Predictions for the internet of things are quite huge Traditional smartphone, PC and tablet shipments will continue to be strong but growth has flattened Much of the future growth for the electronics industry is linked to IoT Many companies are reorganizing themselves to focus on IoT and making commitments about the connectivity of their future products
Wi-SUN (6LoWPAN)ZigBee NAN (6LoWPAN)Wireless M-busMany others SIGFOX
LoRaTelensaOnRamp/INGENUWeightless PMany others
Cellular (licensed)
LPWAN (un-licensed)
<100km
WFAN
Terms not precise
ISA100.11a (6LoWPAN)WirelessHARTMany others
IoT Radios
LPWAN & the Internet of Things 4
Blue: > billion units/year nowRed: emerging
WPAN: Wireless Personal Area NetworkWHAN: Wireless Home AreaWFAN: Wireless Field (or Factory) AreaWLAN: Wireless Local AreaWNAN: Wireless Neighbourhood AreaWWAN: Wireless Wide AreaLPWAN: Low Power Wide Area Network
Many of the technologies will be familiar to us already. Where short range helps security, NFC/EMV is ideal for payments. Wearables and sports devices can use Bluetooth and ANT+ for example. Mesh networks like Zigbee and Z-wave are used for home automation. Thread is similar to Zigbee but with IPv6 to the end node. ISA and HART are industrial strength versions of the 802.15.4 phy/mac used by Zigbee and Thread but with frequency hopping for more resilience. Wi-SUN and Wireless M-bus are used frequently in smart grids and meter reading applications A lot of innovation is happening on the right. LPWA networks are being used for street lighting (Telensa) and for many other applications. LoRa and SIGFOX are being rolled out nationally in some countries. While these technologies use lightly licensed or unlicensed spectrum, 3GPP is working hard to release specifications for NB-IoT, a LPWA format than can operate in licenced spectrum for example re-farmed from GSM. 3GPP are also further optimizing LTE for M2M with Cat M.
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Low Power Wide Area (LPWA)
Keysight in IoT 5
Data rate
Range
ZigBeeAnt+
BT LEWiFi
LTELPWA
Social housing monitoring
Street lighting Parking sensor
Soil moisture
Trash collection Pet tracker
Bag trackerEmbedded asset status
Bike tracker Capital asset Meter
Fire detection
Coverage pools Global coverageRegion coverage
Narrow band + Robust modulation =• 20dB better link budget than cellular• 10 year battery life, Very low data rates
each message is up to 12 bytes• Low power: Up to 20 years of battery life • Long range – up to 30 miles in rural area
and 2-6 miles in urban area– Devices require a SIGFOX modem and SIGFOX
network– Target applications: smart meter, pet tracking,
smoke detector, agriculture etc…– Networks deployed in France, Netherlands,
Russia and Spain; Launching 902 MHz network in San Francisco
Internet of Things Keysight Confidential
6
SIGFOX
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SIGFOX is a startup in France building a low cost network dedicated for IoT (low throughput). They are putting out their own infrastructure, not leasing from other operators. They claim they can cover a city by 1/100 of base station for example a Tier-1 operator needs. You can think of this as a competitor to current cellular network but only focused on IoT/M2M. It is the 1st and only network fully dedicated for IoT/M2M. Spectrum is huge cost for operators so SIGFOX uses sub-GHz unlicensed spectrum and patented ultra narrow band (UNB) communication. Ultra low throughput - ~100 bps. Device can send between 0 and 140 messages per day, each message is up to 12 bytes. Unlike cellular networks, SIGFOX network is not for mobile communication, but for ultra low rate devices such as sensors, smart meters, smoke detectors etc. Smart meter is biggest application for IoT. According to SIGFOX spokes person, “600,000 smart meter connected to network = 1 person watching Netflix”. For example, SIGFOX will not work for connected car. Connected car would require cellular because of broadband data – to download google map etc… Ultra high energy efficiency - Up to 20 years of battery life. Radios go to sleep when not transmitting. 12 byte is the limit to transmit, battery life is very long. Long range – up to 30 miles in rural area and 2-6 miles in urban area Devices require a SIGFOX modem to connect to SIGFOX network. Target applications: smart meter, pet tracking, smoke detector, agriculture etc… Example of current use case with insurance company. Connected smoke detector. Insurance company gave their customer a connected smoke detector. As long as the connected smoke detector is sending back messages, once per day saying it is operating correctly, customer gets discount on home insurance. SIGFOX networks deployed in France, Netherlands, Russia and Spain; Launching 902 MHz network in San Francisco
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– LoRa : Long Range M2M communications used for applications like IoT, using very low power levels. LoRa Alliance is an open, non-profit association.
