Mc Lc1 GII THIU CHUNG: .....................................................................................................................3 1.1 1.2 2 S lc v qung co: ...............................................................................................................3 Qung co t led: ......................................................................................................................5

GII THIU VI IU KHIN AT89C51: ......................................................................................8 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 S lt v vi iu khin: ...........................................................................................................8 Phn bit Vi x l v Vi iu khin: ..........................................................................................9 Phn loi vi iu khin: ............................................................................................................9 V Atmel Corporation: ........................................................................................................... 11 V h vi iu khin AT89 ....................................................................................................... 11 Vi iu khin AT89C51: ......................................................................................................... 13 Cng ngh CMOS: ......................................................................................................... 13 AT89C51: ....................................................................................................................... 13

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Gii thiu IC TPIC6B595 ...............................................................................................................29 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 Khi qut v IC 6B595:.......................................................................................................... 29 S chn v chc nng ca cc chn IC 6B595:................................................................ 29 S logic ca IC 6B595: ..................................................................................................... 30 S nguyn l: ............................................................................................................ 30 S ng vo v ng ra: ................................................................................................ 31 Gin xung kch v xung ra: ....................................................................................... 32 Bng thng s ca IC 6B595: ........................................................................................ 32 Hnh nh thc t IC 6B595( loi N): .............................................................................. 33

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Gii thiu ma trn led: ....................................................................................................................34 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.4 Lch s pht trin ca cng ngh LED:.................................................................................. 34 Gii thiu v ma trn LED ..................................................................................................... 35 Cu to ca ma trn LED: ...................................................................................................... 35 C s l thuyt: .............................................................................................................. 36 S khi: ..................................................................................................................... 37 s nguyn l hot ng ca LED 8x8: .............................................................................. 38

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Thit k thi cng: ............................................................................................................................41

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5.1 5.2 5.3 6

Mch nguyn l: ..................................................................................................................... 41 Mch layout: .......................................................................................................................... 42 Source code: ........................................................................................................................... 42

Ti liu tham kho: .........................................................................................................................46

Tng kt v cm n .................................................................................................................................47

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1 GII THIU CHUNG:1.1 S lc v qung co:Khi nim: - Qung co l hnh thc tuyn truyn c tr tin thc hin vic gii thiu thng tin v sn phm, dch v, cng ty hay tng, qung co l hot ng truyn thng phi trc tip gia ngi vi ngi m trong ngi mun truyn thng phi tr tin cho cc phng tin truyn thng i chng a thng tin n thuyt phc hay tc ng n ngi nhn thng tin. - Qung co l nhng n lc nhm tc ng ti hnh vi, thi quen mua hng ca ngi tiu dng hay khch hng bng cch cung cp nhng thng ip bn hng theo cch thuyt phc v sn phm hay dch v ca ngi bn. - Qung co l mt hnh thc truyn thng marketing hu hiu nht. Cc loi hnh qung co ph bin: - Qung co thng hiu (brand advertising): Qung co xy dng thng hiu nhm xy dng mt hnh nh hay s nhn bit v mt thng hiu v lu di vi ni dung thng rt n gin. - Qung co a phng (local advertising): Thng bo khch hng rng sn phm ang by bn gn ni h, nhm li ko h n ca hng. - Qung co chnh tr (political advertising) Chnh tr gia thng lm qung co thuyt phc c tri b phiu cho mnh hoc ng h chnh kin, tng ca minh. Cc chin dnh vn ng tranh c tng thng M l mt v d in hnh. - Qung co hng dn (directory advertising)

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y l hnh thc qung co nhm hng dn khc hng lm th no mua mt sn phm hoc dch v. (chng hn nh nin gim nhng trang vng). - Qung co phn hi trc tip (direct-respond advertising) Hnh thc qung co ny nhm bn hng mt cch trc tip, khch hng mua sn phm ch vic gi in thoi hoc email, sn phm s c giao n tn ni. - Qung co th trng doanh nghip (Business-to-business advertising) Khch hng mua nhm n l doanh nghip, cng ty ch khng phi l ngi tiu dng. Chng hn nh qung co cc sn phm l nguyn liu sn xut, hoc cc sn phm ch dng trong vn phng nh my. - Qung co hnh nh cng ty (institution advertising) Loi hnh qung co ny nhm xy dng s nhn bit v mt t chc, hay thu phc cm tnh hay s ng h ca qun chng i vi mt cng ty, t chc. - Qung co dch v cng ch (public service advertising) Thng l qung co h tr cho cc chng trnh, chin dch ca chnh ph (nh sinh k hoch, an ton giao thng ) - Qung co tng tc (interact advertising) y ch yu l cc hot ng qung co bng internet nhm n c nhn ngi tiu dng. Thng ngi tiu dng s tr li bng cch click vo qung co hoc ch l i. Cc phng tin qung co truyn thng: Qung co c chuyn i bng nhiu phng tin truyn thng khc nhau, nh: o Truyn hnh o Bo ch

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o Internet o Pht thanh o Qung co trc tuyn o Qung co qua bu in o Qung co trn cc phng tin vn chuyn o Qung co qua n phm danh b doanh nghip o Qung co trn t ri, p phch, pano hay bng-rn o Qung co trn bao b sn phm o Qung co qua gi th trc tip o Qung co truyn ming o Qung co t n LED

1.2 Qung co t led:n led: Mc ch s dng: Kt hp n LED v mch in t to hiu ng nh sang, gy s ch v truyn t thng tin n khch hng hoc ngi i ng. Bn cnh , vi nhiu ng dng v u im , n LED bt u dn thay th dn cc loi n thng dng chiu sang. Bng hiu/ bng qung co LED: - Cu to: to thnh cc bng hiu c thng tin c nh ngi ta dung cc loi LED n vi nhiu mu sc to k t v hnh nh, dng mch in t iu khin s chp tt v to hiu ng nh sng mong mun. Bng in t c thng tin thay i c cn gi l bng qung bo hay mn hnh in t Led, c nhiu mu sc, nhiu cch hin th sinh ng, d dng thu ht s ch ca mi ngi. Do d dng thay i thng tin trn bng in t, nn y c xem nh l phng tin truyn t thng tin hin i, nhanh chng. - Phn loi:

