Download pdf - Introdução ao SAS

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    Introduo ao SAS

    Profa Connie McManus Pimentel

    Universidade de Braslia

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    Introduo ao SAS/ produtos do SAS SAS Fundamentals

    Data Step Proc Steps Informaes sobre programao em SAS

    SAS Macro

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    Base SAS - data management and basic

    procedures SAS/STAT - statistical analysis SAS/GRAPH - presentation quality graphics

    SAS/OR - Operations research SAS/ETS - Econometrics and Time Series

    Analysis SAS/IML - Interactive Matrix Language SAS/SQL Structural query language

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    Statistical Analysis System, Desenvolvido em 1970s na NorthCarolina State University

    SAS Institute Inc. formado em 1976 Software de estatstica mais usado emindustria e universidades

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    SAS windows escolha WindowTile Horizontally

    Type code

    Cdigo Submitido

    ERROs, AVISOs,

    informaes

    See output

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    SAS User Interface

    Log Window

    ExplorerWindow

    Editor Window

    Output (no mostrado)

    ResultsWindow(not shown)

    Run para rodar SAS code

    Ajuda

    Nova janela

    Salvar

    Tool bar similar as aplicaes do Windows

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    Editor

    Editor Window tem os dados e programas deSAS

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    Explorer

    ExplorerWindow

    Libraries Folder Tem bancos de dados criados no SAS

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    Libraries Folder

    Contedo do LibrariesFolder

    Work Folder tem os conjuntosDe dados criados no SAS

    Contedo do Work FolderSo conjuntos de dadoscriados no SAS

    Via inputting dados eVia criando conjuntos de dadosUsando programas deSAS

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    Log Window

    Log Window tem um relatrio deTodos os comandos submitidos para

    SAS e mostra erros

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    Output Window

    Output Window tem outputbaseado em programas de SAS programssubmitido no Editor Window.

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    SAS Help

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    Base SAS

    The Data Set Processamento Uma etapa a cada vez Libraries & Catalogs

    Base SAS SAS Statements (Global, Data, & Proc) Opes de Sistema Formatos & Infomatos Funes

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    Data Set

    Descritor: Nomes das variveis, Labels,Tipos de dados, formatos etcVar Nome data idade altura peso

    Obs1

    Obs2

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    Processamento

    SAS Systemcompila e depois

    exceuta cada stepem sequencia Limite de step

    marcado por RUN;

    As vezes QUIT; ouo inicio da proximastep

    data MYDATA ;

    SAS Statements ;

    ...run ;

    proc print

    data=MYDATA ;run ;

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    Step-at-a-time Processing

    SAS System Compilae depois executacada etapa em

    sequencia O limite da etapa

    marcada por RUN; Asvezes QUIT; ou o

    inicio da proximaetapa

    data MYDATA ;

    SAS Statements ;

    ...

    run ;

    proc print

    data=MYDATA ;

    run ;

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    II. Getting data inThe DATA step

    - with DATALINES- with INFILE

    The IMPORT procedure

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    DATA step with DATALINES

    Type in Editor window

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    Submitting code

    Highlight and submit code

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    (A d PROCEDURES)

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    (A word on PROCEDURES)

    Basic structurePROCprocedure DATA=dataset;

    ;

    RUN;

    Each statement ends with a semicolon;

    E.g.,

    PROC print DATA=MissAmericas;

    RUN;

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    DATA step with DATALINES

    If you have a lot of lines, typing DATALINES is inconvenient.

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    DATA step with INFILE

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    The IMPORT procedureIf there are a lot of variables in different formats,

    the INPUT statement can be cumbersome:

    IMPORT figures out the variable types (numeric, character, etc.)

    and takes variable names (Year, Name, etc.) from the first row.

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    M ki t SAS d t t

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    MYLIB points to X:\. You could also say X:\somefolder\ or.

    MYLIB.missamericas is a file on X:\

    If no library were specified, WORK (temp disk space) would be assumed.

    Can you find mylib and missamericas in the SAS Explorer?

    Can you find missamericas.sas7bdaton the X: drive?

    Making a permanentSAS data set

    R t i i t SAS d t

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    Retrieving a permanent SAS dataset

    Quit SAS and relaunch it

    See? The contents of mylibarepermanent.

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    Saving code

    Name the contents of the Editor window currently blank

    Select the editor window Choose FileSave as

    X:\brownbag.sas

    Save regularly

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    The DATA step with SETDefine some new variables

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    PROC Steps

    Data Management Proc Compare Proc Contents

    Proc Datasets Proc Format Proc Print Proc Sort

    Proc SQL Proc Transpose

    Basic Statistics Proc Corr Proc Freq

    Proc Means Proc Rank Proc Summary Proc Tabulate

    Proc Univariate

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    Using proc ttestdata Grades.two;

    input gender$ x ;cards;

    M 51F 38M 49

    M 56F 40F 36F 55M 51M 60M 18

    F 25;run;

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    Using proc ttest (cont.)

    ods rtf file = C:\Documents and Settings\Owner\MyDocuments\ttestOutput.rtf;

    proc ttest data=Grades.two;

    class gender;

    var x;run;

    ods rtf close;Syntax:PROC ttest DATA=datasetname;CLASS factorvars;VAR responsevar;RUN;

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    DATA A ; INPUT SEXO $ X @@ ; CARDS ; F 75 F 76 F 80 F 77 F 80 F 77 F 76 M 82 M 80 M 85 M 85 M 78 M 87 M 82 PROC TTEST ; CLASS SEXO ;

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    DATA ARQ ; INPUT TIPO GRUPO $ X Y ; CARDS ; 1 A 32.6 112 1 B 36.4 130 1 A 29.5 106 1 B 36.3 112 1 A 42.5 104 1 B 42.0 115

    1 A 44.5 114 1 B 35.3 106 1 A 28.5 105 1 B 41.8 121 2 A 42.7 139 2 B 49.0 139 2 A 41.5 139 2 B 53.0 139 2 A 33.5 139 2 B 49.5 139 2 A 39.3 139 2 B 42.7 139 2 A 47.1 143 2 B 32.9 112 3 A 35.3 124 3 B 40.1 134 3 A 33.6 116 3 B 31.8 133 3 A 41.6 155 3 B 33.8 103 3 A 38.4 146 3 B 40.4 124 3 A 35.9 134 3 B 38.8 123 DATA PARTE ; SET ARQ ; IF TIPO LE 2 ; PROC TTEST DATA = ARQ ; CLASS GRUPO ; PROC TTEST ; CLASS GRUPO ;

    VAR X ; BY TIPO ; PROC TTEST DATA = PARTE ; CLASS TIPO ;

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    Proc Compare

    Used to compare onedata set to another

    Very flexible

    Useful whendeveloping code

    proc compare

    data=onedata

    compare=two ;

    var variablelist ;

    out=compdata ;

    run ;

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    Proc Contents

    Provides informationabout a SAS data set

    proc contents

    data=mydata ;

    run ;