LoRa Alliance
– Members of the LoRa Alliance include Actility, Cisco, Eolane, IBM, Kerlink, IMST, MultiTech, Sagemcom, Semtech, and Microchip Technology.
– Frequency bands: sub-1GHz ISM bands:
• 868 MHz for Europe • 915 MHz for North America • 433 MHz band for Asia
– Key Features• Low Cost: simple modulation• Low power: Long of ten yrs• Long range: ~15 - 20 km
Wi-SUN (6LoWPAN)ZigBee NAN (6LoWPAN)Wireless M-busMany others SIGFOX
LoRaTelensaOnRamp/INGENUWeightless PMany others
Cellular (licensed)
LPWAN (un-licensed)
<100km
WFAN
Terms not precise
ISA100.11a (6LoWPAN)WirelessHARTMany others
IoT Radios
LPWAN & the Internet of Things 11
Blue: > billion units/year nowRed: emerging
WPAN: Wireless Personal Area NetworkWHAN: Wireless Home AreaWFAN: Wireless Field (or Factory) AreaWLAN: Wireless Local AreaWNAN: Wireless Neighbourhood AreaWWAN: Wireless Wide AreaLPWAN: Low Power Wide Area Network
Many of the technologies will be familiar to us already. Where short range helps security, NFC/EMV is ideal for payments. Wearables and sports devices can use Bluetooth and ANT+ for example. Mesh networks like Zigbee and Z-wave are used for home automation. Thread is similar to Zigbee but with IPv6 to the end node. ISA and HART are industrial strength versions of the 802.15.4 phy/mac used by Zigbee and Thread but with frequency hopping for more resilience. Wi-SUN and Wireless M-bus are used frequently in smart grids and meter reading applications A lot of innovation is happening on the right. LPWA networks are being used for street lighting (Telensa) and for many other applications. LoRa and SIGFOX are being rolled out nationally in some countries. While these technologies use lightly licensed or unlicensed spectrum, 3GPP is working hard to release specifications for NB-IoT, a LPWA format than can operate in licenced spectrum for example re-farmed from GSM. 3GPP are also further optimizing LTE for M2M with Cat M.
• Less frequent Tracking Area Updates (TAUs) and measurements
– Reduces device cost:• Narrowband (~1 MHz)
• Reduced Data Rate (<2 Mbps)
• Single receive antenna
• Half Duplex Operation
13
Features
Data refer from Qualcomm
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3GPP Release 13 Cellular IoT timelines
Standardization2015 2016 2017
GER
AN
NB-LTE
LTE Cat 00 3GPP
Rel13RAN NB-IoT
EC-GPRS
eMTC Cat M
eMTC Cat M: • Machine Type Communication• 1.4MHz Bandwidth LTE derivative• Software update to LTE infrastructure• 1Mbps, full mobility, 156dB link, 10 year batt
NB-IoT: • Narrowband IoT• 200 (180kHz) Clean sheet format• Software update to LTE or GSM infrastructure• <~250kbps, nomadic, 164dB, 10 year batt
EC-GPRS• Extended coverage GPRS• 200kHz GSM/EDGE• Repetitions to get to 164dB link budget• EC-PDTCH and EC-PACCH, ~52 min DRX• Software update to GSM infrastructure
GERAN Objectives• 164dB link budget (GPRS +20dB)• 40 devices per home (~50k/cell)• >160bps at range limit• 10 second latency• 10 year life with 5Wh ~AA battery
3GPP spec dev
3GPP test case development
Conformance testing
Field trials
Commercial service
GSMA Mobile IoT initiative backed by 21 MNOs:AT&T, Bell Mobility, Bermuda Digital Comm, China Telecom, China Unicom, China Mobile, Deutsche Telekom, Etisalat, KDDI, KT, Mobistar, NTT DoCoMo, Orange, Singtel, Softbank, Taiwan Mobile, Telecom Italia, Telefonica, Telenor, Telstra, Verizon, Vodafone
Although several infrastructure makers are releasing EC-GPRS updates for their GSM base stations and there are some operators who will deploy EC-GPRS, we’re seeing the most interest in Cat M and NB-IoT. We’ll focus on these two technologies for the next few slides.