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o Bng indoor s dung tt trong nh,khng s dng ngoi tri c v khng d sng v khng chu c ma nng o Bng Outdoor , sng cao (khong 5000mcd/m2) kt cu chc chn chu c ma,nng. o Bng Semi-outdoor sng cao s dng tt ngoi tri , chu ma nng km, s dng thch hp cho lm bin hiu bng qung co di mi hin nh... - Mt s ng dng: o Lm bng hiu cho cc ca hng, trung tm thng mi o S dng trong trng hc: thng bo lch hc, tuyn sinh o Lm bng thng bo trong cc c quan hnh chnh: ngn hng, bu in, Cng ty x s kin thit, Uy ban nhn dn, chi cc thu o S dng trn ng giao thng: lm cng cho, thng bo tnh hnh giao thng o Lm bng qung co cho Cng ty, nh hng, showroom, siu th u im khi dng bng hiu/ bng qung co LED: - Tit kim nng lng: Mc tiu th in ca bin hiu bng n LED ch tng ng gn 1/5 (in xoay chiu) so vi n thng v lng nhit m chng ta ra hu khng ng k. Chng cng an ton hn khi s dng do c in th thp. Nu nh bng n thng ch pht sng hiu in th 110-220 V, th bng LED trng c th hot ng mc 3-24 V ( tit kim 10 n 40 ln). - Tui th bng n: n LED t tui th 50.000 - 100.000 gi (so vi khong 1.000 gi ca bng thng v 8.000 gi ca bng compact) v khng chy khi in ngun dao ng hng triu ln/giy. Ngi ta c th s dng n LED cng sut thp hn nhiu

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so vi cc loi n khc m vn c ngun sng tng ng. Mt bng LED c cng sut 5 W cho nh sng tng ng mt bng thng cng sut 20 W - D gy ch : Bn tng thy cc bng n led chuyn ng ?Bn tng thy mt chic t ( xe hi ) khi mun xin ng thng nhp nhy n trc xe . l nhng ng dng nh trc tip vo tm l ca mi ngi . D n khng xy ra theo hng bn ang nhn nhng ch cn trong tm ph ca mt ( bn tri,bn phi,pha trn ) l theo qun tnh mi ngi u nhn n. - An ton v ph bin: Khng gy chy n nh n Neon C th thit k mi kch thc, cng nh vic tho ri v lp t nhanh chng, tin li nhiu a hnh. Mu sc a dng, ni bt, gy n tng tt. n Led thc s tr thnh cng ngh chiu sng tit kim qu nht trong giai on ny, nht l i vi lnh vc qung co. Vi tinh nng vt tri ca n, n Led s ha hn l cng ngh hin i v hiu qu nht. Tng quan v h thng: H thng bao gm mt con vi iu khin AT89C51 iu khin, 4 IC 6B595, v 4 bng led ma trn. Nhim v ca AT 89C51 l cung cp d liu hng cho 4 bng ma trn led, ng thi iu khin IC 6B595 qut ct. Sau y ln lt chng ta s tm hiu v cc thnh phn ca mch: AT89C51, IC 6B595 v ma trn led. Phn tip theo chng ta s c ci nhn tng quan v AT89C51, mt dng sn phm ni ting ca Atmel.

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2 GII THIU VI IU KHIN AT89C51:2.1 S lt v vi iu khin:Khi qut lch s: - Ngy 15 thng 11 nm 1971: Intel t mt qung co cho b vi x l n chip u tin, Intel 4004, trn t Electronic News (M)

Hnh 2.1: Vi x l u tin intel 4004 - Khng lu sau Motorola, RCA, MOS Teachnology v Zilog gii thiu cc b vi x l tng t, trong vi x l D2 ca Motorola, KIM-1 ca MOS Technology v SDK-85 ca Intel l ng nh nht. - Nm 1976: Intel gii thiu 8748 v 8048, l nhng vi iu khin u tin trn th gii, 8748 v cc IC tip theo nhanh chng tr thnh chun cng nghip trong cc ng dng hng iu khin. - Nm 1980: Chip 8051 ra i - vi iu khin u tin ca h vi iu khin MCS-51, nh du mt bc tin quan trng c v phc tp, kch thc ln kh nng. Trn 60,000 transistor bao gm 4K byte ROM, 128 byte RAM, 32 ng xut nhp, 1 port ni tip v 2 b nh thi 16 bit trong mt IC n l mt iu ang ch lc by gi.

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- Cc dng vi iu khin thng dng v ni ting hin nay: 8051( bao gm AVR), PIC v Motorola.

2.2 Phn bit Vi x l v Vi iu khin:So snh Vi x l Ch tch hp nhng phn cng V phn cng thit yu nh CPU v nhng mch giao tip gia CPU v cc CPU khc. X dng tp lnh bao qut, mnh v kiu nh a ch, c Tp lnh th truy xut d liu ln. Thc hin dng 4 bit, 1 byte, 2 byte( word), 4 byte (double word). p dng Trong cc h my vi tnh Vi iu khin Tch hp c CPU v cc thit b ngoi vi: b nh, cc modul( bin i tng t sang s), S dng cc lnh iu khin xut nhp, c th truy xut d liu dng bit hoc byte. Cc nhm lnh chnh: chuyn d liu, iu khin logic, r nhnh chng trnh, tnh ton s hc v logic. Trong cc h thng iu khin, o lng, iu chnh

Bng 2.1 :So snh gia vi x l v vi iu khin.

2.3 Phn loi vi iu khin:2.3.1 Theo di thanh ghi: - Da vo di ca cc thanh ghi v cch lnh ca VK m ngi ta chia ra cc loi VK 8bit,16 bit hay 32 bit - Cc loi VK 16bit do c di lnh ln hn, nn cc tp lnh cng nhiu hn, phong ph hn. Tuy nhin, bt c chng trnh no vit bng VK 16bit chng ta iu c th vit trn VK 8bit vi chng trnh thch hp. 2.3.2. Theo kin trc CISC v RISC:

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- VXL hoc VK CISC l VK c tp lnh phc tp. Cc VK ny c mt s lng ln cc lnh nn gip cho ngi lp trnh c th linh hot v d dng hn khi vit chng trnh. - VK RISC l VK c tp lnh n gin. Chng c mt s lng nh cc lnh n gin. Do , chng di hi phn cng t hn, gi thnh thp hn, v nhanh hn so vi CISC. Tuy nhin, n i hi ngi lp trnh phi vit cc chng trnh phc tp hn, nhiu lnh hn. 2.3.3. Theo kin trc Harvard v kin trc Vonneumann: - Vi iu khin bao gm cc linh kin in t kch thc micro hoc nano, cc linh kin ny c kt hp vi nhau v c ni vi cc thit b bn ngoi qua cc chn vi iu khin. - Hai kin trc vi iu khin ph bin hin nay l kin trc Von Neumann v kin trc Harvard. S khc bit ch yu gia hai kin trc ny, chnh l vic t chc b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh. Kin trc Von Neumann t chc b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh chung vi nhau, chnh v vy, ng truyn (bus) ca kin trc Von Neumann l ng truyn chung, iu ny lm cho VK gn nh hn, gi thnh nh hn. Trong khi , kin trc Harvard s dng b nh ring bit - tch ri b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh nn qu trnh truyn nhn d liu n gin hn. - Mi kin trc ny c mt li im ring r khc nhau. Kin trc Von Neumann tn dng c ti nguyn b nh, trong khi kin trc Harvard s t tc x l cao hn, mt khc ng truyn d liu v ng truyn lnh iu khin (chng trnh) c th c dung lng khc nhau.