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    Proc Contents OutputCONTENTS PROCEDURE

    Data Set Name: WORK.MYDATA Observations: 4

    Member Type: DATA Variables: 2

    Engine: V612 Indexes: 0

    Created: 16:49 Sunday, June 27, 1999 Observation Length: 16

    Last Modified: 16:49 Sunday, June 27, 1999 Deleted Observations: 0

    Protection: Compressed: NO

    Data Set Type: Sorted: NO

    Label:

    -----Engine/Host Dependent Information-----Data Set Page Size: 8192

    Number of Data Set Pages: 1

    File Format: 607

    First Data Page: 1

    Max Obs per Page: 507

    Obs in First Data Page: 4

    -----Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes-----# Variable Type Len Pos

    -----------------------------------

    1 EXPENSE Num 8 0

    2 TOTAL Num 8 8

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    DATA CLIMA INPUT MES$ 1-3 TEMP 5-8 PRECP UMIDADE; CARDS; JAN 33.4 155 94.3

    FEV 34.1 181 95.6 MAR 32.3 101 90.3 ABR 30.3 90 91.4 MAI 27.8 76 75.9 JUN 27.1 84 78.3 JUL 21.2 40 60.8 AGO 19.0 12 58.3

    SET 20.1 10 59.8 OUT 22.6 53 66.1 NOV 23.8 55 60.9 DEZ 28.9 89 79.5 ; PROC CONTENTS DATA = CLIMA; RUN; PROC CONTENTS POSITION DATA = CLIMA; RUN;

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    Proc Datasets

    Library contentsmaintenance

    copy data sets

    delete data sets index data sets etc.

    proc datasets

    library=libref ;

    delete mydata ;

    run ;

    quit ;

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    Proc Format

    Use proc format tocreate customformats and informats

    This is a powerfultechnique fortransforming customdata

    proc format ;

    value agefmt

    low-12=child

    13-19=teen

    20-high=adult

    ;

    run ;

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    Proc print

    Sends data to output flexible appropriate for must

    reporting needs

    proc print

    data=mydata

    split=*;

    var varlist ;id varlist ;

    by varlist ;

    run ;

    PROC FORMAT ;

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    PROC FORMAT ; VALUE REL 1=ADVENTISTA 2=CATOLICA 3=ESPIRITA 4=UMBANDA ; DATA ARQ ; INPUT NOME $ 1-10 SEXO $ IDADE PESO ALTURA RELIGIAO ; IF IDADE = 99 THEN IDADE = . ; IF PESO = 99 THEN PESO = . ;

    IF ALTURA = 999 THEN ALTURA = . ; IF RELIGIAO = 9 THEN RELIGIAO = . ; CARDS ; ALFREDO M 14 69 112 2 ALICE F 13 56 84 2 BERNADETE F 14 62 102 2 MARTA F 13 65 98 4 HENRIQUE M 14 63 102 3 MARCOS M 12 57 83 3

    HELENA F 12 59 84 2 CLARA F 15 62 102 2 MARCELO M 13 62 84 4 FREDERICO M 12 59 99 3 MATEUS M 12 59 99 2 ELIANE F 11 51 50 2 ALINE F 14 64 90 2 HELOISA F 12 56 77 2 TANIA F 15 66 112 3 FELIPE M 16 72 150 3 ROBERTO M 12 64 128 4 REINALDO M 15 67 113 1 MAURICIO M 11 57 85 2 ANA CELIA F 13 62 108 3 TOMAS M 99 99 85 9 EDUARDO M 15 66 112 2 PROC PRINT ;

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    Proc Sort

    Sorts data by thelisted variable

    Sorted data is

    necessary formerging and other bygroup processing

    proc sort

    data=mydata

    out=sorted;

    by sortvar ;run ;

    O d d b

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    Ordenao de observaes -Comando SORT

    DATA ARQX ; INPUT (V1 - V10) (1.) ; CARDS ; 1023480001 5023000101 3103120110 9112311000 6001300011 PROC SORT ; BY V1 ; PROC PRINT ;

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    Proc SQL

    An excellent tool forbeginning SAScoders who are

    experienced with SQL Great tool for use withSAS/Access to pulldata from Oracle,

    DB2, etc.

    proc sql ;

    sql statemnts ;

    quit ;

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    Proc Transpose

    What to use whenrows is columns andcolumns is rows?

    Transpose!

    proc transpose

    data=mydata ;

    by varlist ;

    copy varlist ;run ;

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    Proc Corr

    Computes CorrelationCoefficients betweenvariables

    Spearman, andKendall, and Pearson,Oh-my!

    proc corr

    data=mydata ;

    run ;

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    Proc Freq

    Counts datafrequencies, preparescross-tabulation

    tables and calculatesdescriptive statistics

    proc freq

    data=mydata ;

    tables

    var1*var2 ;run ;

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    : DATA GRUPO ; INPUT NOME $ 1-10 SEXO $ IDADE ALTURA PESO RELIGIAO ; CARDS ; ALFREDO M 14 69 112 2

    ALICE F 13 56 84 2 BERNADETE F 14 62 102 2 MARTA F 13 65 98 4 HENRIQUE M 14 63 102 3 MARCOS M 12 57 83 3 HELENA F 12 59 84 2 CLARA F 15 62 102 2

    MARCELO M 13 62 84 4 FREDERICO M 12 59 99 3 MATEUS M 12 59 99 2 ELIANE F 11 51 50 2 ALINE F 14 64 90 2 HELOISA F 12 56 77 2 TANIA F 15 66 112 3 FELIPE M 16 72 150 3

    ROBERTO M 12 64 128 4 REINALDO M 15 67 113 1 MAURICIO M 11 57 85 2 ANA CELIA F 13 62 108 3 TOMAS M 99 99 85 9 EDUARDO M 15 66 112 2 PROC FREQ ;

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    DATA GRUPO ; INPUT NOME $ 1-10 SEXO $ IDADE ALTURA PESO RELIGIAO $ ; IF IDADE LE 13 THEN IDADE = 1 ; IF IDADE GT 13 THEN IDADE = 2 ; IF IDADE EQ 99 THEN IDADE = . ; IF PESO EQ 99 THEN PESO = . ; IF ALTURA EQ 999 THEN ALTURA = . ; IF RELIGIAO EQ 9 THEN RELIGIAO = . ; CARDS ; linhas de dados DATA G2 ; SET GRUPO ; IF ALTURA LT 100 ; PROC FREQ DATA = GRUPO ;

    TABLES IDADE ; LABEL IDADE 'GRUPOS: ATE 13 E MAIS DE 13 ANOS' ; TITLE 'TABELA DE IDADE PARA O ARQUIVO - GRUPO' ; PROC SORT DATA = GRUPO ; BY SEXO ; PROC FREQ ORDER = FREQ ; TABLES ALTURA PESO ; BY SEXO ; TITLE 'TABELA DE ALTURA E PESO PARA ARQUIVO-GRUPO, POR SEXO' ;