Cat M looks a lot like 1.4MHz LTE. 6 PRBs are stacked into a 1.08MHz bandwidth. Unlike normal 1.4MHz LTE though, Cat M allows its 6 PRB block to be positioned anywhere in a LTE channel. In fact an 6PRB can be deployed in for example a 5, 10 or 20MHz LTE channel for Cat M. The Cat M traffic is simply multiplexed in with other LTE traffic. LTE uses the central 6 PRB for synchronization and control. A Cat M connection (in common with normal LTE) will start in the central 6 PRB then quickly hop to another 6 PRB to leave the central 6 available for other LTE users. The Cat M 6 PRB can hop around the channel
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Cat M
LPWAN & the Internet of Things 16
3GPP R13Cat M1.4MHz from 6 x 180kHz
Close to standard LTE including full mobility
~ 15dB Coverage enhancements over standard LTE• Frequency hopping• PSD (Power Spectral Density) boosting• TTI bundling or repetition (redundant transmission)• Multi-subframe channel estimation
Power and complexity savings• Fewer supported transmission modes• Reduced max Tx power (20dBm power class)• Reduced measurement reports• PSM (R12 Power Saving Mode) & eDRX (R13 extended Discontinuous Reception)• C-eDRX (Connected mode eDRX 5.12 and 10.24 second cycles)• I-eDRX (Idle mode eDRX ~44 minute cycles)
Deployable in any 6PRB group e.g. of a 20MHz channel• New M-PDCCH similar to EPDCCH (Physical Dedicated Control Channel)• UE uses 6 central PRBs for synchronization & PRACH then re-tunes to another 6PRB frequency
range for follow-on control messages • No support for PDCCH, PCFICH, PHICH
t
TAU (Tracking Area Update) timer period
UE initiated TAU
Sleep DRX (UE checks periodically for pages
Power save mode, UE unreachable
Active timer
t
Longer TAU period can be tolerated
eDRX energy saved by less frequent checks for pages. UE can be reachable more quickly than waiting for next TAU
Read bullets on slide New control channels are defined to enable the 6PRB of Cat M to operate first with the central 6PRB and then tune off to other 6PRB groups Box: The release 12 power saving mode makes a good contribution to battery life extension but does this at the expense of response time. eDRX strikes a better balance between battery life and responsiveness. With release 12, after a tracking area update, the UE declares and active time during which it uses DRX to periodically listen for pages. After the active time the UE enters power saving mode, using much less energy but is effectively unreachable by the network until it comes back with a subsequent TAU. With release 13 DRX cycles can be spaced out, saving energy but maintaining perhaps ~10 second response time for pages.