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2.4 V Atmel Corporation:c thnh lp vo nm 1984 bi George Perlegos ngi tng lm vic cho Intel, Atmel Corporation l mt nh sn xut bn dn da trn tp trung vo thit b nh, vi iu khin, cc sn phm tn s v tuyn, v cc thit b ng dng c th. Atmel cung cp cc sn phm ph hp cho ngi tiu dng, thng tin lin lc, mng my tnh, cng nghip, t, hng khng v tr, v cc lnh vc qun s. Trong thp k qua, Atmel bt u tp trung nhiu hn trn cc dng sn phm vi iu khin. Ngy nay, Atmel co hn $ 1 t USD doanh thu hng nm, trong 60 % doanh thu ca h t vi iu khin v l nh cung cp ln nht cc gii php cm bin cm ng.

2.5 V h vi iu khin AT89Dng Atmel AT89 c kin trc ca vi iu khin 8 bit dng 8051( ca Intel) c sn xut bi Atmel. Mc d da trn li Intel 8051, dng AT89 vn gi c v th ph bin ca mnh do gi thnh r m vn m bo c tiu chun cng ngh. Mc d dng AT90 ra i vi nhng ci tin mnh m hn, nhng cc sn phm mi ca dng AT89 vn vn tip tc c pht trin. iu c th hin qua s tng cng vi vi iu khin 8051 li chc nng c bit. Dng vi iu khin AT89:

Tn thit b AT89C1051 AT89C2051 AT89C4051 AT89C51 AT89C52

Flash 1K Flash 2K Flash 4K Flash 4K Flash 8K Flash

B nh d liu 64 MB RAM 128 RAM 128 RAM 128 RAM 256 RAM

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AT89C55 AT89S8252 AT89S53

20K Flash 8K Flash 12K Flash

256 RAM 256 RAM 256 RAM

Bng 2.2: Vi iu khin thuc dng AT89

Ci nhn tng quan v vi iu khin(phn loi theo di thanh ghi):

Hnh 2.2: Cc loi vi iu khin

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2.6 Vi iu khin AT89C51:2.6.1 Cng ngh CMOS: - Mch CMOS c pht minh bi Frank Wanlass vo nm 1963 ti hng Fairchild Semiconductor. Vit tt ca Complementary Metal-OxideSemiconductor, l thut ng ch cng ngh ch to vi mch tch hp: vi x l, vi iu khin, RAM tnh v cc mch logic khc v cng c dng rt nhiu trong cc mch tng t. - CMOS (cn gi l MOS b) s dng c hai loi transistor PMOS dng MOSFET knh P v NMOS dng MOSFET knh N tng cng, ti mi thi im ch c mt loi transistor nm trng thi ng(ON). - Hai c tnh c bn ca cc linh kin c ch to bng cng ngh CMOS: c min nhiu cao v tiu thu nng lng trng thi tnh rt thp. Bn cnh CMOS cn cho php tch hp cc hm logic vi mt cao trn chip. 2.6.2 AT89C51: 2.6.2.1. Cc c tnh:

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Hnh 2.3: Cc c tnh ca AT89C51 Nh trnh by khi qut trn, AT89C51 do Atmel sn xut, l mt h vi tnh 8 bit n chip CMOS c hiu sut cao, cng sut ngun tiu th thp, c sn xut theo cng ngh b nh khng mt ni dung; ch ngh dng CPU trong khi vn cho php RAM, cc b nh thi/im, Port ni tip v h thng ngt hot ng. 2.6.2.2. C bn v cu to ca AT89C51: S :

Hnh 2.4: S khi ca AT89C5114

AT89C51 c 40 chn, s chn v hnh dng thc t: Loi:PDIP

Loi: PLCC

Loi:

Hnh 2.5: S chn v hnh dng thc t

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( y ta chn loi PDIP s dng nn ch xt PDIP). M t chn: - VCC - ngun cung cp- chn 40: VCC = 5V 20%. - GND ni t: chn 20 - Port 0: chn 32 -> 39, c hai chc nng chnh: o Chc nng xut/nhp (IO): dng cho thit k nh. Khi s dng phi dng thm in tr ko ln( pull up), gi tr ca in tr ph thuc vo thnh phn kt ni vi Port. Khi dng lm ng ra: Port 0 c th ko c 8 ng TTL. Khi dng lm ng vo: Port 0 phi c set mc logic 1 trc . o Chc nng a ch/d liu a hp: Port 0 cn c cu hnh l bus d liu a hp( 8 bit) va l bus a ch ( 8 bit thp) khi truy xut b nh d liu ngoi v b nh chng trnh ngoi( thng dng trong cc thit k ln) o Ngoi ra port 0 cng nhn cc byte m trong khi lp trnh cho Flash v xut cc byte m trong khi kim tra chng trnh( i hi phi c in tr ko ln) - Port 1 t chn 1-> 8: o L Port xut nhp 8 bit hai chiu v ch c mt chc nng l xut nhp, khng dng cho cc mc ch kh c cc in tr ko ln bn trong, iu c ngha l ta khng cn thm in tr ngoi. o Khi lm nhim v ng vo: Port 1 phi c set mc logic 1 trc . o Khi Port 1 lm nhim v ng ra: c kh nng ko c 4 ng vo TTL. o Mt khc, Port 1 cng nhn c 8 bit a ch thp trong qu trnh lp trnh hay kim tra. - Port 2 t chn 21 - > 28, c hai chc nng:

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o Chc nng xut nhp: c kh nng ko c 4 ng vo TTL vi chc nng xut v khi set 1, Port 2 c s dng vi chc nng nhp, khng cn dng in tr ko ln v n c tch hp bn trong. o Chc nng a ch: dng lm 8 bit a ch cao khi cn b nh ngoi c a ch 16 bit( MOVX @ DPTR). Khi Port 2 khng dc dng cho mc ch IO. Port 2 cng nhn 8 bit a ch cao v tn hiu iu khin trong qu trnh lp trnh hay kim tra. - Port 3 t chn 10 -> 17, vi in tr ko ln c tch hp bn trong, cc chc nng: o Chc nng xut nhp: Ko c 4 ng vo TTL chc nng xut. Khi Port 3 set mc 1 khi s dng chc nng nhp. o Port 3 cng nhn c tn hiu iu khin cho chng trnh v kim tra. o Ngoi ra Port 3 cn c nhng chc nng c bit khc nh sau: Bit P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 Tn RxD TxD INT0 INT1 T0 T1 WR RD Chc nng Ng vo Port ni tip Ng ra Port ni tip Ngt ngoi 0 Ngt ngoi 1 Ng vo ca b nh thi 0 Ng vo ca b nh thi 1 Tn hiu iu khin ghi d liu ln b nh ngoi Tn hiu iu khin c t b nh d liu ngoi