    PROC FREQ DATA = G2 ; TITLE 'DATA SET G2 - INCLUI REGISTROS COM ALTURA < 100' ; TITLE2 CRUZAMENTOS COM OPCOES - PRIMEIRA TABELA' ; TABLES SEXO * RELIGIAO / CHISQ EXPECTED ; PROC FREQ ; TITLE2 CRUZAMENTOS COM OPCOES - SEGUNDA TABELA' ; TABLES SEXO * RELIGIAO * IDADE / NOPERCENT ;

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    Proc Means

    Calculates statistics N, NMISS, MIN, MAX,

    RANGE, SUM,SUMWGT, MEAN,

    USS (soma dosquadrados nocorrigida), CSS(corrigida), VAR, STD(desvio padro),

    STDERR (erropadro), CV,SKEWNESS,KURTOSIS, T, PRT

    proc means ;

    var x ;

    by y ;

    output out=datamean= ;

    run ;

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    DATA A ;

    INPUT TESTE1 TESTE2 LUGAR $ DIA@@ ; CARDS ;

    04 54 S 1 07 70 N 1 10 69 N 2 04 52 S 1 07 70 S 2 08 74 N 1 04 60 S 1 07 62 S 2 07 80 N 1 06 61 S 2 06 77 N 2 08 75 N

    2 PROC MEANS ;

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    N, NMISS, MEAN, STD, MIN, MAX,RANGE, SUM, VAR, USS, CSS,STDERR, CV, SKEWNESS, KURTOSIS,

    T, PRT, SUMWGT.

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    : DATA A ; INPUT TESTE1 TESTE2 LUGAR $ DIA @@ ; CARDS ; 04 54 S 1 07 70 N 1 10 69 N 2 04 52 S 1

    07 70 S 2 08 74 N 1 04 60 S 1 07 62 S 2 07 80 N 1 06 61 S 2 06 77 N 2 08 75 N 2 PROC MEANS ; VAR TESTE1 TESTE2 ; PROC MEANS DATA = A MAEXDEC = 3 NMISS RANGE USS CSS SKEWNESS KURTOSIS T PRT ; VAR TESTE1 TESTE2 ; TITLE 'ESTATISTICAS SELECIONADAS ; PROC SORT ; BY LUGAR DIA ; PROC MEANS MAXDEC = 3 ; BY LUGAR DIA ; VAR TESTE1 TESTE2 ;

    OUTPUT OUT = NOVO MEAN = T1MED T2MED STDERR = T1EM T2EM; TITLE 'ESTATISTICAS POR LUGAR E DIA' ; PROC PRINT DATA = NOVO ; TITLE 'NOVO DATA SET' ;

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    Teste T Pareado Feita pela PROC MEANS

    DIFERENA ENTRE DUAS VARIVEIS INCLUE OPES T E PRT PARA DIFERENA Exemplo: DATA QUEST ; INPUT V1 1-2 V2 4-5 V3 7-8 ; LABEL V1 = NRO DO ANIMAL V2 = PESO ANTES DO TRATAMENTO V3 = PESO DEPOIS DO TRATAMENTO ; DIF = V3 - V2 ; CARDS ; 01 80 82 02 73 71 03 50 45 04 60 65

    05 80 75 06 65 67 07 55 60 PROC MEANS MEAN STDERR T PRT ; VAR DIF ;

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    Proc Summary (resumo dos dados)

    A lot like proc means Does not print to

    output by default

    Other minordifferences

    proc summarydata=mydata ;

    var varlist ;

    classvarlist

    ;by varlist ;

    outputout=newdata

    mean= ;run;

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    Proc Tabulate

    Prints descriptivestatistics

    Does not create a

    output SAS data set

    proc tabulatedata=mydata ;

    var varlist ;

    table,col ;

    run ;

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    The REG procedure

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    The REG procedure

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    DATA REGR; INPUT ANO Y X1 X2 @@; CARDS; . . . PROC REG; MODEL Y=X1 X2;

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    DATA REGR ; INPUT ANO Y X1 X2 @@ ; LABEL Y = INVESTIMENTOS X1 = CAPITAL X2 = LUCROS ; CARDS ; 1935 33.1 1170.6 97.8 1936 45.0 2015.8 104.4 1937 77.2 2803.3 118.0 1938 44.6 2039.7 156.2 1939 48.1 2256.2 172.6 1940 74.4 2132.2 186.6 1941 113.0 1834.1 220.9 1942 91.9 1588.0 287.8 1943 61.3 1749.4 319.9 1944 56.8 1687.2 321.3 1945 93.6 2007.7 319.6 1946 159.9 2208.3 346.0 1947 147.2 1656.7 456.4 1948 146.3 1604.4 543.4 1949 98.3 1431.8 618.3 1950 93.5 1610.5 647.4 1951 135.2 1819.4 671.3 1952 157.3 2079.7 726.1 1953 179.5 2371.6 800.3 1954 189.6 2759.9 888.9 PROC REG ; MODEL Y = X1 X2 ;

    roc

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    roc

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    EFEITOS A: EFEITO DE A A*B : INTERAO A(B): A DENTRO DE B A|B|C: TODOS OS EFEITOS

    PRINCIPAIS E CRUZADOS

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    Exerccio Bloco Tratamento Peso

    1 1 142,36 1 2 144,78 1 3 145,19 1 4 138,88 2 1 138,28 2 2 137,77 2 3 144,44 2 4 130,31 3 1 140,73 3 2 134,06 3 3 136,07 3 4 144,11

    CALCULAR MEDIA, ERRO PADRO, DESVIO PADRO, PORTRATAMENTO E POR BLOCO.

    Parcelas subdivididas

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    Parcelas subdivididas4 parcelas (variedades),

    4 subparcelas (tratamento de sementes)4 blocos (BANZATTO & KRONKA, 1989, p179)

    VARIEDADES(A)

    TRATAMENTOSDE SEMENTES

    (B)

    BLOCOS

    1 2 3 4A1 B1

    B2B3

    B4

    42.953.849.5

    44.4

    41.658.553.8

    41.8

    28.943.940.7

    28.3

    30.846.339.4

    34.7A2 B1

    B2B3B4

    53.357.649.864.1

    69.669.665.857.4

    45.442.441.444.1

    35.151.945.451.6

    A3 B1B2B3

    B4

    62.363.464.5

    63.6

    58.550.446.1

    56.1

    44.645.062.6

    52.7

    50.346.750.3

    51.8A4 B1

    B2B3B4

    75.470.368.871.6

    65.667.365.369.4

    54.057.645.656.6

    52.758.551.047.4

    ARQUIVO DE

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    ARQUIVO DEDADOS

    DATA TESTE3; INFILE "C:PS.DAT"; DO V=1 TO 4; DO T= 1 TO 4; DO B=1 TO 4; INPUT Y @; OUTPUT; END; END; END; PROC ANOVA; CLASS V T B; MODEL Y = B V B*V T V*T; TEST H=B V E=B*V; MEANS V T V*T; RUN;