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NB-IoT
LPWAN & the Internet of Things 17
3GPP R13Clean-sheet design though leverages significantly from LTE Cat M but with nomadic mobility only• Coverage enhancements (~23dB improvement over standard LTE)• Downlink leveraged from 1 LTE PRB• Uplink: LTE-like 15kHz subcarrier multi-tone SC-FDMA, single tone 15kHz FDMA or 3.75kHz FDMA• R13 standardization focussing on FDD, TDD could be added later
Power and complexity savings• RLC-Transparent Mode and simplified RLC-Ack’ Mode only (TBC no RLC-Unack’ Mode)• Downlink TBCC (tail biting convolutional code) – easier to decode than LTE turbo-codes• Half-duplex only• Control plane (CP) data transmission (inside RRC/NAS messages) as a lower overhead alternative to full
DRB IP user plane (UP) data transmission• C-eDRX (Connected mode eDRX 5.12 and 10.24 second cycles)• I-eDRX (Idle mode eDRX ~3 hour cycles)
New NB channelsDownlink: • NPBCH (physical broadcast channel)• NPDSCH (physical downlink shared channel) • NPDCCH (physical downlink control channel), • NRS (Narrowband Reference Signal)• NPSS/SSS (primary and secondary synchronization channels)Uplink: • NPUSCH (Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel), • NPRACH (Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannel), • DMRS (demodulation reference signal)
NB-IoT180kHz from 1 x 180kHz
NASRRC
PDCPRLCMAC
PHY
IP
LTE DRB User plane data transmission
Alternative NB-IoT Control Plane data transmission
Read bullets NB-IoT downlink is quite similar to LTE – just 1 PRB. Several uplink modes are allowed. SC-FDMA is very similar to LTE and allows a variable number of 15kHz subcarriers to be used on the uplink to flex capacity. Alternative single carrier uplink modes enable better penetration. 15kHz mode is perhaps a special case of SC-FDMA. 3.75kHz stacks 4 narrow carriers into a 15kHz slot to get even better penetration. New control channels are leveraged from LTE but designed to stack messages end to end in the narrower 180kHz channel of NB-IoT Box: NB-IoT enables true end to end IP connectivity just like normal LTE and Cat M. To save even more energy and reduce the overhead from IP signalling, NB-IoT also allows a control plane path for short user messages to be passed without an IP context. This control plane message structure is quite similar to LTE SMS over SGs
Note * Cat M also currently referred to as Cat M1, NB-IoT also referred to as Cat M2. Details for NB-IoT are subject to change as 3GPP drafting continues
The table summarizes each of the standards we have been reviewing. NB-IoT uses flavours of QPSK and BPSK on the uplink to optimize the efficiency of power amplifiers Many aspects are still being refined and subject to change as the standard stabilizes during H1 2016.
NB-IoT is a pre-5G technology likely to be developed into 5G massive MTC
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Although NB-IoT is not a 5G format it addresses the 5G objective for massive machine type communication. Operator demand has been high enough to accelerate massive MTC work in the form of NB-IoT to be released ahead of other 5G objectives. We can expect NB-IoT to be refined with 3GPP 5G releases but largely preserved. Other pillars of 5G will see perhaps more significant standards changes to deliver higher data rates for enhanced mobile broadband and lower latency for applications such as beyond line-of-site drone operation.
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Licensed and unlicensed examples
SIGFOX LoRaWAN NB-IoT Cat M EC-GPRS
Release Now Now H2 2016 H2 2016 H2 2016
Link budget ~162dB ~157dB ~164dB ~156dB ~164dB
Battery life >10 years >10 years >10 years >10 years >10 years
Spectrum un & lightly-license bands e.g. 868, 915 MHz
un & lightly-license bands e.g. 169, 433, 470, 868,
SIGFOX, LoRa and NB-IoT are comparable technologies. They have similar link budgets and battery lives. SIGFOX and LoRa currently don’t deliver IPv6 to end nodes. NB-IoT’s two modes strike a good balance, with its control plan mode mirroring the kind of efficiency of LoRa and SIGFOX while still allowing user plane modes to deliver IPv6. SIGFOX allows multiple silicon vendors with standard sub-GHz parts being used. Protocol is provided directly by SIGFOX. LoRa is currently a single vendor ecosystem with silicon and protocol provided by Semtech. ST-Micro has been announced recently as a second vendor and licensee of Semtech’s IP. 3GPP formats will be fully multi-vendor with conformance controlled by GCF and PTCRB.