Bng 2.3: Chc nng c bit cc chn ca Port 3

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- PSEN (Program Store Enable) chn 29: o Cho php c chng trnh m rng i vi cc ng dng s dng ROM ngoi. Thng c ni n chn OC( Output Control) ca ROM c cc byte m lnh. Khi AT89C51 ang thc hin b nh chng trnh ngoi , PSEN s set mc 0 v tch cc 2 ln trong mt chu k my. Khi thi hnh chng trnh ROM ni , PSEN s mc logic 1. o M lnh chng trnh c t ROM thng qua bus d liu( Port 0) v bus a ch (Port 0 + Port 2). - ALE/PROG (Address Latch Enable/Program) chn 30: o L tn hiu cht a ch vo thanh ghi ngoi trong na chu k u ca chu k nh, na chu k tip theo cc ng Port 0 s xut hay nhp d liu ty vo ngi dng, v thng ni vi chn Clock ca IC cht( 74373, 74573..). o Ngoi ra cc xung tn hiu ALE cng c th dng lm tn hiu clock cho h thng (tc bng 1/6 tn s dao ng trn chip). Khi set a ch 8Eh t 0 ln 1, xung tn hiu ALE b cm, khi ALE ch c tc dng vi lnh MOVX hay MOVC. Ngoi ra con dng l ng vo xung lp trnh cho ROM ni (PROG) - EA/VPP (External Access) chn 31: o Cho php thc thi chng trnh t ROM ngoi. EA cn c ni t truy cp d liu t nhng b nh chng trnh ngoi (ROM ngoi) bt u t 0000H n FFFFH. Tuy nhin khi thit lp mc logic 1, vi iu khin s thi hnh chng trnh t ROM ni. o Ngoi ra khi lp trnh cho ROM, chn EA s c ly lm chn cp ngun( 12V). - RST ( reset) chn 9:

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o Khi RST nhn c mc logic 1 trong t nht 2 chu k my( tng ng 2s i vi thch anh 12MHz), AT89C51 s c thit lp li t u. - XTAL1 - chn 19 v XTAL2 - chn 19: o Ng vo v ng ra b dao ng, khi s dng c th ch cn kt ni thm thch anh ( tn s ln nht l 33MHz, nhng thng dng 12MHz ) v cc t nh s sau:

Hnh 2.6: S kt ni thch anh Lu : C1, C2 = 30 pF 10pF cho b cng hng thch anh = 40 pF 10 pF cho b cng hng gm. nh th chu k my: - Mt chu k my bo gm 6 trng thi, mi trng thi gm 2 phn: Phase 1 v Phase 2. Nh vy mi chu k my bao gm 12 xung clock c biu din t S1P1 n S6P2( vi S: state v P: phase). - Tn hiu cht a ch ALE tch cc 2 ln trong mt chu k my ( trong khong thi gian S1P1 n S2P1 v t S4P2 n S5P1). - i vi cc lnh thc thi trong mt chu k:

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o Lnh 1 byte: c thc thi ti thi im S1P1 sau khi m lnh c cht vo thanh ghi lnh ti S1P1. o Lnh 2 byte: byte th 2 c c v thc thi ti thi im S4 - i vi lnh thc thi trong 2 chu k my: Qu trnh ly lnh thc hin ti thi im S1 ca chu k u tin. Nu lnh c nhiu hn 1 byte th s c ly cc thi im tip theo ging nh cc lnh thc thi trong 1 chu k. T chc b nh: T chc b nh ca AT89C51 c th chia lm 2 phn: b nh trong v b nh ngoi.

Hnh 2.7: Cc vng nh ca AT89C51 - B nh trong: gm ROM v RAM. o RAM ni - chia thnh cc vng phn bit: Vng RAM a dng: c 80 byte t a ch 30h 7Fh, dng ring cho ngi s dng lu d liu.C th truy xut mi ln 8 bit bng cch dng ch a ch trc tip hay gin tip thng qua cc thanh ghi (R0 hoc R1) dng mc Byte. Cc vng a ch thp t 00h 2Fh cng c th s dng cho mc ch nh trn ngoi cc chc nng trong cc vng khc.

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Vng c th nh i ch bit: t 20h 2Fh gm 16 byte c th thc hin ging nh vng RAM a dng( mi ln 1 byte 8 bit) hay thc hin truy xut mi ln 1 bit bng cc lnh x l bit ( nu truy cp mc bit th vng ny c a ch c nh t 00H n 7FH). vng ny, ty thuc vo cc lnh c th m i ch uc truy xut di dng byte hay bit. Cc thanh ghi c th nh a ch bit bt u v a ch byte trng nhau. Ngoi ra, cc cng xut nhp cng c th c nh ac h dng bit, gip n gin vic giao tip bng phn mm Cc bank thanh ghi: vng a ch 00h -1Fh gm 4 bank thanh ghi: bank 0( t 00h 07h), bank 1( t 08h 0Fh), bank 2( t 10h 17h), bank 3( t 18h 1Fh); nh vy mi bng thanh ghi c 8 bit v c truy cp bng a ch trc tip mc byte. Cc thanh ghi trong mi bng c tn gi t R0 n R7 v h thng s dng bank 0 sau khi h thng khi ng. Ti mt thi im ch c mt bank c thanh ghi c tri xut bi cc thanh R0 ->R7. Qu trnh chn s dng bank thanh ghi no l ty vo vic la chn gi tr cho RS1 trong PSW. - B nh ngoi : o Bao gm b nh chng trnh (iu khin c bng tn hiu PSEN) v b nh d liu (iu khin bng tn hiu RD hay WR cho php c hay ghi d liu). o Kh nng xut/ nhp c m rng bng cc IC giao tip ngoi vi v chng tr thnh 1 phn ca khng gian nh d liu ngoi. o Do s ng a ch l 16 bit( 8 bit thp ca Port 0 v 8 bit cao ca Port 2) nn b nh ngoi c th gii m ti 64Kb.