    42.953.849.544.4

    41.658.553.841.8

    28.943.940.728.3

    30.846.339.434.7

    53.357.6

    49.864.1

    69.669.6

    65.857.4

    45.442.4

    41.444.1

    35.151.9

    45.451.662.363.464.563.6

    58.550.446.156.1

    44.645.062.652.7

    50.346.750.351.8

    75.470.3

    68.871.6

    65.667.3

    65.369.4

    54.057.6

    45.656.6

    52.758.5

    51.047.4

    PROC GLM

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    PROC GLM

    Experimento com 3 tratamentos,

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    Experimento com 3 tratamentos,com n1 = 3, n2 = 2 e n3 = 1

    repeties (SEARLE, p. 219) data teste4; input trat y ; cards; 1 101 1 105

    1 94 2 84 2 88 3 32 ; title "exemplo 4 curso do SAS" PROC PRINT DATA = TESTE4; PROC GLM; CLASS TRAT; MODEL Y = TRAT; MEANS TRAT / TUKEY; CONTRAST "1 & DEMAIS" TRAT 3 - 2 - 1, "2 & 3 " TRAT 0 2 - 2 ; RUN;

    Sem interao efeitos fixos

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    Sem interao - efeitos fixos. DATA TESTE5; INPUT REPR RAO Y; CARDS;

    1 1 5 1 1 6 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 5 2 1 6 2 1 7

    2 2 8 2 2 8 2 2 9 3 1 3 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 7 ; TITLE " EXEMPLO 5 CURSO SAS "; PROC PRINT DATA = TESTE5; PROC GLM; CLASS REPR RAO; MODEL Y = REPR RAO; MEANS REPR RAO/DUNCAN;

    Com interao - efeitos aleatrios

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    Com interao efeitos aleatrios DATA TEST6 INPUT REPR RAO Y CARDS; 1 1 5 1 1 6 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 5 2 1 6 2 1 7

    2 2 8 2 2 8 2 2 9 3 1 3 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 7 ; TITLE " EXEMPLO 6 CURSO SAS"; PROC GLM; CLASS REPR RAO; MODEL Y = REPR RAO REPR*RAO;

    MEANS REPR*RAO / TUKEY; RANDOM REPR RAO REPR*RAO / Q;

    Efeito da rao no crescimento de suinos

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    Efeito da rao no crescimento de suinoscomo covarincia o peso inicial.

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RAO 1 RAO 2 RAO 3 --------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------------- PESO IN. GANHO PESO PESO IN. GANHO PESO PESO IN. GANHO PESO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 3 4 5 8 7 9 5 7 6 7 6 11 6 0 2 3 4 3 2 8 7 2 3 10 8 8

    6 2 3 2

    4 12 9 5 8 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DATA TESTE7;

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    ; INPUT TRAT W Y ; CARDS; 1 5 3 1 9 5 1 11 6

    1 3 2 2 4 5 2 7 6 2 0 2 2 8 7 2 10 8 2 2 3 2 12 9 2 5 8

    3 8 7 3 7 6 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 8 6 3 2 4 ; TITLE "EXEMPLO 7 DO SAS"; PROC PRINT

    DATA = TESTE7; PROC GLM; CLASS TRAT; MODEL Y = TRAT W ; RUN;

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    VI. Getting results outThe Output window

    The Output Delivery System

    The EXPORT procedure

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    Save the output window

    Click in the output window Choose FileSave As

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    Saving output using Output delivery

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    Saving output using Output deliverySystem (ODS)

    Goal: To provide more flexibility in producing outputfrom SAS data steps and procedures. Using ODS, output can be produced in the following

    formats: rtf, pdf, postscript, html. Many procedures produce ODS objects, which can

    then be output in any of these formats. You can open an ODS output stream with the ODS

    command and a destination keyword. For example, toproduce rtf formatted output from the print procedure:ods rtf file=C:\Documents and Settings\Owner\MyDocuments\printOutput.rtf;proc print data=Grades.one;

    run;ods rtf close;

    Whats the outputs name?

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    Saving the output

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    Sa g t e output

    int_slopeis a data set

    Can you find it?

    Doctoring the output

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    g p

    The EXPORT procedure

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    The EXPORT procedure

    Results.xlsis an Excel file. Can you find it?

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    IV. Graphics

    PROC GPLOT

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    PROC GPLOT

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    PROC GPLOT

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    PROC GPLOT

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    PROC GPLOT

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    PROC GPLOT

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    PROC GHART

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    PROC GHART

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    PROC GHART

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    PROC GHART

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    Proc Gchart

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    Proc Gchart If you need to make bar charts, use proc

    gchart. Use can use axis options like ingplot and the pattern global option toset the bar fill colors and patterns.

    If your plotting variable is categorical you

    get one bar per value. If you are plottinga continuous variable the procedure willgroup the data for you; unless you tell itotherwise.

    pattern1 color = blue;procgchart;

    vbar boys /discrete; run;

    Don't group

    Proc Gchart

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    Proc Gchart(2)

    Notice that the default statistic forvbar is frequency. Additionalstatistics you can request includecfreq (cumulative frequency),

    cpercent (cumulative percent), andpercent. You can get these byincluding this on the vbar line:

    / type= statisticName

    procgchart;vbar month ;

    run;

    Proc Gchart

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    Proc Gchart(3)

    You can tell it how many groupsyou want like this:

    procgchart;

    vbar month /levels = 4;

    run;

    quit;

    Proc Gchart

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    Proc Gchart (4)

    Formats can define groupsprocformat;

    value season

    2-4 = "Spring"5-7 = "Summer";

    run;

    procgchart;

    format month season.;

    vbar month /discrete;

    run;

    P G h

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    procformat;value season

    11, 12, 1 = "Winter"

    2-4 = "Spring"

    5-7 = "Summer"8-10 = "Fall";

    run;

    /*months in each quarter*/

    procgchart;format month season.;

    vbar month / discrete;

    run;

    quit;

    Proc Gchart (5)

    Proc Gchart

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    Proc Gchart(6)

    You can specify two different statistics one toappear just above or below the bars:

    procgchart;format month season.;

    vbar month/outside=cfreq inside=freq;

    run;

    quit;

    Basic HBAR

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    Basic HBAR

    If you do a hbar you get frequency, cumulativefrequency, percent, and cumulative percent informationby default.

    If you want a different statistic just include it after the /

    If you dont want statistics include / nostatsprocgchart;

    hbar boys /discrete;

    run;

    Filling in Colors

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    Filling in Colors

    On the chart line you can specify fill = x to usecross hatched fill patterns or fill = s for solid fillcolors. Use solid colors if possible.

    You can set how patterns are applied by using

    patternid = on the chart line. Patternid can takethese values by, group, midpoint, subgroup.Midpoint gives you a different pattern for eachbar (or pie slice). Avoid using more than 9

    different color/pattern combinations.

    More on Bar Charts

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    More on Bar Charts

    You can group by subvariables:procgchart data = dxinfo;

    hbar ca_site / discrete group =sex;

    vbar ca_site / discrete group =sex;where sex ne 9;

    run;

    quit;

    FREQ.CUM.