IoT presents design challenges; some similar and many different from those with smartphones Our customers have been using Keysight equipment to solve a range of design and verification challenges as they develop IoT products. Optimizing and guaranteeing power consumption is a theme for many IoT products. In some installations, battery life may be committed through a service level agreement (SLA) contract. If a product has been designed for a 10 year battery life with bits per day of data exchange, how many over-the-air software updates can be budgeted in the life of a product. A software update could use months of battery capacity. Too many over the air updates to resolve defects and security issues could compromise battery life commitments. Network settings can also have a significant effect on battery life. Developers want to understand which settings compromise battery life so that proper network configurations can be used to get specified battery lives. What happens if the cellular network is down? Does the device search repeatedly for the network draining the battery? If the cloud server behaves in an unexpected way and due to a defect polls repeatedly for data, does the device handle well or respond and drain the battery? If the cloud server is down, does the device try to connect and drain the battery or exceed data contract limits? Radio design also needs to be optimized. Good RF and antenna design is needed to get the benefit of deep in building coverage from 164dB link budgets. Poor RF design can sometimes be masked by the excellent coding redundancy built into technologies like NB-IoT. Making a receiver work hard to decode a weak signal though is a further burden on battery life. Smartphones are closed systems. Designed carefully once, many 1000s are produced and each can be the same. IoT applications are more diverse. A well designed module may be used in many different applications. Each possibly with a different antenna, some with a plastic enclosure, some metal, some on top of buildings, some under the ground, next to girders, next to concrete, around a person. Designers need to make sure that their products are robust and able to meet customer expectations in a variety of operating environments. Smartphones are designed to include cellular, Bluetooth and WiFi radios. IoT modules may be integrated into products ad gateways that include a variety of different standards at a range of frequencies. Designers need to ensure that interference and intermod effects are well understood, anticipated and tested. The cost of failure means that stability and longevity for IoT devices often needs to be much better than smartphones. Products need to be able to run for years unattended without the need to manual reboots. They need to be able to recover themselves when exceptions occur at any point in the software stack. Authentication and cyber security features need to be tested and upgradeable. The most secure development approaches today will be defeated in coming years meaning that security patches need to be anticipated. Remote software updates are needed to fix defects and patch security. Each radio and device type will need to follow a specific set of downstream acceptance and production tests. Cellular devices will need to pass certification tests from GCF or PTCRB, many operators have their own acceptance test plans. All devices will need to pass some level of regulatory testing depending on frequency band and region. Many system integrators will run their own acceptance tests to select modules for their systems. As devices move into production, manufacturing test processes ensure that quality is maintained for each device shipped to downstream integrators and customers.
Keysight products help with solutions to many of these verification challenges. The UXM, for example, as a cellular base station and network emulator can be at the core of many test solutions. Source measurement units emulate batteries and can track current consumption over a wide dynamic range. The UXM’s protocol message editor can emulate a variety of network settings to evaluate a device’s power consumption with different network settings. The UXM also includes a VSA for transmitter testing and can measure receiver sensitivity with fading. Its integrated into OTA antenna test systems to evaluate antenna performance and patterns. Keysight has a broad range of industry leading RF test tools like VNA, sources, analysers and oscilloscopes to investigate and diagnose device and component performance. The UXM has a built-in server PC that can host network and cloud applications. It can be automated for test stability and software regression. Keysight/Anite have a broad range of RF, RRM and protocol conformance test tools. We also have products to support high volume multi-format manufacturing.
Its often convenient to test with golden devices with protocols like Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee/Thread, LoRa and SIGFOX. A link can be established with the device under test while current consumption is monitored with the N6705B source measurement unit (SMU). The SMU has seamless ranging to display huge current dynamic range. It can emulate the voltage droop of a battery as it runs down. Protocol events for example a Bluetooth Low Energy advertisement can be tracked and evaluated for current and energy consumption. Designers can optimize each aspect of their software and hardware. Each software release can be regression tested to verify that power consumption has not degraded. Protocol settings can be checked, cloud protocols and application software evaluated.
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Power consumption analysis
LPWAN & the Internet of Things
CX3300 Current Waveform Analyzer
25
Device under test
Current waveform through Current Measurement Terminal
Vdd
nRF51DK
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Its often convenient to test with golden devices with protocols like Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee/Thread, LoRa and SIGFOX. A link can be established with the device under test while current consumption is monitored with the N6705B source measurement unit (SMU). The SMU has seamless ranging to display huge current dynamic range. It can emulate the voltage droop of a battery as it runs down. Protocol events for example a Bluetooth Low Energy advertisement can be tracked and evaluated for current and energy consumption. Designers can optimize each aspect of their software and hardware. Each software release can be regression tested to verify that power consumption has not degraded. Protocol settings can be checked, cloud protocols and application software evaluated.