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o Khi s dng b nh ngoi Port 0 khng cn m nhn chc nng xut/ nhp na m tr knh a ch (A0 A7) v knh d liu a hp chu k b nh ngoi. Port2 dng l byte cao ca knh a ch. o B nh ngoi hot ng theo kiu sp xp a hp: trong na chu k u ca chu k b nh, P0 cung cp byte thp ca a ch trong na chu k u v c cht nh tn hiu ALE gi cho tn hiu n nh trong c chu k. Na chu k sau, P0 lm knh d liu, lc ny d liu c th c c hoc ghi. B nh chng trnh ngoi:

Hnh 2.8: Truy cp b nh chng trnh ngoi o L b nh ch c, c cho php bi tn hiu PSEN. Port 0 v Port 2 khng cn ch nng xut nhp na, n dng cha a ch v d liu. Khi truy cp b nh chng trnh ngoi, VDK lun s dng knh a ch 16 bit thng qua P0 v P2. o Truy cp b nh ngoi: trong mt chu k my c 12 chu k dao ng v tn hiu ALE tch cc hai ln. Ln th nht, AT89C51 cho php m cng cht a ch byte thp, khi ALE xung mc 0 th b m chng trnh iu c byte thp v byte cao, khi nu PSEN tch cc th d liu s c

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xut ra. Khi ALE ln mc 1 tr li th Port 0 c d liu l m lnh. Tng t cho ln tch cc th hai v byte 2 c c t b nh chng trnh( Nu lnh c 1 byte th byte th 2 c loi b). o a ch ha b nh chng trnh ngoi tr: byte thp ca a ch t b m chng trnh c xut qua cng Port 0 (t A0 A7) ti trng thi S2 v S5 ca chu k my, trong khi byte cao c xut qua cng P2( t A8 A15) trong c chu k my. Sau AT89C51 s pht xung chn PSEN. Mi chu k my gm 2 xung chn v mi xung chn tn ti trong 3 chu k dao ng t P1S3 n ht P1-S6 n ht P1S4 v t P1-S6 n ht P1S1 ca chu k my tip theo.

Hnh 2.9: th thi gian qu trnh nhn lnh t ROM ngoi B nh d liu ngoi: o Tn hiu WR ni vi ng cho php ghi d liu ca RAM v RD - Ni vi ng cho php xut d liu ca RAM cc chn P3.6 v 3.7 quyt nh s cho php b n d liu ngoi v c truy cp bng a ch 2 byte( thng qua cng P0 v P2) hoc 1 byte (cng P0). o Lnh truy xut d liu ngoi MOVX. o Thanh ghi cha a ch: hoc DPTR hoc R0 v R1

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Hnh 2.10: Truy cp b nh d liu ngoi Cc thanh ghi c chc nng c bit SFR: SFR( special function registers) nm trong RAM ni, c vng khng gian nh 128 byte c nh a ch t 80h n FFh. o Thanh ghi ACC (Accumulator) thanh ghi tch ly:c di 8 bits v c s dng nhiu nht trong cc thanh ghi. K hiu trong cu lnh l A, trong cc lnh x l bit, k hiu l ACC. Dng lu tr cc ton hng v kt qu php tnh. C th truy xut trc tip thng qua a ch E0h hay tng bit thng qua a ch bit t E0h n E7h.. o Thanh ghi B: dng khi thc hin php nhn v php chia. i vi cch lnh khc, n l thanh ghi m tm thi. Thanh ghi Bcng c di 8bit v c a ch byte F0h v a ch bit t F0h F7h c th truy xut ging thanh ghi A. o Thanh ghi SP thanh ghi con tr ( Stack Pointer): vi di 8 bit thanh ghi SP dng ch n nh ca stack. Khi thc hin lnh PUSH gi tr ca n t ng tng ln trc khi d liu c a vo lu tr trong stack v tng t SP s gim xung khi thc hin lnh POP. Khi khi ng li h thng th gi tr ca SP l 07 h, ngha l stack bt u ti a ch 08h( do stack yu cu tng ni dung thanh ghi SP trc khi lu).

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o Thanh ghi DPTR: l thanh ghi con tr d liu 16 bit gm 1 thanh ghi byte cao 8bit (DPH) nm a ch 83h v 1 thanh ghi byte thp 8bit (DPL) nm i ch 82h.. Thanh ghi ny khng cho php nh a ch bit v c dng truy cp RAM ngoi. o Cc thanh ghi Port: Pi l cc cht ca cc cng i, c a ch (8 + i)0h, vi i = 0,1,2,3. Mi cht gm 8 bit. Tt c cc thanh ghi iu hot ng xut nhp hai chiu vi 8 chn ra v cho php nh a ch bit. o Thanh ghi SBUF( serial data Buffer) : m d liu ni tip c a ch 99h v bao gm: thanh ghi m pht v thanh ghi m thu. Khi d liu chuyn ti, n i vo b m pht v c gi ch bin thnh dng truyn tin ni tip. d liu s i ra t b m thu khi n c truyn i t SBUF. o Cc thanh ghi nh thi(Timer Register) : cc i thanh ghi (TH0, TL0), (TH1, TL1) l cc thanh ghi 16 bit tng ng vi cc b Timer/Counter 0 v 1. o Cc thanh ghi iu khin: Thanh ghi a ch Thanh ghi IP B8h Vng nh a ch bit B8h BFh Chn mc u tin ngt khi c 2 ngt xy ra ng thi. Thanh ghi IE Thanh ghi TMOD A8h 89h A8h h Khng cho php Thanh ghi TCON 88h 88h 8Fh Cho php hay cm cc ngt Chn ch hot ng cho cc b nh thi (0,1). iu khin hot ng ca b nh thi v ngt Thanh ghi T2CON C8h C8h CFh iu khin hot ng ca b nh thi 2 Chc nng

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Thanh ghi SCON

98h

98h 9Fh

iu khin hot ng ca Port ni tip

Bng 2.4: Cc thanh ghi iu khin o Thanh ghi t trng thi chng trnh (PSW Program Status Word): nm a ch D0h v c a ch bit l D0h D7h, thanh ghi PSW l thanh ghi cha thng tin v trng thi chng trnh. Vi di 8 bit( tuy nhin 1 bit khng s dng), cho php truy cp dng mc bit, mi bit m nhn mt chc nng c th: Bit Chc nng 7 CY 6 AC 5 F0 4 RS1 3 RS0 2 OV 1 0 P

Bng 2.5: Chc nng cc bit trong thanh ghi PSW Vi: CY( carry): c nh, thng dng trong lnh ton hc. Khi c nh trong php cng hay mn trong php tr C = 1. AC (auxiliary Carry): c nh ph (thng dng trong php ton m BCD). Khi cng cc gi tr BCD, nu c mt s nh c to ra t 3 bit sang 4bit th AC c t bng 1. F0 - flag:c 0, s dng ty ngi s dng. RS1,RS0: dng chn bank ghi s dng c t/xa bng phn mm. chn bank thanh ghi ta t trng thi cho 2 bit ny. RS1 0 0 1 1 RS0 0 1 0 1 Bank thanh ghi Bank 0 Bank 1 Bank 2 Bank 3

