King Abdulaziz UniversityDepartment of European Languages & Literature
SyntaxSyntax (LANE-334)(LANE-334)
Chapter 3Functions
Dr. Abdulrahman AlqurashiDr. Abdulrahman Alqurashi
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Categories vs. FunctionsCategories vs. Functions
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Introduction Introduction
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The verb and its complementsThe verb and its complements
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Verb types
Intransitive
Copula
Monotransitive
Ditransitive
Complex transitive
Intransitive +PP
Transitive +PP
Frames
[VP –]
[VP – { AdjP ,NP or PP}]
[VP– { NP / S} ]
[VP – {NP- NP / NP-PP}]
[VP – NP -{AdjP / NP}]
[VP – PP ]
[VP – NP - PP]
Examples
He laughed
He seems [AdjP very sad]
He killed [NP the mouse]
He gave [ NP the girl][NP a book]
He called [NP him][NP a fool]
He leaned [PP towards the girl]
He put [NP the cup][PP on the table]
The verb and its complementsThe verb and its complements
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Intransitive verb
Monotransitive verb
Grammatical functions in SGrammatical functions in S
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Examples: A. The boy was readingB. Was the boy reading?
② Subjects of finite clause agree with the first auxiliary or with the main verb if there is no auxiliary.
Examples:
A. The boy was reading
B. The boys were laughing
A. The boy reads a story everyday.
B. The boys read a story everyday.
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③Subject NPs can be replaced by a pronoun in the subjective form but not in the objective form.
Examples:
A. The boy was reading.
B. He was reading.
C. * him was reading.
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Grammatical functions in SGrammatical functions in S
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Grammatical functions in SGrammatical functions in S
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Grammatical functions in VPGrammatical functions in VP
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Grammatical functions in VPGrammatical functions in VP
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Grammatical functions in VPGrammatical functions in VP
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Grammatical functions in VPGrammatical functions in VP
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Grammatical functions in VPGrammatical functions in VP
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Grammatical functions in VPGrammatical functions in VP
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AssignmentAssignment
QQ: : Bracket the complement and indicate what kind of Bracket the complement and indicate what kind of complement it is and how it is realized in each of the complement it is and how it is realized in each of the following sentences:following sentences:
The doctor put her on a diet.They left the door open.The room is in a mess.He destroyed all the magazines.This song gives me a headache.He lives in Paris.
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Adjuncts and ComplementsAdjuncts and Complements
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Adjuncts and ComplementsAdjuncts and Complements
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Complex sentences: function of clausesComplex sentences: function of clauses
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Complex sentences: function of clausesComplex sentences: function of clauses
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S
Complex sentences: function of clausesComplex sentences: function of clauses
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Complex sentences: function of clausesComplex sentences: function of clauses
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Grammatcal functions in phrasesGrammatcal functions in phrases
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Function Specifier Head Complements Adjunct
Category Model Verb NP NP (PP)
Examples
will show the girl the paintings after dinner
Grammatcal functions in phrasesGrammatcal functions in phrases
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Function Specifier Head
Category (Adv) Adverb
Examples [Adv very][Adv extremely]
[Adv recently][Adv slowly]
Grammatcal functions in phrasesGrammatcal functions in phrases
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X-Phrase: Specifier – Head – Complement – {Modifier/Adjunct}
X
What to do next weekWhat to do next week
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