UI

    planldw the ucly entpkymmt of f& utilkry. the

    commudrr #.a c.reful c.,nidemtton to the ferm-

    bitin of PLdq artdkry on o&y& w.km% where ,t

    011 be loated Y) to be athin effeetwe nngc of

    the kndbtg area. The utubrtion of adjacent s&o& for

    thk purpaa k cspwiauy important w&l 1 ,tudy of

    tkc temtn within the kwikg area indiatea that

    cwdition there atx unfwombk for the early empkce-

    malt of fii utilkry.

    . Tank Suppaf. Tanin ia I tn.jot limiting factor m

    ti wufuc and only thm@ . pop, evdutkn of

    tbeteminun. mmmwin determmc when and how

    best to employ hk t&s_ Good I& bucbea

    b&cd by fatdy opm ,e,,sb, .nd ch.r.ctmzed by

    I*@ + et gcti nsbw wound. shovld ptscnt

    no diffmdty to the employment of tanks. Such a

    situuton offer8 unlimited pmmbilsti for the effectwe

    empbwnent of medwdxd urmbbsd arma task

    faczd and dmldd be UFdLwed to the utmost.

    . Eflect of Ted on ti Empt,yment of Hdfmpw.

    home foren. FM the general effects of termin on

    hdiaptabome forces. see FMFM 33. Heffcopter.

    bomeowmtfmu

    . Obadea Te,mim fe.Ma rbkh do nat bmda the

    &mae of the mtmdck# troop may prwe to k

    ob&da to lo&tic support. Fn example. bridgea ud

    defii are mm@ing pants which pmvide lumhve

    tqw to enemy aiz and utilkry. Canvemdy.obstades

    17.21

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  • Ulten tbc temm I anrlyzed wtth respee, to the

    rstabkhment of * bacbhud. II Is ccc- t-it to

    dctermux ulc maor compsttment of ca.rul taxam

    *btcb-i most wtcd to the az.a 01 the _ult urn,.

    fderllv. a mqor compwtmcnt should closelv appmr-

    mute tbc r&t uze. but tf tbr gmnd is very broken.

    I, mm be M- to m&de urd gmup tqthcr

    wwml mmpubncnt., On tbc other hand. the torcc

    ma)r k too small for the temm forma m the locrl,ty

    and thlll mu k myred to llcd wltb 0C t1ank open.

    the its. 17-22.17-23. and 17.24.)

    17.25

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • MFM 2.1

    I I

    Fi 17.33. In Certain Typr of Temm, the Miw Foroc May Not

    a9 Abk to OccFq AU of the D.xmNnt Computmentr

    17.36

    t

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  • FMFM 7.4

    (4) .%*shon

    Aft... m c.altuhm of the vboreline and ,ts

    related CoMtd le..& lmi afta a c0Mdcntl.m of tb.x

    beacbu w&h ,ve vekted to the kndii fom objectwe ,Od

    meet the navrl e.mvidentmns wotved. spenfie beach., ax

    vlccted which best suit the kwiii force wbenw uf

    maneuver. The rkcmn k b.sed upon, mawxkmuon o, the

    uvud knd wrfvc temm futovc obwvation. Ii&. of fit, cow. and mn&cnt. ohdu. ad c.ammuNatlorY. An c.dutuul must be made of bagutx rquucmenu With rape.3 to the dwactenha et .ul.nn h~dwa. The hrh

    mwt &a. a rapd mo.emet ot arpplia acrov. at. md then

    sboukl be uessbk adjacent are.. for the adeqlvte drspmd

    of supplQ and equpmeat wbxh accumtdate dunn$ the

    udcadii of wudt fhipplnk To m- the speed of

    udoadmg opmtioa& it I deumbk that be&a lure a

    gal* to modrnb undcn..ter grmiknt ad . havd surface

    whkhpnmItrthcbu~ofautypmotluldtng.hihipmd

    watt adftidently dor to tbe .ho.elbw to pevmat dry and

    mptd debarkatmn acd movement mknd of tmops. vohkla,

    eqrpment. and suppbes. Such be&es do not reqwc tune-

    - spend beach v.xd vu.taq to acmmmodate

    wbcckd and tnckcd .dud.s, a&kzy, and heavy eqrpmsnt.