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Bng 2.6: Chn bng thanh ghi OV: c trn, OV = 1 khi c hin tng s hc xy ra, dng cho s nguyn c du, khi thc hin php cng khng du, OV c b qua. - : ngi s dng t nh ngha bit ny nu cn. P (parity): c chn l, c dng kim tra li truyn d liu. S bit 1 trong thanh ghi A cng vi bit P lun lun l s chn v c t ng t /xa bng phn cng trong mi chu trnh lnh. o Thanh ghi iu khin ngun PCON: ti a ch 87h v khng cho php nh a ch bit, bao gm: Bit Chc nng 7 SMOD1 6 SMOD0 5 4 3 2 GF0 1 0

POF GF1

PD IDL

Bng 2.7: Chc nng cc bit trong thanh ghi PCON SMOD1( serial mode 1): bit to tc Baud gp i khi SMOD = 1 (tng gp i tc port ni tip). SMOD1( serial mode 0): cho php chn bit SM0 hay FE tong thanh ghi SCON, nu bng 1 chn FE v ngc li. - : khng s dng, ngi s dng khng c nh ngha bit ny. POF ( Power off flag): dng nhn dng loi reset. Khi m ngun POF =1, do cn phi xa bit POF trc xc nh loi reset. GF1, GF0 ( General purpose flag): c dng cho mc ch chung, a mc ch v do ngi s dng quyt dnh. PD (Power Down): bit ngun gim. Khi PD = 1, vi iu khin chuyn sang ch ngun gim, khi : Ch c th thot khi ch bng cch reset. Ni dung RAM v mc logic trn cc port c duy tr Mch dao ng bn trong v cc chc nng khc ngng hot ng. Chn ALE v PSEN mc thp.

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Vcc c in p t nht 2 V v phc hi Vcc =5 V t nht 10 chu trnh trc khi chn reset xung mc thp ln na. IDL (idle): bit chn ch ngh. IDL = 1, vi iu khin s chuyn sang ch ngh, khi : Trng thi hin hnh ca vi iu khin c duy tr v ni dung cc thanh ghi khng i. CPU khng nhn c mch dao ng bn trong Chn ALE v PSEN mc cao Ch : khi PD v IDL cng tch cc mc cao, h thng s u tin cho PD v thot khi ch ngun gim ny bng cch reset hay c ngt xy ra.

Vy l chng ta c ci nhn tng th v AT89C51, do gii hn ti nn trn y ch xt n nhng iu c bn m khng i vo chi tit. Tip theo chng ta s tm hiu v IC 6B595.

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3 Gii thiu IC TPIC6B5953.1 Khi qut v IC 6B595:- IC 6B595 thuc h CMOS l loi IC dch 8 bt, c tch hp nhiu thanh ghi dch mc ni tip, bao gm nhng Flip Flop, cc cng logic v nhng MOSFE. IC 6B595 c 20 chn c m t nh hnh ., dng iu khin in p ng ra. D liu c a vo ni tip v ly ra song song qua hai tn s xung CK. - IC 6B595 c nhiu u im ngi dng la chn nh: o Tng s lng chn output cho vi iu khin. D c bao nhiu IC i chng na ta cng ch dng 5 chn vi iu khin iu khin (nu dng IC gii m th s lng chn iu khin s tng theo s lng chn ra). o Gia thanh ghi dch v ng ra c mt cht, v ta c th d dng thay i d liu trong thanh ghi v xut ra bt c khi no ta cn. o Ngoi ra IC 6B595 cn vt tri hn hng xm ca n l dng ra n nh v c th t c 500mA IC dch thng dng nh 74595 dng ra ti a cha ti 50mA.

3.2 S chn v chc nng ca cc chn IC 6B595:

Hnh 3.1: s chn ca IC 6B595

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Chn 1 v chn 20 (NC) : khng kt ni vi bn trong Chn 2 (VCC) : chn ngun Chn 3 (SERIN) : d liu a vo Chn 4 n chn 7 v chn 14 n chn 17: ng ra Chn 8 (CLEAR) : cho php xa d liu ng ra, khi mc tch cc thp (0) th xa bt Chn 9 (G) : ng ra cho php khi chn tch cc mc thp. v khi chn ny tch cc mc cao th tt c u ra ca IC 6B595 trng thi cao tr, nn khng c u ra no cho php. Chn 10, 11 v chn 19: c ni mass Chn 12 : xung clock cht d liu. khi c 1 xung clock tch cc th cho php d liu c xut ra cc chn output.lu : mnh c th xut d liu bt k m mnh mun. Chn 13: kch xung clock.khi c 1 xung clock tch cc th 1 bt c dch vo IC. Chn 18: d liu c kch cho IC k tip. Nu dng nhiu IC 6B595 mc ni tip th chn ny c a vo con tip theo khi dch 8 bt.

3.3 S logic ca IC 6B595:3.3.1 S nguyn l:

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Hnh 3.2: S nguyn l ca IC6B595

3.3.2 S ng vo v ng ra:

Hnh 3.3: S nguyn l ng vo

Hnh 3.4: S nguyn l ng ra

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3.3.3 Gin xung kch v xung ra:

Hnh 3.5: gin xung kch v xung ra ca IC 6B595 3.3.4 Bng thng s ca IC 6B595: MIN MAX in p cung cp VCC in p vo mc cao VIH in p vo mc thp VIL Xung dng cc mng u ra, TC= 25C, VCC= 5 V Dng in ra ti a cho tt c cc ng ra Dng in xung c th cung cp Gii hn nhit ca IC Thi gian p ng ca G Thi gian p ng ca cc xung Ck vi ng vo 150 1 -40 150 20 125 mA A0

UNIT V V V mA

4.5

5.5

0.85VCC 0.15VCC -500 500

C

ns ns

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Tn s p ng trung bnh ca IC

200

ns

Bng 3.1: Thng s ca IC 6B595 3.3.5 Hnh nh thc t IC 6B595( loi N):

Hnh3.6: Hnh nh IC6B595 Vy l chng ta s lt v IC dch, mt thnh phn quan trng ca mch. Sau y chng ta s tm hiu phn chnh cui cng trong mch led Ma trn led.