    F REQ. PCT .CUM.PC T.

    Ca n c e r S i t e a s Co d e #SE X1 Ma l e

    6 I n t e s t i n e5 Bl a d d e r

    4 Ce r v i x3 Ut e r u s / En d o

    2 B r e a s t1 Ov a r y

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    2 F e ma l e9 9 U n k n o wn

    9 8 Ov a r i a n T umo r - B en i g9 7 Ov a r i a n Cy s t

    9 6 Me n t a l Re t a r d a t i o n5 5 Br e a s t Di s e a - Be n i g n

    5 4 Oo p h o r e c t o my - Ot h e r5 3 Ma s t e c t o my

    5 2 Hy s t e r e c t o my5 0 Oo p h o r e c t o my - P r o p h

    2 6 Pe r i t o n e u m2 5 Ur i n a r y NOS

    2 4 Th y r o i d2 3 S t o ma c h / E s o p h

    2 2 Sk i n2 1 Pa n c r e a s

    2 0 Ot h er - Sp ec i f i e d1 9 Ot h e r , NOS

    1 8 L y mp h o ma / My e l o ma

    1 7 L u n g1 6 L i v e r

    1 5 L e u k e mi a1 4 K i d n e y

    1 3 H e a d & N e c k1 2 M a l e N OS

    1 0 F e m a l e N OS9 C NS

    8 B o n e / S a r c o ma7 Pr o s t a t e

    9 9 U n k n o wn9 8 Ov a r i a n T umo r - B en i g

    9 7 Ov a r i a n Cy s t9 6 Me n t a l Re t a r d a t i o n

    5 5 Br e a s t Di s e a - Be n i g n5 4 Oo p h o r e c t o my - Ot h e r

    5 3 Ma s t e c t o my5 2 Hy s t e r e c t o my

    5 0 Oo p h o r e c t o my - P r o p h2 6 Pe r i t o n e u m

    2 5 Ur i n a r y NOS2 4 Th y r o i d

    2 3 S t o ma c h / E s o p h2 2 Sk i n

    2 1 Pa n c r e a s2 0 Ot h er - Sp ec i f i e d

    1 9 Ot h e r , NOS1 8 L y mp h o ma / My e l o ma

    1 7 L u n g1 6 L i v e r

    1 5 L e u k e mi a1 4 K i d n e y

    1 3 H e a d & N e c k1 2 M a l e N OS

    1 0 F e m a l e N OS9 C NS

    8 B o n e / S a r c o ma7 Pr o s t a t e

    6 I n t e s t i n e5 Bl a d d e r

    4 Ce r v i x3 Ut e r u s / En d o

    2 B r e a s t

    1 Ov a r y

    FREQUENCY

    0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 6 0 1 8 0

    FREQUENCY

    1 5 0

    1 6 0

    1 7 0

    1 8 0

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    0

    1 0

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    4 0

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    8 0

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    Ca n c e r S i t e a s Co d e #

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    Rotate the labels

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    Rotate the labels

    I frequently want to rotate the label on thegrouping axis.

    axis1 label = (angle = 90 );

    procgchart data = Chart3;

    title "Chart3: Chart Parturition (Birth)";

    hbar _all_ / discrete maxis = axis1;

    run;

    quit; title; axis1;

    FREQ.

    CUM.

    F REQ. PCT .

    CUM.

    PCT.

    1 1 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 5

    6 5 6 6 3 0 9 3 1 4

    A GE 9 9 : A GE ON 1 / 1 / 9 9

    4 0

    * * E r r o r * *

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    6 5 6 6 3 . 0 9 3 . 1 4

    8 0 1 4 6 3 . 8 1 6 . 9 5

    6 7 2 1 3 3 . 1 9 1 0 . 1 4

    7 7 2 9 0 3 . 6 6 1 3 . 8 0

    7 6 3 6 6 3 . 6 2 1 7 . 4 2

    9 3 4 5 9 4 . 4 3 2 1 . 8 5

    7 1 5 3 0 3 . 3 8 2 5 . 2 3

    9 1 6 2 1 4 . 3 3 2 9 . 5 6

    7 0 6 9 1 3 . 3 3 3 2 . 8 9

    6 7 7 5 8 3 . 1 9 3 6 . 0 8

    1 1 3 8 7 1 5 . 3 8 4 1 . 4 6

    9 8 9 6 9 4 . 6 6 4 6 . 1 2

    8 5 1 0 5 4 4 . 0 5 5 0 . 1 7

    7 2 1 1 2 6 3 . 4 3 5 3 . 5 9

    7 8 1 2 0 4 3 . 7 1 5 7 . 3 1

    9 4 1 2 9 8 4 . 4 7 6 1 . 7 8

    9 1 1 3 8 9 4 . 3 3 6 6 . 1 1

    7 3 1 4 6 2 3 . 4 7 6 9 . 5 9

    6 3 1 5 2 5 3 . 0 0 7 2 . 5 8

    4 8 1 5 7 3 2 . 2 8 7 4 . 8 7

    6 5 1 6 3 8 3 . 0 9 7 7 . 9 6

    6 0 1 6 9 8 2 . 8 6 8 0 . 8 2

    6 2 1 7 6 0 2 . 9 5 8 3 . 7 7

    4 5 1 8 0 5 2 . 1 4 8 5 . 9 1

    4 0 1 8 4 5 1 . 9 0 8 7 . 8 2

    7 6 1 9 2 1 3 . 6 2 9 1 . 4 3

    4 5 1 9 6 6 2 . 1 4 9 3 . 5 7

    5 5 2 0 2 1 2 . 6 2 9 6 . 1 9

    4 9 2 0 7 0 2 . 3 3 9 8 . 5 2

    3 1 2 1 0 1 1 . 4 8 1 0 0 . 0 06 9

    6 8

    6 7

    6 6

    6 5

    6 4

    6 3

    6 2

    6 1

    6 0

    5 9

    5 8

    5 7

    5 6

    5 5

    5 4

    5 3

    5 2

    5 1

    5 0

    4 9

    4 8

    4 7

    4 6

    4 5

    4 4

    4 3

    4 2

    4 1

    4 0

    FREQUENCY

    0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0

    FREQ.

    CUM.

    F REQ. PCT .

    CUM.

    PCT.