    Ternin fva,,rev whih ,re detiiled from ,cavud ad wh,eh

    may bc utdked by the defender to cnrd.de the Ming beach

    ami ,ts appowbca vhould WI& hunly in the xkctmn ot

    ludlcg be&es

    (b) lbe rumbe. of buchrr veqwed for an

    opemtion depend. upon the ace of he Wxluw force .nd

    dKxbsmcofmuwu.c..A~aruwitbnumemu

    autvbk bu..ha k punculuty demnbk a.3 pmmt. the

    ata&. to wbkve dii~ - umly.

    (C) nm buohcl aeketed dwuld poeur not

    only vmtabk rod Md sbdf gmdknt. and ap.biutKI for

    dcvrhwnmt of s.a+u&w fuditka, but h&d vko

    have udftcicat CUD for vddck. fvom Lbe bexhu. smu

    abomwtydum~mwthudmdtopveventamsc.s~oa

    the bacbu. the buda exik and tmftiabtlity avc of vital

    Mportwt.

    17.27

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  • FMFM 2-1

    1704. HYDROGRAPHY

    c. HYDROGRAPHK FACTOR5 IN THE

    SELECTION OF A LANDING AREA. In planrung an

    amphibksn opmeon. the prmcipd pmblenu dependent

    upon hydrqnphic facton UC:

    (4) llle mmpmiticn of the belch r&ted to

    itaintluenceoathebewhbgudretmctingofWb%g

    craft and tifkability for pemmmd and vehicles

    (6) The loumn of lvtumi obstader Y related

    totbelrmaumaontbebadliiorlaluib#mftMd

    tbe dabukiq of pmonncl ud equipment.

    d. SOURCES OF ENERGY WHICH ACT UPON

    BEACH. The aowes of eneay rbicb ati dii upon

    thebe&anditsviardtyarewmda,wwa,udeumnu.

    Tbw. fnrtl are LvMuntly uyblg in iotcmity and

    dbeukm and are reaponsiMe for tbc mobik cburcter of

    the beach ~Kle. An erpaed be& will dunge ausondly

    ,m, nth cl&, were atom,, dtholyh ,,I nearly erery cse

    it WIU revert to Itl nmm. The effect of ewqy components

    will be mnddered in same detad &we a ndemunding

    of their *alon is a cwsuy rcquuite to beach blterpre-

    tatial.

    e. IDEAL BEACH FOR AMPHIBIOUS LANDING. A

    bead, with no ohrmetioru or defema vlwnd or land-

    rud;mtbdcep*Rtndaetoshorr;rith.firmbdMt

    mck bottom: mm mbdmum tie. clnrcnt. or surf: ntb

    gmdimtwhi&wiupwaittbebuchiJqandntnctlon

    of d typa of M@ craft and ddpn under a3 mnditiona

    of btd at any d&cd tbne. md not cxtive for the usz

    of *chid-; with excellent tntficability; and with adequate

    exiu for pcmmmd and *chider would be an ldul beuh.

    (See Bg. 17.25)

    f. HYDROCRAPHIC CONDfTlONS WHICH CAUSE

    CASUALTIBS TO LANDING CRAFT

    1738

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  • PMPM 2-l

    ,._ ._1 C.

    _-

    _. _ ;..&Li--._. =- .-. _. ---:_. ____- .-- _ -.

    z>*--. ;;y _

    ._.. _.---IIU - - --_..*y--. ..,__

    _. -a >--. ., -Cm....--.-.--_ _r.;._.&.

    - _ ---e--m . I._ r ,._ ..--z._y.e.~~.ry--.-y~,.