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4 Gii thiu ma trn led:4.1 Lch s pht trin ca cng ngh LED:- Cng ngh n a sc LED tr thnh cng ngh chiu sng hng u hin nay. - Cng ngh LED (Light-emitting Diode) ln u tin c nh khoa hc Oleg Losev pht minh ra Nga vo nm 1920. Bng n LED c gii thiu thng mi ha ln u tin M nm 1962. Nick Holonyak Jr - c xem l cha ca cng ngh n a sc LED - hp tc cng vi M. Geogre Crawford Trng i hc Illinois (Hoa K) hon thin ht cc mu sc sn c ca LED. - K t , cng ngh n chiu LED c gn lin vi s pht trin ca cng ngh chiu nn trong nhng chic TV. Sau ny, n LED tip tc c pht trin rng ri v bt u c p dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. - im khc bit duy nht gia cng ngh mn hnh LED v cng ngh LCD hin thi chnh l h thng n chiu nn pha sau hay cn gi l n backlight. - i vi cng ngh LCD thng thng, cc nh sn xut dng h thng n nn CCFL, tc n nn hunh quang cathode lnh. n nn CCFL gm cc bng n dng ng b tr song song nm ngang. Nhc im ca n nn CCFL l khng th tt hn nhng pixel nht nh m phi tt c khu vc, chnh v vy khng th cho tng phn cao, ng thi cc vng ti v sc en khng c th hin mt cch chnh xc. - Cng ngh mn hnh LED trang b h thng n nn bng cc diode pht quang. Chng c th thay i mu sc nh sng theo bc sng, v th ch mt n diode pht quang c th to ra rt nhiu sc mu m khng b gii hn bi cc nh sng n sc nh bng n thng. u im ca n nn LED l cho di mu rng hn, mu sc trung thc v sng cao hn 40% so vi n nn thng thng.

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- V mt m thut, mn hnh s dng cng ngh mn hnh LED khng cn dng panel knh nn khung vin mn hnh c thit k mng hn, gip mn hnh tr nn thanh thot. - Mn hnh s dng cng ngh LED backlight khng nhng gip tit kim 30% in nng tiu th so vi mn hnh LCD thng m cn l mt sn phm in t xanh: khng s dng cc cht gy hi cho mi trng nh thy ngn, ch..., v cc mi hn c thay bng hp kim ng bc.

4.2 Gii thiu v ma trn LED Ma trn LED tc Dot Matrix LED l tp hp nhiu n LED c b tr thnh dng ma trn hnh ch nht hoc vung vi s hng l a v s ct l b. Ma trn LED c dng rt nhiu trong cc ng dng hin th nh cc bin qung co, hin th thay th LCD hoc thm ch dng hin th video gim s lng cc ng iu khin, trong cc ma trn LED cc LED c ni chung vi nhau theo hng v ct. S lng LED trn ma trn LED l axb trong khi s lng ng ra bng tng s hng v ct: a + b. Vic iu khin 1 ma trn LED kch thc ln i hi thit k mt mch driver v iu khin rt phc tp. 4.3 Cu to ca ma trn LED:

Hnh 4.1 : S thit k ma trn led.

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Ma trn led bao gm nhiu led n b tr thnh hng v ct trong mt v.Cc tn hiu iu khin ct c ni vi Anode ca tt c cc led trn cng mt ct. Cc tn hiu iu khin hng cng c ni vi Cathode ca tt c cc led trn cng mt hang nh hnh v : 4.3.1 C s l thuyt: - Da trn nguyn tc nh qut mn hnh tivi, my tnh, ta c th thc hin vic hin th ma trn n bng cch qut theo hng v qut theo ct. Mi Led trn ma trn Led c th coi nh mt im nh. a ch ca mi im nh ny c xc nh ng thi bi mch gii m hng v gii m ct, im nh ny s c xc nh nh d liu a ra t mch iu khin. - Nh vy ti mi thi im ch c trng thi ca mt im nh xc nh. Tuy nhin khi xc nh a ch v trng thi ca im nh tip theo th cc im nh cn li s chuyn v trng thi tt.V th hin th c ton b hnh nh m ta mun th ta phi qut ma trn nhiu ln vi tc qut rt ln, ln hn nhiu ln thi gian kp tt ca n. Mt ngi ch nhn bit c ti a 24 hnh/s do nu tc qut ln mt ngi s khng nhn bit c s gin on hay l nhp nhy ca n Led(nh la cm gic mt). - ng dng trong hin th Led matrix m bo ph hp cc thng s v in ca tng Led n ngi ta khng iu khin theo chu trnh nh mn hnh tivi (CRT) bi nh vy m bo sng ca ton b bng led th dng tc thi qua tng led l v cng ln do c th nh thng lp tip gip ca led .Trn thc t ngi ta c th ghp chung anot hoc catot ca 1 hng hoc 1 ct . Khi cng vic iu khin s l chuyn d liu ra cc ct v cp in cho hng .Nh vy ti 1 thi im s c 1 hng c iu khin sng theo d liu a ra. Ngoi ra m bo sng ca bng thng tin l tt nht, c bit vi nhng bng c ln theo chiu dc ( c nhiu hng), thi gian sng ca 1 hng lc ny s b gim i rt nhiu nu d nguyn kiu qut 1 hng . khc phc iu ny

36

ngi ta s dng phng php iu khin cho 2 hoc 4 hng cng sng, t gip gim dng tc thi qua tng led m vn m bo sng ti u. 4.3.2 S khi: Gii m ct Data

Gii m hng Data

Ma trn n LED

Hnh 4.2: S khi ma trn LED thc hin c qut hng v qut ct thi ma trn LED c thit k nh sau: o Cc LED trn cng mt hng s c ni cc chn dng vi nhau. o Cc LED trn cng mt ct s c ni cc chn m vi nhau nh hnh v .

Hnh 4.3: S thit k ma trn LED Ta c th m phng mt ma trn LED n gin 4x4 nh sau:

Nguyn l hot ng:

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Trc khi vo nguyn l hot ng ca mch ta tm hiu qua v bng led : -Bng iu khin led ma trn c rt nhiu loi v kch thc ln nh khc nhau . Mi bng gm nhiu led n ghp li vi nhau v sp xp theo hng ct ,ti giao im ca mi hng v ct l mt led n ,v ngi ta thng phn loi bng led theo s hng v ct - Trn th trng ta thng thy nhng bng led rt ln v di do hng nghn n led ghp li - Khi thit k nhng bng led ln nh vy cn ch dn s ng u v sng ca cc led . Bn cch vn cp ngun cho mch cng cn c ch v thit k cho ph hp

4.4 s nguyn l hot ng ca LED 8x8:

Hnh 4.4: S nguyn l ca matrix led

38

V d: ma trn c th sang nh hnh v:

Hnh 4.5: Hin th trn ma trn led Thc hin qut dng v ct: - Chn ct 1, a in p ct 1 v 0. - Sau chn v qut ln lt cc hng 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 nh sau: + n hng1 tt + n hng 2 tt in p a vo hng 1 l 0V. in p a vo hng 2 l 0V.

+ n hng 3 sng in p a vo hng 3 l 5V. + n hng 4 tt + n hng 5 tt + n hng 6 tt + n hng 7 tt + n hng 8 tt in p a vo hng 4 l 0V. in p a vo hng 5 l 0V. in p a vo hng 6 l 0V. in p a vo hng 7 l 0V. in p a vo hng 8 l 0V.

