JAN12 Systematics & Phylogeny19 Protista26 Porifera/Cnidaria
FEB 2 Platyhelminthes, Nematoda 9 Annelida (Additonal Phyla) 16 Population Ecology
23 Mollusca
March 2 Lab PracticalBREAK BREAK
16 TBA23 Experimental Design for Field Biology:
Hypotheses: Arthropoda 30 Data Collection for Arthropoda; Results
and DiscussionApril 6 Echinodermata
13 Embryology 20 Chordata
27 Chordate/ReviewMay 3 Lab Practical
LABORATORY DRAWING GUIDELINES
Anyone can make good lab drawings. All it takes is training your eye to transfer what you see on to paper and to take your time to make a neat, clear drawing. With a good pencil, erasing when you need to,
and drawing some detail, you can make a drawing that can be used effectively to study material you have seen in lab - even without artistic ability. Lab drawings are graded on neatness, how much detail you use, and
how well you followed directions - not on the quality of art work. Remember that there are two important reasons you are asked to make lab drawings. By making
lab drawings you must look closely at the item and then draw it and as a result you learn it better. Remember this is why you take notes during lecture. Also, just like taking notes, your lab drawings can then be used to
study for the lab practical, a test over lab material at the end of the semester. So, the quality of your lab drawings is extremely important for preparing for your lab tests.
* Drawings should be done on plain white paper. Expensive lab drawing paper is unnecessary. Typing or copy paper works fine.
All drawings must be done in pencil. A standard #2 pencil works well. Make sure it has a good eraser - the reason for using a pencil is to be able to erase mistakes so you have a neat, clear drawing.
* Your name should be written in the upper right hand corner of your paper along with the lab name and lab section.
* No more than four drawings on each page. This rule is to force you to draw large enough to show detail and to label structures clearly. Space the drawings out so that the drawing and its labels take up
about 1/4 of the page. If you only have one or two items to draw, draw them larger. * Labels for drawings should be written directly under drawings; using slightly larger sized print for
this label. * Labels for structures should be slightly smaller print and should be kept straight (even with the tip
& bottom of the paper). Draw a straight line from the label to the item you are labeling. Make sure this labeling line touches the item. This line should not have an arrow head or a dot at the end. Do not cross
lines - this ends up being very confusing when you start studying. * Any drawing of microscopic specimens should include the magnification level you used to make the drawing. This is placed directly below the main label for the drawing. It is recorded by listing the number
and adding an “X” for magnification. (100x) * Draw neatly. Make sure that you erase well to correct mistakes. Round cells should be closed
circles with no “tails” sticking out. Don’t push hard with your pencil and make a dark, smudged drawing. Write labels neatly and clearly.
Most importantly draw some detail. Use your pencil to add shading and texture to your drawing. If something is very dark, draw it that way. If a structure is clear, it looks that way because the area around it is
darker - shade it in. If something looks rough add small dots to give it that look of texture. You can use colored pencils, but a lot of detail can be added with just a pencil. A trick is to bring two pencils - keep one
sharp for detail and one dull for drawing shading.
Prokaryotes
Characteristics of Bacteria
Most abundant,, extract nitrogen from atmosphere, major cause of disease, many phototrophic,
Characteristic of Archaebacteria
Live in extreme heat/sulfur environments, methane producers, anaerobic; distinct rna
Characteristics of Eukaryotes
Nucleus and organelles enclosed in membranes, contain either mitochondria, chloroplasts or both, developed into multicellular organisms
ENDOYSYMBIOSIS AND THE FORMATION OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
The current theory of endosymbiosis proposes that these original eukaryotic cells formed when ancestral cells engulfed aerobic bacteria (which became mitochondria) and photosynthetic bacteria (which became chloroplasts).
For this to be correct. Protista needs to be monophyletic (meaning: derived from a single ancestor)
Concept of 4 kingdoms within Eukarya
Other groups of protists belong here
Protista is paraphyletic because "it's ancestor is common to plants animals, fungi and protists,thus it is not a “unique” or discreet group with a common ancestor. A “polyphyletic group contains more than one common ancestor
A phylogeny can help us do lots more than simply study evolutionary history. It also helps us know what traits are shared by different but related groups of organisms.
1: Multicellular2: Land plants3: Vascular plants4: Seed plants5: Symmetry and tissues6: Bilateral symmetry, coelom, and nervous system7: Deuterostome development8: Molting of exoskeletons9: Trochophore larva
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