    . Tbc dumcter of the breakers. he&. and

    prod.

    g, SOURCLS OF HYDROGRAPHIC LNFORMATION

    (1) Sourrc. Amikbk. Sama of hydrogmptuc urlor-

    IlUtionUZ:

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  • FMFV 2-l

    c Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 2.1

    (b) Cycloid& The more choppy or nclmdal

    waes may spmq UP qwkly VI een . f&y modmte brenc

    and break euJy at the crest. They NR cloa togctbet. tend to

    bounce L boat m *II immmfortablc faehtoh and m&e

    steerw dlfticult. If they ut taken on the beam. they m.y be

    dmqemus. rspc&y to ban that UC not decked oer.

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • i UNDERWATER GRADIENT

    (1) &wml

    (b) The falkwbcg gmdknt scale, developsI by

    tbebudtemwJnbwi.rssmnduduithmuly~c.ua

    widdl UC c.xwmcd with hydmgapby:

    steep. . . . . . . , . . . , .w.m Ihan 1:15. Madenb. . . . . . . . . . _I:15 to 1:30.

    Gentle . . . . . . . . . . . .l:3oto1.60.

    Mild . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1:60t01:120.

    steep.. . . . . . . . . . . .v

    bkdmte. . . . . . . . . w cede . . . . . . . . . . . x t.mi..............Y fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . z

    cc&. .......... .l:31to1:60

    Miid. ............ .l:61 to 1:120 Flat.. ........... .Fktterthul1:120

    1732

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  • FMFM 2-l

    (a) Charts. The

    gradient M mldom be obtamed directly from bydrognphtc

    dwts. Howcvcr, offshore sadicnts suftiinent for ma

    nrngat~antl purposes can be obtrmed and the oifthom

    gadrdlent may be of asatan= m mmputmg ncamhore

    gradient.

    (b) Sterwc+e. f/a Slondwd .&&I Canem.

    The diffcnnec m depth bemcsn ho pomu ,a dstetmlned

    tt-~-fJ~ by measnms the dtffercnce in p.nU.x

    ktween tbe Image 0 m oerLppq pail of photogtphs

    Tbu method rqulrts mtetpretcm bllned m stereo.

    campwgmpb methods. mnspuwt water. undiitwbed by

    nveU ot Iat@ wwcs. but with surtact tuftled by wind tippia

    and tcccwuablc bottom fcatuta. Under ideal conditmns.

    leeuncy can be obtamed to wtbbt pbu ot mtmu 1 foot.

    (c) r%toima?ery Itupret.tf0 , waou. A

    r&tionsb,p eusta between w.c fen@,. elonty, and depth

    of water; the dutrncc betreen v,u, ,da,,cmg ,,a, ehaU.,w

    water becoma smlilcr nmi the spwd deercrscs. This change

    u mawtable on photagmpbs. Waves tend to +n themselves

    pataIM to the contow. depth. may be appmxbtmted from

    the chatwe m angle of the w.es to tbc shoreline. Under &.I

    condmons, depths detetmmtd from wae e,oc,t,ea.nd ware

    lengths wdl be accurate to vltbii 3 feet. Depths obtabwd

    from nleuurrmenrs of w*e iengtba ill be dlghti less

    rccunte.

    (d) fhotofmwry btetprelotwn of W~,.rliru.

    The edge 01 the water eatsbli sll lpptortmate cotour. Thcrcrorc. ,f the tune of pbatoc,aphy u known. tbe clev~tmn

    01 this contour to the local datum may be taleuiated tram

    trde trbla A vnes of swt,u conducted at arymq tide

    stages wd, pro& mformanon for contounnq of the bad,

    area between huh sd low ttde levels. *here tidal range

    cweeda 6 to 8 teet. an xccuney of ? feet or les, can be

    obtamcd.

    I employed u1 ampbtbiova opmtionr sty lnddy m aite.

    shape. WC@. and purpose. They bare one tbbtg ,,I mmmon:

    they hre been dengned wttb emtam spenfic tr,tures to

    pmut them to run up on a beach ad diiw,c tbeu load

    through the bow. However. thisdoe. not mc,n th,t they can land on .ny buda. An LCVP m.y be able to run m on a

    flltly t%t beach until it is atoppal In about 1 to 2 feet 01

    w.tn from where the troops wde as!n-e. An L.5T pmpu

    a differmt pmbkm. The ship baa I keel dope of about

    I:60 and a beach gradient of that ntm or steeper 16 tequued

    to buch tt.