Chn ct 2, ni t. Sau qut ln lt cc hng 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. + n hng 1 tt in p a vo hng 1 l 0V. in p a vo hng 2 l 5V in p a vo hng 3 l 5V in p a vo hng 4 l 0V in p a vo hng 5 l 0V in p a vo hng 6 l 0V

+ n hng 2 sng + n hng 3 sng + n hng 4 tt + n hng 5 tt + n hng 6 tt

39

+ n hng 7 tt + n hng 8 tt

in p a vo hng 7 l 0V in p a vo hng 8 l 0V

Tng t cho cc hng v ct cn li.

Vy l chng ta khi qut ton b nhng phn chnh yu ca n chy ch qung co trn Ma trn led s dng vi iu khin AT89C51 v thanh ghi dch IC TPIC6B595. Phn tip theo ta s i vo phn thit k thi cng.

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5 Thit k thi cng:5.1 Mch nguyn l:

Hnh 5.1 : Mch nguyn l ca n Ch thch: Khi mch to dao ng ni vo chn 18 v 19: o Thch anh nh tn 12Mhz, nh vy tn s xung nhp s l 1Mhz hay 1s. o Hai t 30 pF dng b nhit n nh tn. Khi mch reset ni vo chn 9: o in tr 10k ohm v in tr 220 ohm o T 10 F. Khi mch va cp in, t np v ko chn 9 ln mc cao p to tc ng reset. Sau mt lc chn 9 tr li mc p thp. IC 8951 bt u hot ng t trng thi khi u hoc khi ta mun reset khi mch ang hot ng chng ta c th nhn button. Do ta s dng ROM ni nn chn 31 mc cao.

41

5.2 Mch layout:

Hnh 5.2: Mch layout ca n

5.3 Source code:org 0000h clr clr clr Main: clr P3.2 P3.4 P3.1 P3.3

setb P3.2 mov dptr,#0100h x2: mov x21: mov setb r3,#32 P3.0 r2,#50

42

mov x1:

r1,#0

setb P3.1 clr P3.1

setb P3.3 clr P3.3

mov a,r1 movc a,@a+dptr mov p2,a call Delay

mov p2,#0ffh clr inc P3.0 r1

djnz r3,x1 djnz r2,x21 inc dptr

mov a,dpl cjne a,#177,x2 mov r2,#200 k3: mov r4, # 20 k1: mov setb mov r3,#32 P3.0 r1,#33

43

k2: setb P3.1 clr P3.1

setb P3.3 clr P3.3

mov a,r1 movc a,@a+dptr mov p2,a call Delay

mov p2,#0ffh call clr inc delay1 P3.0 r1

djnz r3,k2 djnz r4,k1 djnz r2,k3 jmp Delay: mov r5,# 50 djnz r5,$ ret delay1: mov r6,#17 djnz r6,$ ret Main

44

org db

0100h

0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,

0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH, 0FFH, 0FFH, 0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH, 0FFH,0 FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH;32 db 00H,00H,0E7H,0E7H,00H,00H,0FFH,00H,00H,0FFH,00H,

00H,24H,24H,3CH,0FFH,00H,00H,0C7H,0E3H,00H,00H, 0FFH,0FFH,0E7H,0E7H,0E7H; hien - 27 db 0FFH,0FFH,00H,00H,0E7H,0E7H,00H,00H,0FFH,0C0H,

80H,33H,33H,80H,0C0H,0FFH,00H,00H,0CFH,0E7H,00H, 00H,0FFH,0FFH,0E7H,0E7H,0E7H; han - 27 db 0FFH,0FFH,00H,00H,0E7H,0E7H,00H,00H,0FFH,00H,

00H,0FFH,00H,00H,24H,24H,3CH,0FFH,00H,00H,0C7H, 0E3H,00H,00H; hien - 24 db 0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,

0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH, 0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH, 0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH; 32 db 7DH,7DH,01H,7DH,7DH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,8FH,77H,

7BH,0BDH,0DEH,0BDH,7BH,77H,8FH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,03H,0FDH,0FDH,0 FDH,03H; i love u - 25 db 0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,

0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH, 0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH, 0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH; 32 db 0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH, 0FFH, 0FFH; 10

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db

0FFH,0DDH,0BEH,0B6H,0C9H,0FFH,07H,0DFH,0DFH,

07H,0FFH,0FFH,0E0H,0EEH,0F1H,0FFH,0FH,0F7H,0FH, 0FFH,0F6H,0ECH,0F2H,0FFH,07H,0DFH,0AFH,77H, 0FDH,0F9H,0F5H,0E0H,0FDH ; 3h dv2 k4 - 32 end

6 Ti liu tham kho:Trong xuyn sut qu trnh lm chng em tham kho rt nhiu trang wed trn mng. Nhng ngun di y l ni chng em ly nhiu ni dung nht: - http://chienluocmarketing.wordpress.com/ - http://www.denledbanghieu.com/ - http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/historic-timeline.html - http://components.about.com/ - http://en.wikipedia.org/ (tham kho k ngun gc trc khi ly) - http://www.huongnghiepviet.com - http://www.atmel.com/images/doc0265.pdf - http://www.alldatasheet.net - Gio trnh vi iu khin ca thy Phm Hng Kim Khnh. - Gio trnh vi iu khin ca thy Tng Vn n - V mt s n ca anh ch i trc.

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Tng kt v cm nVy l chng em i xuyn sut n 1. Do gii hn ti, nn chng em ch xem xt mt cch tng quan, khng i su vo chi tit phc tp rm r v khng h tr nhiu cho cho vic hon thnh sn phm. Nhm gp nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh lm vic, tuy nhin cc thnh vin cng n lc ht mnh cng nhau hon thnhc ng vic mt cch tt nht c th. Sai xt v s xut l iu khng th trnh khi, mong thy c v cc bn gp chng em hon thin hn na n 1 v nhng n sau c hon thnh tt hn. D trong qu trnh lm pht sinh rt nhiu trc trc nh chi ph, nhm thi gian kt thc nhng mi th kt thc tt p. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n c Uyn, l ngi tin tng v gip chng em trong qu trnh thc hin n. Em rt thch n ci ca c, n lm cho chng em tin tng rng mi th iu c th v mnh phi hon thnh c.Chng em cng xin cm n hi ng bo v, nhng thy c cho chng em nhng cu hi c gi tr m rng gii hn kin thc, mi th iu c th tt hn. Chng em cng cm n cc thnh vin ca nhm, hy vng chng em s c dp hp tc cng nhau pht trin nhng th mi m. Em xin trch dn mt cu ni cu Steve Jobs kt thc nhng cu t trong n 1: "Thi gian ca bn khng nhiu, ng lng ph bng cch sng cuc i ca ngi khc. ng nghe li gio iu, v l suy ngh ca ngi khc. ng nhng quan im n o ln t ting ni bn trong bn. Hy bit bn mun g. Mi th khc ch l th yu".

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