    1 1 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 5

    6 5 6 6 3 . 0 9 3 . 1 44 0

    * * E r r o r * *

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    8 0 1 4 6 3 . 8 1 6 . 9 5

    6 7 2 1 3 3 . 1 9 1 0 . 1 4

    7 7 2 9 0 3 . 6 6 1 3 . 8 0

    7 6 3 6 6 3 . 6 2 1 7 . 4 2

    9 3 4 5 9 4 . 4 3 2 1 . 8 5

    7 1 5 3 0 3 . 3 8 2 5 . 2 3

    9 1 6 2 1 4 . 3 3 2 9 . 5 6

    7 0 6 9 1 3 . 3 3 3 2 . 8 9

    6 7 7 5 8 3 . 1 9 3 6 . 0 8

    1 1 3 8 7 1 5 . 3 8 4 1 . 4 6

    9 8 9 6 9 4 . 6 6 4 6 . 1 2

    8 5 1 0 5 4 4 . 0 5 5 0 . 1 7

    7 2 1 1 2 6 3 . 4 3 5 3 . 5 9

    7 8 1 2 0 4 3 . 7 1 5 7 . 3 1

    9 4 1 2 9 8 4 . 4 7 6 1 . 7 8

    9 1 1 3 8 9 4 . 3 3 6 6 . 1 1

    7 3 1 4 6 2 3 . 4 7 6 9 . 5 9

    6 3 1 5 2 5 3 . 0 0 7 2 . 5 8

    4 8 1 5 7 3 2 . 2 8 7 4 . 8 7

    6 5 1 6 3 8 3 . 0 9 7 7 . 9 6

    6 0 1 6 9 8 2 . 8 6 8 0 . 8 2

    6 2 1 7 6 0 2 . 9 5 8 3 . 7 7

    4 5 1 8 0 5 2 . 1 4 8 5 . 9 1

    4 0 1 8 4 5 1 . 9 0 8 7 . 8 2

    7 6 1 9 2 1 3 . 6 2 9 1 . 4 3

    4 5 1 9 6 6 2 . 1 4 9 3 . 5 7

    5 5 2 0 2 1 2 . 6 2 9 6 . 1 9

    4 9 2 0 7 0 2 . 3 3 9 8 . 5 2

    3 1 2 1 0 1 1 . 4 8 1 0 0 . 0 06 9

    6 8

    6 7

    6 6

    6 5

    6 4

    6 3

    6 2

    6 1

    6 0

    5 9

    5 8

    5 7

    5 6

    5 5

    5 4

    5 3

    5 2

    5 1

    5 0

    4 9

    4 8

    4 7

    4 6

    4 5

    4 4

    4 3

    4 2

    4 1

    FREQUENCY

    0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0

    Bad charts

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    Bad charts.

    SAS will also let you specify subgroups (to givestacked subgroups). Do not do these graphics.People are bad at untangling the relativeheights. There are great graphics for showing

    subgroups but SAS cant do them. SAS will let you generate pie charts by

    specifying pie instead of hbar or vbar but dont.There is good psychological research

    suggesting people are lousy at judging angles.Exploded pie diagrams are even worse.

    Scatter Plots

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    Scatter Plots

    You can get simple scatter plots out of theanalysis procedure proc reg. For fancyplots use proc gchart.

    VD data

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    VD data (valentines day)

    You can get great looking scatter plots with procgplot.d f

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    data foo;

    do month = 1 to 12;

    input kids boys @@;girls = kids - boys;

    output;

    end;

    datalines;0 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 1 0 2 1

    2 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 6 2 0 0

    ;

    run;procgplot;*Plot kids on vertical axis & months on horizontal;

    plot kids * month;

    run; quit ;

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    The Font

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    The Font

    If you do not like the default font you change itwith the graphic global option ftext ..

    goptions ftext='Verdana';

    ... or you can specify a different font for differentparts of the graphic. I will show this later.

    kids

    6

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    0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    month

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

    Simple Axis Values

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    Simple Axis Values

    By including /haxis= and/or vaxis= you canchange the ranges on the axes.

    procgplot;

    *this plots the same axes but you couldchange the ranges and/or values bymodifying the values after the equalsigns;

    plot kids * month /vaxis = 0123456

    haxis = 1 to 12 by 1;

    run; quit ;

    Simple Tick Marks

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    Simple Tick Marks

    If you want to control the number of small(minor) tick marks you can use the optionsvminor and/or hminor on the plot statement line.

    For example to remove the minor tick marks onthe previous graph do this:

    plot kids * month /

    vaxis = 0123456 vminor = 0

    haxis = 1 to 12 by 1 hminor = 0;

    Symbols

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    Symbols

    You can change theplot symbols bysetting a goptions

    option.symbol1 value=star;

    procgplot;

    plot kids * month;

    run;

    quit;

    From SAS OnLineDoc V8. Copyright (c)1999 SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC,USA. All rights reserved.

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    Adding Markers

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    Adding Markers

    There is a SAS font called markerthat hassymbols. Set the font and use the singleletters below to add in a symbol.

    From SAS OnLineDoc V8. Copyright (c) 1999 SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. All rights reserved.

    Symbols

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    Symbols

    You can use custom symbols like this:

    symbol1 font=marker value= N

    color=red height = 3;procgplot;

    plot kids * month;

    run;

    quit;

    This letter was

    chosen from the

    previous slide. Note

    that it is a capital

    letter and it is not inquotes.

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    Other Symbol Stuff

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    y

    If you need to join the symbols, set interpol =join or interpol = spline (a smoothed line).

    If you need a bigger plotting symbol set height=

    aNumber If you need a thicker line set width= aNumber Symbol options last for the duration of your SAS

    session and they are additive. So you can set and

    reset different aspects of the symbol on differentlines of you code.

    Reset Symbols

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    y

    To reset an option, follow it by an equal signsymbol1 font=;

    If it is in a list follow the equal with a comma;symbol1 font=, value = dot;

    To reset all aspects of a symbol type its namefollowed by a semicolon;

    symbol1;

    To reset all symbols type this:goptions reset=symbol;

    Symbol Options at a Glance

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    y p Value is abbreviated v= and the default is PLUS Height is abbreviated h= and the default is 1 cell Interpol is abbreviated i= and the default is none Width is abbreviated w= and the default is 1 pixel

    Color is abbreviated c= and the default is black You specify the size of units for height and width by

    including the word cell (character size) cm(centimeters), in (inches) pct (percent of the display

    area) or pt (points) after the number of units. ALWAYS specify a color.

    Two Symbols

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    y

    You can overlay two plots and use differentsymbols for each like this:

    goptions reset=all;

    symbol1 height=3 width=3;

    symbol1 font=marker value=Q color=blue ;

    symbol2 height=3 width=3;

    symbol2 font=marker value=R color=pink ;

    procgplot;

    plot boys * month

    girls * month/overlay;

    run;

    quit;

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    Axis options

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    axis1 order = (1 to 12 by 1) /*what values*/

    /* appearance of label */label=(height=5pct font='Times New Roman')

    width=3

    major=(width = 3) /*width of ticks */

    minor=none /* no minor ticks */

    value=(height = 5pct font='Times New Roman');

    procgplot;

    label Month = "Birth Month";

    plot boys * month

    girls * month/overlay haxis = axis1;

    run;quit;

    Use the custom axis.