    (4 Stmp fJmiertm,tn Clodlent. From the fore-

    gouts pangmphr. tt may rpplr that the steeper the gradient.

    the mare favombfe the buch. This u ttue for touchmq down.

    but there ate other less fwxable tactrxs. Although the

    rgwmdtng takea pirce at the bow, the steepr the gndient.

    the less the abipi bottom is tn cantact wtb the beach Thu.

    whetwet there is . ctrent along the bath. vhenercr the

    surf is hewy. or whenever stlong ctossnnds head on to the

    beach. the ship will broach. Holding lines may be placed on

    the beach and engittca may be kept gomg. but unlesl con.

    ditfons are f~*onMe, it wdI be necessary for ship and watt

    to retract Md wait until conditlont are better.

    (a) InJlon Underlmur Topanmphy. The ,mpor-

    tannce of beach dopa to the surf bm bes m 1,s ctfeet on the

    4th of the wtf zone. The breaker Ime. whrch represents

    the seaw.td bmdn of the surt zone. it found where the

    depth to the bottom equala about 1.3 uma the sgmfiernt

    bteaket he&t. Thus. wttb (-foot breakers. the breaker lute

    u located whete tbe depth of the bottom it about 8 feet,

    rrgvdlcss cd beach dope. Off a cry steep beach xub a dope

    of 1:lO. the btuket bne for 6.foot breskers ui only about

    80 fee, from me ehotclyK: wherea, otf a tlat belch wltb a

    slope of 1:50. the btaket line k about 400 feet from the

    thotdbtc. Off a wty steep bueh, then may be no lmes 01

    foam inale the b&r line. and after brukmg. cash wae

    n&w *idmtly up the shote fact and hits any badted cntt wltb gat force. Off P flat bewb, *em Ill h numerou

    Unea of ad- foam khveen the btuker bne ad the

    ahwelim: the energy of tbe wwct wdl be cxpcndcd dunnS

    the alvlnrr tbtoaqb the ,utf tone. and tbete wdl be only a

    gentle upnrh .nd b&tush on the beach.

    1733

    Provided by www.marines.cc

  • FMFM 21

    with of anf axle.

    w.ve length.

    Period of breakers.

    Hei& of breakers.

    Type of breakem.

    An& .t tich ,mf strikes be&.

    Numbcroflinaofbrmkem.

    e

    1734

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  • FMFM 2.1

    17.35

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  • FMFM 2-1

    -

    Fii 17.27. ~&mm showing How Waves Swing Twether

    ave. 1 n&t.

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  • FMFM 2.1

    . Fii 17.29. 1730. and 17.31 are examples

    of the throc ECIIUII typed of bmakem.

    (6) Rei&m.kip Belumn Lkp;h aad Height of

    Brwkiw. Wwo of modente steepness. gmented m deep vster but advancmg oe . &xl& bottom m cab,, wertber. buk when they reach the pomt whnc tbc depth ,a ,,o

    mole dun 1.3 tbnw Y cm.* .a tbcu own h&t. In shallow

    ate. the pnod re- constant. but the speed ami ,e,,&

    dcatvc and the form of tbc wwc b. Neu shore.

    the spsd depends upon depth alone, uul therefore. the

    depth M be computed if the wave period an be deter.

    mmed. Fmm dais. the he& of the aeragc b&e can

    bc dctctmwd. The ntm b&wccn the he@ of the brrakker

    and the depth of water whew tt bm& M eonndembly

    under different condamlu of wmd, e. ud cutrent.

    (7) Speedof Bmkwr llle apeed ol a belkcr

    depend upon the depth of bm&mg. Since the depth 01

    bmkinq u daecdy r&ted to the hc&er h&t. the a@

    of a bmlker depends on ,h he& onlv. for example. a

    Moot b&e advances at 9.3 knots. (See ftg. 1732.)

    1737

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