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Device under test
N6705B with Source Measurement Unit
Probing for insight
89601B VSA Software
N9010B EXA Signal Analyzer, Multi-touch, 10 Hz to 44 GHz
N2820A 3 MHz/50uA High Sensitivity AC/DC Current Probe
Infiniium S-Series oscilloscopes
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For further insight and analysis, Keysight has a wide range of tools. Signal Analysers, for example the EXA can measure Tx performance, look for interference and spurious emissions. The 89601B VSA software works with the EXA and a wide variety of other Keysight analysers to gain deep insight into modulation performance. With higher throughput devices, thermal management may be more of a challenge than power consumption. The U5855A TrueIR thermal imager is an excellent tool for evaluating temperature profiles and tracking temperature changes with time and processing load. Keysight oscilloscopes are industry leading for mixed signal analysis. They are also available with a range of current probes to evaluate the power consumption of individual circuit elements.
PageLPWAN & the Internet of Things 27
Device under test
N6705B with Source Measurement Unit
UXM Wireless Test Set
Keysight UXM Wireless Test Set• 300MHz to 6GHz Multi-format base
station emulation• Built-in server PC to host cloud &
remote end-point apps• End to end IP connection to internet• IMS support• Tx and Rx measurements• Built-in channel emulator (fader)
Cellular base stations are often difficult to use in a lab or development environment. Within the cellular industry, its normal to use base station emulators such as the UXM. The UXM is a multi-format base station and network emulator covering a wide frequency range. For high-end applications it covers rates of over 1Gbps, but it also has the flexibility to work well with more power efficient IoT devices. A built in server PC can host cloud and internet applications for repeatable testing. End to end IP connectivity means that the UXM can also connect to real cloud services. IMS is supported for example for VoLTE. Tx and Rx measurements are included. The UXM also has a built in channel emulator to check devices in faded channels. The UXM protocol message editor can be used to customize cellular protocol settings to emulate good and bad network configurations. Multi-layer protocol logging is available with WireShark. Tests can be automated to save time and create automated regression and KPI test suites.
RF design verification often takes place with devices in test modes. Arb files are used to stimulate receivers. Tx waveforms are captured and evaluated with VSA software applications. Keysight has a wide range of X-series sources and analysers that can work in this way. Some products are available in a box form factor, some as PXI modules. The VXT for example includes a 6GHz vector signal generator and analyser in a single module. X-series measurement applications cover a huge array of cellular and non cellular formats such as LTE, GSM, WCDMA, WiFi and Bluetooth. The VXA flexible modulation analysis application covers many other standards. GNSS/GPS, cellular and non-cellular signals can be emulated with arb files generated by Signal Studio. The 89601B can capture waveforms which can be replayed directly or edited with Waveform Creator to change their length, add repeats, or to add co-channel or adjacent channel interference. Waveforms can also be imported from Matlab. The VXT covers the frequency range from 60MHz to 6GHz with a 160MHz bandwidth. It can be integrated with other signal sources and analysers to create full RF verification systems
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Production ramp
E6640A EXM Wireless Test Set• High speed sequencer• Overlap/parallel Ping-Pong and pipelined
testing• Scalable and upgradeable from 1 to 4 TRX• Port switching, robust N-connectors• Broadest format coverage with arb files and
X-Apps• Systems, software, consulting and services
The EXM is an excellent solution for high volume manufacturing. It operates with arb files and measurement applications in a similar way to the VXT. The EXM can be configured with 1 to 4 transceivers for fully parallel testing. Each transceiver has four ports that can enable four devices to be connected to each transceiver. Connecting multiple devices helps with fixturing and automation and enables devices to be stacked up and to achieve very high production throughput. Ping-Pong enables pipelined testing.
Spectrum regulation and network optimization tools
Thermal test
Anite
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We’ve been reviewing a small selection from a wide range of Keysight products and solutions that enable you to move smoothly from R&D to validation, compliance, manufacturing and deployment.