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    goptions reset= all;symbol1 font=marker value=Q color=blue h=3 w=3;

    symbol2 font=marker value=R color=pink h=3 w=3;

    i 1 d (1 t 12 b 1)

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    axis1 order = (1 to 12 by 1)

    label = (height=5pct font='Times New Roman')

    width = 3major = (Width = 3) minor = none

    value = (height = 5pct f='Times New Roman');

    axis2 order = (1 to 5 by 1)

    label = (height=5pct font='Times New Roman')

    width = 3major = (Width = 3)

    minor = none

    value = (height = 5pct f='Times New Roman');

    procgplot;

    label Month = "Birth Month"; label boys = "Kids";

    plot boys * month

    girls * month/overlay haxis = axis1 vaxis = axis2;

    run;quit;

    Set from 1 to 5 not 0 to 5

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    Exporting Images

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    p g g If you need to save the image:

    put your plot inside ODS html code use edit menu and pick copy

    If you want to save a single high resolution copy of

    the picture (that can be resized without changingthe appearance of the picture) include this codebefore your plot:

    filename theFile "C:\projects\blah.cgm";

    goptions device=cgmOf97L; /*or =gif */

    goptions gsfname=theFile gsfmode=replace;

    /* some SAS/GRAPH stuff */

    goptions reset=all;

    Saving Images

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    g g

    You can save your images in a SAS graphicscatalog in a permanent library by including:gout=theLibname.theCatalogName on the procgplot line.

    If you dont specify an output catalog yourpictures will be saved in the work library in acatalog called Gseg.

    If the graphics catalog exists the new graphicswill be added to it. If does not exist, it will becreated for you.

    You can use the SAS explorer to look at files in

    a graphics catalog

    Interaction plot

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    data blah;input hasCancer race test;

    datalines;

    0 0 6.8

    0 1 5.81 0 6.4

    1 1 9.3

    ;

    run;

    procgplot;

    plot test * hasCancer = race;

    run;

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    u ;

    quit;

    symbol1 interpol = join color = black;

    symbol2 i = join color = red;

    l t

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    procgplot;

    title "Interaction plot for race & cancer ";

    plot test * hasCancer = race;run;

    quit;

    procformat;

    value race_f

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    0 = "Black"

    1 = "White";

    value cancer_f

    0 = "Healthy"

    1 = "Sick";

    run;

    procgplot;

    format race race_f. hasCancer cancer_f.;

    title "Interaction plot for race & cancer ";

    plot test * hasCancer = race / haxis = 0 to 1;

    run;quit;

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    Graphic Size

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    You can set the horizontal and verticalsize in inches (in), centimeters (cm) orpoints (pt) of your pictures by using the

    hsize= and vsize= graphics options.goptions hsize=4 in vsize=4 in;

    If you are exporting images you can also

    set xpixels= and ypixels=.

    ODS Graphics

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    SAS 9.1.x introduced new automatic graphics.These graphical procedures are still consideredexperimental so double check them.

    Most of the commonly use analysis proceduresnow support these graphics. These include:corr, anova, glm, lifetest, logistic, mixed, phreg,reg.

    Before you analysis code type ods graphics on;and after type ods graphics off;

    The UNIVARIATE commandwith the HISTOGRAM statement

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    with the HISTOGRAM statement

    Coisas

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    SAS Statements

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    Global Statements DATA STEP Statements PROC STEP Statements

    Outros tipos de Statement Macro Statements, SCL statements, etc.

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    Global Statements

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    Executado entreetapas Globals dentro de

    etapas soexecutados antes daetapa

    Often set global

    parameters or options

    Examples:endsas ;

    filename fileref

    path\file ;libname librefpath\file ;

    options pageno=1 ;

    page ;titlen text ;

    X command ;

    SAS DATA STEP Statements

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    Declarations Executables May be restricted as

    to location

    data MYDATA ;length a $14 ;

    input a ;

    cards ;(847)-390-6660

    (800)-SAS-HELP

    ;run;

    Proc STEP Statements

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    Proc Step Statementsavailable dependupon the PROC

    Similar to Data StepStatements

    title ImportantPhone Numbers ;

    proc print

    data=MYDATA ;

    by a ;id a ;

    run ;

    Useful System Options

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    Use the Optionsstatement to setvarious SystemOptions

    OPTIONS option1=valueoption2 nooption3 ;

    OPTIONSaltlog=filename

    altprint= fname

    nodate missing= stimer pageno=1

    pagesize=60 ;

    Formats and Informats

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    Formats Converts character or

    numeric data to aformatted text string

    $UPCASEBESTw.

    DOLLARw.d

    MMDDYY8.

    Informats Converts a formatted

    text string to data$QUOTE

    COMMA8.3

    MMDDYY6.

    Format & Informat Examples

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    Formatdata _null_ ;pi=3.141592654 ;

    p=put(pi,best5.) ;

    put pi= p ;

    stop ;

    run ;

    output: pi=3.142

    Informatdata mydata ;

    input date mmddyy8. ;

    cards;

    01/01/60

    ;

    run ;

    result: date=0

    Funes

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    Used in data stepprogramming Return character or

    numeric values Syntax:function(arg1,...)

    Examplesd=input(12/01/99,mm

    ddyy8.)

    y=abs(x)

    TRANSFORMAO NOS DADOS

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    Modificao de Variveis LidasData Arq;Input Nome $ 1-10 Sexo $ 12

    Idade 14-15 Altura 17-18 Peso 20-22 ;Peso = Peso * 0.45 ;Cards ;

    linha de dadosProc Print ;

    Criao de Variveis Novas

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    Data arq ;input nome $ 1-10 sexo 12 idade 14-15

    altura 17-18 peso 20-22;Pesokg = peso * 0.45 ;

    alturape = altura / 12 ;cards ;

    linhas de dados

    Proc print ;

    Operadores Aritmticos e FunesPara montar expresses matemticas num programa

    SAS di d d

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    SAS, dispe-se dos operadores:

    FUNES MATEMTICAS.Exemplos: Y = SIN(X)

    Z = LOG(A+B)W = SQRT(A)+C

    Smbolo Operao Exemplo Comando SAS

    + Soma R = S+T R = S+T

    - Subtrao U = V-X U = V-X

    * Multiplicao A = B*C A = B*C

    / Diviso G = H/I G = H/I

    ** Exponenciao Y = X 2 Y = X**2

    COMANDO IF

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    IF condio THEN comando 1 ; ELSE comando 2 ;

    IF Altura > 72 THEN VX = 1 ; ELSE VX = 2 ; IF Idade < 13 Then VY = 0 ;

    IF A >= 5 and B=0 THEN Result = 'SIM' ; ELSE Result = 'NAO' ;

    OPERADORES LGICOS

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    Smbolo Abreviao Comparao

    < LT menor que GT maior que>= GE maior ou igual= EQ igual a-= NE diferente de

    IF Sexo EQ 'F' THEN A = 1 ;

    OU

    IF Sexo = 'F' THEN A = 1 ;

    The DATA STEP Overview

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    Data Step a feijocom arroz daprogramao SAS

    DATA STEP compilado e depoisexecutado

    DATA STEP um

    loop de fazer at notem mais dados

    Data Step Simples

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    data mydata ;input expense ;

    total+expense ;

    cards;

    12.005.95

    16.28

    13.42

    ;run ;

    DATA STEP Compilao

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    Compiles SASstatements Creates an input

    buffer if necessary

    initializes the programdata vector records SAS data set

    descriptor information

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    DATA STEP Execuo

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    Counts iterations(increments _N_) Sets PDV values to

    missing, Exceptions: Retained variables When reading a SAS

    data set

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    Executing the DATA STEP (II)

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    data mydata ;

    input expense ;

    total+expense ;

    cards;

    12.00

    5.95

    16.28

    13.42

    ;

    run ;

    Input Buffer12.00

    Program Data Vector:_N_ _ERROR_ expense total

    1 0 12.0 .

    DATA STEP Execution (III)

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    Additional DATASTEP statements areexecuted operatingon the PDV

    The PDV is written tothe SAS data set asan observation

    Return to the top

    Executing the DATA STEP (III)

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    data mydata ;

    input expense ;

    total+expense ;

    cards;

    12.00

    5.95

    16.28

    13.42

    ;

    run ;

    Program Data Vector:_N_ _ERROR_ expense total1 0 12.0 12.0

    Output to MYDATA12.0 12.0

    Putting it all together

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    data mydata ;

    input expense ;

    total+expense ;

    cards;

    12.00

    5.95

    16.28

    13.42

    ;

    run ;

    Program Data Vector:_N_ _ERROR_ expense total___ _______ _______ _____

    d d R

    Output to MYDATA_N_ expense total

    1 12.0 12.0

    2 _______ _____

    3 _______ _____

    4 _______ _____

    Data STEP Compilao

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    Input Buffer Used with input from a file, cards, etc, not with

    SAS data sets

    defaults to 200 characters Holds character data for parsing into theprogram data vector

    Data Step Compilation

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    Program Data Vector Buffer for the current observation All Statements are executed on data in the

    Program Data Vector Written out as an observation at the end ofeach iteration

    Data Step Compilation

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    DATA SET Descriptor information Variables and data types/sizes Informats Formats Labels indexed variables Number of observations

    Last Modified

    Execution (PDV Initialization)

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    SAS Resets PDV (program data vector)values to missing at the top of the DATASTEP except when

    A variable is listed in a retain statement A variable is in an implied retain Data is read in from a SAS data set, e.g. aset statement is used

    Execution (Reading in Data)

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    Data Sources Instream Data SAS Data Sets External Files

    Instreamcards ;

    cards4 ;

    SAS Data Setsset olddata ;

    External filesinfile myfile...;

    input x...;

    Execution (Reading in Data)

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    Flat Files List Input Column Input Formatted Input

    Named Input List Inputinput x y z ;...

    12.7 16.5 13.2

    Column Inputinput S $ 1-5 a 6-9SKU02123

    Formatted Input

    input date MMDDYY8.12/31/99

    Named Inputinput name=$ score=

    name=John score=100

    Execution (Reading in Data)

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    Infile Statement Sets the input file options

    Missover Stopover

    Firstobs obs pad Delimiter

    Input Statement reads in data pointer controls

    @n, +n, / #n n-n

    other terms variable names

    $ ~ = ? informat

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    Execution (Programming)

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    Data Step Code Looks a lot like otherlanguages Code operates on the variable values in

    the program data vector The data step is a loop Functions, Logic and Flow control

    Execution (Output)

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    Keep and Drop determine which variablesin the Program Data Vector are written tothe data set

    An output ; statement writes data to theSAS data set

    If a data step does not contain an outputstatement it is implied at the end of the

    data step

    Using Data Steps

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    To read in data from aflat file and preparefor processing

    To write formatted

    output to a flat file To perform custom

    calculations on data

    data NEWDATA ;... run ;

    data _NULL_ ; ...put @1 ... run ;

    data NEWDATA ;

    set OLDDATA ;...

    SAS Programming Tips

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    Comments Indentation & Spacing Avoiding the missing semicolon ;

    Beware the unbalanced quote Always read your log The Data Step Debugger

    Comments

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    Three types ofComments Comment Comment Statement

    Macro Comment

    /* Comment */

    * Comment Statement ;

    %* Macro Comment ;

    Comments can gobetween tokens, butcannot be nested

    Comment statements

    must go betweenstatements

    Macro comments are

    stripped during macroprocessing

    Avoid Missing Semicolons

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    SAS statements end with a semicolon The missing semicolon is probably the

    most common SAS error

    Avoid the missing semicolon by putting aspace before it:data mydata ;

    Beware the unbalance quote!

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    Unbalanced quotes can kill you. Sometimes its just easier to start over So save your work often

    Use quotes consistently Double check statements with quotes string literal &macrovar

    or

    The Data Step Debugger

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    data baddata/debug ;

    statements ;

    ...

    run ;

    Use the data stepdebugger ininteractive/displaymanager mode

    Create watchvariables, and stepthrough data stepcode

    Best with small datasets

    Always read your log

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    Always read your log Always read your log Always read your log

    Always read your log Always read your log Always read your log Always read your log

    Libraries & Catalogs

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    Libraries logical collections of

    SAS stuff

    Usually a directory Permanent and

    Temporarye.g. work.data

    libname mylibc:\path\dir\ ;

    Catalogs Catalogs contain

    compiled SAS stuff

    (entries) Catalogs are storedin libraries

    SAS code, Macro

    code, AF & SCLcode, etc. Graphs, Formats

    Saving code

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    Name the contents of the Editor window currently blank

    Select the editor window

    Choose FileSave as X:\brownbag.sas

    Save regularly

    Consistent indentation &spacing

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    Properly indent andclose out each dataand proc step

    Use indentation for do

    loops, conditionalprocessing, etc.

    Be liberal with white

    space

    The first thing Ialways do when Imgiven old legacy codeis properly indent the

    code.Once this is done, theproblem is usuallyself-evident.

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    VII. Reducing repeated code

    Macros

    A very brief introduction to theSAS Macro facility

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    The Macro facility is a tool for writing SAScode. All it does is process text

    Macros resolve first then code is sent tothe compiler Similar to the C preprocessor

    Macros

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    Often you need to repeat analyses with minor adjustments

    Instead of cutting and pasting

    use a macro

    Macros

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    Basic structure%macro choose_a_name(arg1=,arg2=);

    /* SAS code using &arg1, &arg2 */%mend;

    Macros Dont say

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    Instead, say

    SAS Macro Variables

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    &foo or &bar. Assignment %let foo=string literal ; Up to 64K

    Macro Variable Arrays &&var&i Macro Variable References &&&foo Global or Local

    Macro Functions

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    Declaration%macro mymacro(data=&data) ;macro statements ;

    ...%mend mymacro ;

    Macro Call

    %macro(mydata)

    Para aprender mais

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    Online documentation wks.uts.ohio-state.edu/sasdoc/8/sashtml/onldoc.htm very technical

    The Little SAS Book in SRL, great introduction & reference

    Slides J. Patrick McDonald Spikeware

    Don Miller


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